Oxidative desulfurization using graphene and its composites for fuel containing thiophene and its derivatives: An update review

Oxidative desulfurization, in which the aromatic sulfur containing compounds are oxidized to their analogical sulfones and subsequently extracted, has assured to be one of the exceedingly effective desulfurization processes for resulting ultra-low sulfur import fuels. The oxidative desulfurization process using graphene oxide has attracted significant interest for sulfur removal from fuels. In this survey, we discussed systematically the techniques of desulfurizations in catalytic oxidation, including the role of graphene as a supported catalyst, the research results of oxidative desulfurization using graphene oxide and provided the factors affecting the desulfurization process. We also debate the challenges counterattack the use of graphene oxide in this view, including their preparation methods and their efficiency and stability as a supported catalyst. Also, there are some of the desulfurization processes currently under investigation such as oxidation, biodesulfurization, and adsorption was outlined in brief. The combustion of fossil fuels containing sulfur compounds emits some of the sulfur oxides which considered a harmful influence on human health and the surrounding environment as well as the economy. It can be concluded that GO remains a kind of ideal supported catalysts to recognize a pure fuel in the near futurity due to their eligible physicochemical characteristics.     

Dawson结构杂多磷钨酸钠催化氧化噻吩脱硫

以钨酸、磷酸二氢钠为原料,通过水热法合成了 Dawson 结构杂多磷钨酸钠(P_2W_(18))。以 P_2W_(18)为催化剂、无水乙醇为助催化剂、质量分数30%的过氧化氢水溶液为氧化剂,在温和条件下将模拟燃油中的噻吩氧化为砜类:亚砜类等极性较强的物质,并以 N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为萃取剂将其萃取出来,考察了反应温度、反应时间、过氧化氢水溶液用量、萃取剂用量和萃取级数对脱硫率的影响。在模拟燃油(硫含量500 mg/L)20 mL、P_2W_(18)0.030 g、无水乙醇1.2 mL、过氧化氢水溶液0.12 mL、反应温度310 K、反应时间60 min、萃取剂与油相的体积比1.0、萃取3次的优化条件下,脱硫率达96.7%。反应结束后,可通过简单的倾倒将模拟燃油与催化剂分离,催化剂可重复使用5次,稳定性较好。     

燃料油氧化脱硫技术进展

综述了氧化脱硫技术中氧化剂和催化剂的研究进展。其中氧化剂包括高锰酸钾、氮化物（NO2和硝酸）、分子氧（臭氧、氧气和空气）、双氧水、有机过氧化物（过氧化叔丁醇、过氧化叔戊醇及过氧化环己酮）。催化剂主要介绍与双氧水相匹配的催化剂,分为液相催化剂和固相催化剂,液相催化剂包括甲酸、乙酸、乙酸酐或杂多酸磷钨酸;固相催化剂包括以金属氧化物为载体的固体催化剂,即WOx／ZrO2,负载在TiO2上的V2O5催化剂;以分子筛为载体的固体催化剂,即钛硅分子筛催化剂。并提出今后氧化脱硫醇技术的发展方向。     

Catalytic oxidative desulfurization of fuels in acidic deep eutectic solvents with [(C6H13)3P(C14H29)]3PMo12O40 as a catalyst

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a new class of green solvents analogous to ionic liquids due to their biodegradable capacity and low cost. However, the direct extractive desulfurization of diesel oil by DESs cannot meet the government’s standard. In this work, amphiphilic polyoxometalates were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and mass spectrometry. The oxidative desulfurization results showed that benzothiophene (BT) could be completely removed by employing a [(C₆H₁₃)₃P(C₁₄H₂₉)]₃PMo₁₂O₄₀, DES (ChCl/2Ac) and H₂O₂ system. It was also found that the organic cation of catalysts played a positive role in oxidative desulfurization. The reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature and time, the amount of catalyst and DES and H₂O₂/S (O/S) molar ratio, were optimized. Different sulfides were tested to determine the desulfurization selectivity of the optimal reaction system, and it was found that 97.2% of dibenzothiophene (DBT) could be removed followed by 80.7% of 4-MDBT and 76.0% of 4,6-DMDBT. After reaction, the IR spectra showed that the catalyst [(C₆H₁₃)₃P(C₁₄H₂₉)]₃PMo₁₂O₄₀ was stable during the reaction process and the oxidative product was dibenzothiophene sulfone (DBTO₂). Furthermore, the catalyst can be regenerated and recycled for four runs with little loss of activity.     

氧化石墨烯负载胆碱磷钨酸盐的制备及其催化氧化脱硫性能

通过超声辅助法制备了氧化石墨烯负载的胆碱磷钨酸盐(Ch TPA@GO),采用X 射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射显微镜(TEM)等手段对其结构和形貌进行表征。以Ch TPA@GO 为催化剂,双氧水(H2O2)为氧化剂,乙腈(CH3CN)为萃取剂,含有二苯并噻吩(DBT)的正癸烷为模拟燃油,建立了一个氧化萃取脱硫体系。考察了该体系的Ch TPA@GO、H2O2、CH3CN的用量和反应温度对燃油脱硫率的影响。结果表明,当Ch TPA@GO用量为004 g、H2O2用量为0175 mL、CH3CN用量为25 mL和反应温度为70 ℃时,在180 min时模拟燃油的脱硫率可达993%,实现了燃油的深度脱硫。     

WO_3/SBA-15催化剂的制备及其氧化脱硫性能

以介孔SBA-15分子筛为载体,采用两种不同钨源(H_2WO_4和H_2C_2O_4、H_2WO_4和H_2O_2)通过浸渍法制备了WO_3/SBA-15催化剂;采用X射线衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱法对介孔SBA-15分子筛和WO_3/SBA-15催化剂进行了表征;以硫含量为500μg/g的模拟汽油为原料进行氧化脱硫反应,反应后油相用1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮萃取,考察了萃取剂用量、催化剂用量、氧化反应温度和反应时间对脱硫率的影响。表征结果显示,WO_3/SBA-15催化剂有规则的二维六方介孔结构,WO_3在载体上高度分散。实验结果表明,以H_2WO_4和H_2C_2O_4为钨源制备的WO_3/SBA-15催化剂的脱硫效果较好,在反应温度320 K、反应时间120 min、模拟汽油60 mL、催化剂用量0 12 g、双氧水0.57 mL、萃取剂与模拟汽油体积比0.50、萃取时间5 min的条件下,脱硫率可达94.05%。     

直馏柴油选择催化氧化脱硫催化剂的制备与评价

制备了直馏柴油催化氧化脱硫催化剂苯甲酸锌、B2O3和复合催化剂FTS-1。以O2为氧化剂,考察了3种催化剂催化氧化直馏柴油中的硫化物的脱硫效果。研究结果发现,苯甲酸锌催化剂脱硫效果明显,脱硫后直馏柴油中的硫含量达到小于300μg/g的欧洲Ⅱ类排放标准;B2O3催化剂脱硫效果差,但萃取柴油的收率较高;复合催化剂FTS-1可选择催化氧化直馏柴油,抑制烃类化合物的深度氧化,降低氧化柴油的酸值,极大地改善了脱硫柴油的质量,提高脱硫柴油的收率。在搅拌转速700r/m in、苯甲酸锌质量分数0.15%、B2O3质量分数2%、反应温度150℃、氧气压力1.3M Pa、反应时间60m in的条件下,复合催化剂FTS-1脱硫后直馏柴油中硫含量可降到271μg/g,脱硫率达到87.8%。     

Synthesis of H_2WO_4/GO and Its Oxidative Desulfurization Activity

H_2WO_4/GO catalyst was synthesized by the immersion method and was characterized by using X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and nitrogen adsorptiondesorption measurements(BET). The characterization results show that H_2WO_4 has been dispersed on GO(grapheme oxide). H_2WO_4/GO was used as catalyst in the oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene(DBT), with H2 O2 acting as oxidant and acetonitrile acting as extraction agent. The experimental results show that the sulfur removal rate for DBT reach 99.2%, that for 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene(4,6-DMDBT) reach 95% and that for benzothiophene(BT) reach 42.8% under the optimal reaction conditions. Meanwhile, the recycled catalysts still exhibits good desulfurization performance after four operating cycles. The high activity and stability of catalysis is attributed to a small dose of H_2WO_4, which is highly dispersed inside the layers of GO. This desulfurization reaction follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the apparent activation energy of the desulfurization reaction is 18.515 kJ/mol, which indicates that the H_2WO_4/GO used as desulfurization catalyst has demonstrated good desulfurization property for DBT.     

F127-MoO_3/Al_2O_3的制备及其催化氧化脱除二苯并噻吩的研究

以聚环氧乙烷-环氧丙烷-环氧乙烷(F127)为模板剂,通过沉淀法制备F127-MoO3?Al2O3催化剂,对催化剂进行FT-IR,XRD,FE-SEM表征,并考察催化剂的制备条件和催化氧化脱硫反应条件对含二苯并噻吩(DBT)模型油的催化氧化脱硫效果的影响。结果表明:在AlCl3的质量为3.17g的前提下,催化剂的最优制备条件为m(Mo)?m(Al2O3)=30%、F127添加量0.38g、焙烧温度540℃,模板剂F127的加入促进了MoO3在Al2O3表面的分散;催化氧化脱硫的最佳反应条件为m(催化剂)?m(模型油)=0.71%、V(H2O2)?V(模型油)=0.30%、反应温度60℃、反应时间10 min,在该条件下,DBT脱除率接近100%,DBT氧化产物全部转化为二苯并噻吩砜;催化剂经再生后重复使用8次,催化活性略有下降,但DBT脱除率仍可达到95.81%。     

季铵盐型表面活性剂催化氧化柴油脱硫研究

在H2O2/醋酸氧化柴油体系中,采用季铵盐型表面活性剂和季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂作为相转移催化剂(PTC),进行柴油的催化氧化脱硫研究。比较了不同碳链长度的季铵盐型表面活性剂和季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂的脱硫效果,考察了双子表面活性剂[C12H25-N+-(CH2)2-N+-C12H25]·2Br-(C12-2-C12·2Br-)用量、氧化剂用量、反应温度以及反应时间对脱硫效果的影响。结果表明,以C12-2-C12·2Br-作为相转移催化剂,m(PTC)∶m(柴油)=0.002 5,V(氧化体系)∶V(柴油)=0.2,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为1.5h时,柴油脱硫率最高可达84.76%,柴油收率为94.52%。     

Peroxide oxidative desulfurization of a mixture of nonhydrotreated vacuum gas oil and diesel fraction

Oxidative desulfurization of a model mixture on the basis of vacuum gas oil and diesel fuel by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of formic acid has been studied. A technology of a two-phase system with a phase-transfer catalyst has been employed for the desulfurization. The optimum reaction time is 6 h and the hydrogen peroxide: sulfur molar ratio is 4: 1. As a result of successive triple oxidative desulfurization, 90% of total sulfur is removed from the model mixture.     

Decomposition of Oxidized Sulfur-Containing Components of Crude Oil and Petrochemicals Under Conditions of Nanoheterogeneous Catalysis

The catalytic decomposition of dibenzothiophene sulfone is studied in the presence of nanosized iron(III) oxide with an average particle diameter of 10–12 nm; it is synthesized by the thermolysis of iron(III) acetylacetonate in the medium of diphenyl ether. The optimum conditions of the process are ascertained by varying the temperature and time of the reaction and the concentration of the nanosized catalyst. It is shown that the oxidative desulfurization of crude oil and petrochemicals may occur with the oxidized sulfur-containing components being decomposed under mild conditions in the presence of nanosized iron(III) oxide at the second stage. In some cases, the degree of desulfurization is above 80%.     

Oxidative desulfurization of straight-run diesel fraction on vanadium–molybdenum catalysts

It has been shown that the most appropriate and simple process for desulfurization of motor fuels is the direct oxidation of sulfur compounds with atmospheric oxygen on heterogeneous catalysts based on transition metal oxides. The feasibility of oxidation of thiophene with atmospheric oxygen in a model mixture with dodecane over vanadium–molybdenum catalysts has been shown, as well as that of oxidative desulfurization of actual straight-run diesel fraction. The activity of a number of samples of oxidative of desulfurization catalysts has been examined, the composition of the most effective catalyst has been determined, and optimum process conditions have been found.     

铜取代杂多金属氧酸盐对催化裂化柴油氧化脱硫的催化作用

 用一步合成法制备了铜取代杂多金属氧酸盐 [(C4H9)4N]4H[PW11CuO39] 催化剂，并用红外及紫外光谱对催化剂进行了表征。以正辛烷为溶剂、噻吩为含硫模型化合物配制的模拟油为原料，用30﹪过氧化氢为氧化剂进行催化氧化脱硫实验，考察催化剂用量、过氧化氢用量、反应温度及反应时间对脱硫效果的影响。结果表明，在催化剂用量为4﹪、剂油比为2.5、反应温度60 ℃、反应时间120 min的条件下，模拟油中的硫含量可从1 052 ng/ L降至33 ng/ L。在反应温度为70 ℃、其它条件与模拟油实验基本相同时，催化裂化柴油中硫含量可从4 100 ng/ L降至982 ng/ L。     

Ozone-assisted oxidative desulfurization of light oil fractions

A catalytic system for oxidative desulfurization has been created, which is a transition metal salt bearing an organic ligand and capable of forming an active oxidative complex in the interaction with ozone and further oxidizing sulfur compounds present in fuel followed by the adsorption of the oxidation products on silica gel. In this case, a direct contact of ozone with the fuel is avoided, making the process safer. The effect of the reaction and ozonation conditions on the desulfurization process has been studied. Total sulfur content was decreased to 180 ppm for the straight-run gasoline fraction and to 900 ppm for the diesel fraction.     

活性炭负载S2O8 2-/ZrO2催化剂的制备及其催化氧化脱硫性能

采用浸渍沉淀法制备了固体超强酸S2O2-8/ZrO2 AC催化剂,以二苯并噻吩(DBT)的正十二烷溶液为含硫化合物模拟油(硫质量分数为400 μg/g),H2O2为氧化剂,考察催化剂的催化氧化脱硫性能,采用BET、XRD、FT IR和NH3 TPD分析手段对其结构进行了表征。利用所制备的催化剂,考察了反应温度、反应时间、氧化剂用量、催化剂用量和乳化剂Span60用量对脱硫效果的影响。结果表明,当活性组分ZrO2负载量(质量分数)为10%,焙烧温度为650℃,所制备的S2O2-8/ZrO2 AC催化剂的催化氧化脱硫活性最高;其氧化20 mL模拟油的最佳操作条件为反应温度60℃、反应时间60 min、氧化剂/硫摩尔比5、乳化剂Span60用量01g,催化剂用量以每1 mL模拟油添加004 g计。在此条件下,DBT基本全部转化为相应的砜,采用N,N 二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)萃取,DMF/汽油体积比为1/4时,模拟油的脱硫率可以达到976%,回收率为925%,并且催化剂具有较好的稳定性。     

Ultrasound assisted photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization of model diesel fuel

Ultrasound assisted photocatalytic oxidation technology is an efficient and gentle technology to remove the organic sulfur from diesel. The influence parameters of catalytic oxidation phase include catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, oxidation time, hydrogen peroxide to diesel fuel ratio and time of the extraction process. Furthermore, the comparison of the results under two conditions of ultrasound irradiation and mechanical agitation are also specially examined. The obtained results indicate that under the optimal condition, ultrasound assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) is more efficient for sulfur removal which the desulfurization degree can be reached 99.47%.     

Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Gasoline Using Vanadium（V）-substituted Polyoxometalate/H2O2/Ionic Liquid Emulsion System

Aiming at deep desulfurization of gasoline,three amphiphilic catalysts [C18H37N(CH3)3]3+x [PMo12-xVxO40](x=1,2,or 3) were prepared and characterized.The amphiphilic vanadium(V)-substituted polyoxometalates were dissolved in water-immiscible ionic liquid([Bmim]PF6),forming a H2O2-in-[Bmim]PF6 emulsion desulfurization system with 30 m% H2O2 serving as the oxidant.The catalytic oxidation of sulfur-containing model oil has been studied in detail under various reaction conditions using this system.The ionic liquid emulsion system showed high catalytic oxidative activity in the treatment of commodity gasoline.Furthermore,the mechanism of catalytic oxidative desulfurization was also elaborated.     

Keggin型磁性多酸负载型催化剂的制备及其燃油氧化脱硫性能

采用简单的一锅法合成了一类氨基修饰的磁性MIL-101(Cr)载体固载下的Keggin型多酸催化剂,即Fe₃O₄@MIL-101-PMoW(简称FeCuP),通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附-脱附等温(BET)以及振动样品磁强计(VSM)等手段对其组成、形貌等进行表征。采用该催化剂催化以空气中的氧气为氧化剂、以二苯并噻吩(DBT)为硫源的正十二烷模拟油样。结果表明,多酸具有较好的脱硫效果,随着多酸活性组分的引入,在最优反应条件下,FeCuP催化氧化模拟燃油中DBT的脱硫率可在75 min内达到100%。此外,磁性材料的修饰可大大增加FeCuP催化剂的回收率,采用简单的外加磁场即可实现催化剂的回收与再利用,重复使用10次以上仍保持95%以上的脱硫率。FeCuP催化剂在脱硫率以及重复使用次数上的明显优化满足了当今脱硫工业化的使用要求,具有较大的利用及推广价值。     

An optimization of process parameters for deep desulfurization of model fuel by ZSM-5/ZnO photocatalyst using response surface method

One of the major factors that causes air pollution are sulfur oxides) SO_x) that exiting from vehicles exhaust by combustion of fossil fuel. Although hydrodesulfurization method has always been the option in oil refineries to reduce sulfur contents, but it is almost impossible to meet stringent new environmental regulation by this method. The Achilles heel of the conventional method is weakness in removing aromatic sulfur recalcitrant compounds. In the present research, photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization (PhOD) based on the ZSM-5/ZnO catalyst is developed. n-Decane as the model fuel and benzothiophene (BT) and dibenzothiophene (DBT) as the sulfur compounds are used. Then by the response surface method the optimum conditions were developed. The result indicates that catalyst with 6%wt Zn/ZnO, 45 min reaction time, UV power of 32 watts and catalyst to fuel ratio of 2 gr/L is able to remove BT and DBT with efficiency of 86.1% and 74.0%, respectively.