A numerical simulation study of CO 2 injection for enhancing hydrocarbon recovery and sequestration in liquid-rich shales

Less than 10% of oil is usually recovered from liquid-rich shales and this leaves much room for improvement, while water injection into shale formation is virtually impossible because of the extremely low permeability of the formation matrix. Injecting carbon dioxide (CO₂) into oil shale formations can potentially improve oil recovery. Furthermore, the large surface area in organicrich shale could permanently store CO₂ without jeopardizing the formation integrity. This work is a mechanism study of evaluating the effectiveness of CO₂-enhanced oil shale recovery and shale formation CO₂ sequestration capacity using numerical simulation. Petrophysical and fluid properties similar to the Bakken Formation are used to set up the base model for simulation. Result shows that the CO₂ injection could increase the oil recovery factor from 7.4% to 53%. In addition, petrophysical characteristics such as in situ stress changes and presence of a natural fracture network in the shale formation are proven to have impacts on subsurface CO₂ flow. A response surface modeling approach was applied to investigate the interaction between parameters and generate a proxy model for optimizing oil recovery and CO₂ injectivity.     

Enhanced Recovery of Crude Oil From Shale Formations by Gas Injection in Zipper-fractured Horizontal Wells

The zipper-frac technique is implemented in two adjacent horizontal wells to maximize the exposure of shale rocks. The hydraulic fractures are propagated in a manner in which they are connected with natural fracture network to improve the fracture complexity. In this study, the authors exploit the advantage of stimulated fracture complexity to access more of the hydrocarbons trapped in very low permeability of shale matrix. The recovery process efficiencies by cyclic CO₂ injection and CO₂ flooding in zipper-fractured horizontal wells are compared. The role of diffusion recovery mechanism in recovering oil from fractured shales will be discussed.     

A quick evaluation model for CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> flooding and sequestration

CO₂ flooding not only triggers an increase in oil production, but also reduces the amount of CO₂ released to the atmosphere (by storing it permanently in the formations). It is one of the best ways to use and store CO₂. This paper firstly selects the key factors after analyzing the factors influencing the CO₂ storage potential in the formations and oil recovery, and then introduces a series of dimensionless variables to describe reservoir characteristics. All influencing factors with varying values are calculated through a Box-Behnken experimental design. The results are interpreted by a response surface method, and then a quick screening model is obtained to evaluate the oil recovery and CO₂ storage potential for an oil reservoir. Based on the evaluation model, sensitivity analysis of each factor is carried out. Finally, research on CO₂ sequestration and flooding in a typical reservoir indicates that the evaluation model fits well with the numerical simulation, which proves that the evaluation model can provide criteria for screening attractive candidate reservoirs for CO₂ sequestration and flooding.     

温度响应地下自生成支撑剂研究

为了在超深储层中构建全缝长、全缝网的有效支撑,研制了一种由相变液体和非相变液体组成的温度响应地下自生成支撑剂（液体支撑剂）。该支撑剂在地面低温条件下呈液态,在储层高温条件下发生相变,经过一定时间可转变为固体颗粒,从而支撑裂缝,并在高温和高闭合压力下始终保持较高的裂缝导流能力。室内性能试验表明,该支撑剂在不同搅拌速度下可以形成不同粒径的固体颗粒;相变前的液体支撑剂是一种黏性流体,滤失量低、配伍性良好;相变后形成的地下自生成支撑剂具有较好的承压能力,且粒径大小可控、相变时间可调,60 MPa闭合压力下不同粒径组合的有效导流能力可达9.21 D·cm。温度响应地下自生成支撑剂的研制,为超深储层的油气高效开发提供了一种新的改造方式。      

石英砂用于页岩气储层压裂的经济适应性

四川盆地长宁—威远地区页岩气储层最小主应力介于44~68 MPa,一直使用可在高闭合压力下保持高导流能力的40~70目陶粒作为主要的支撑剂,但用量大、成本高。为了进一步降低支撑剂的成本,在采用气藏数值模拟方法论证储层所需的支撑裂缝导流能力的基础上,利用页岩气井生产分析结果和人工裂缝模拟结果研究储层作用在支撑剂上的有效应力、有效应力的加载速度和支撑剂的铺置浓度,提出了适合该区页岩气井压裂支撑剂导流的实验方法,评价了石英砂的导流能力及其对页岩气产能的影响,并利用该方法进行了支撑剂的筛选和现场试验。结果表明:(1)页岩基质渗透率小于6.0×10-4 m D时,主裂缝导流能力介于0.8~1.0 D·cm、分支裂缝导流能力介于0.05~0.10 D·cm即可满足生产需求;(2)当主裂缝垂直于最小主应力方向、分支裂缝垂直于主裂缝时,该地区页岩储层作用在主裂缝内支撑剂上的有效应力最大值为54 MPa,作用在分支裂缝内支撑剂上的最大有效应力约为69 MPa;(3)对标准支撑剂导流能力评价实验方法进行了修改——应力加载速度为1.0 MPa/min,支撑剂铺置浓度为2.5 kg/m2,最高加载压力设定为70MPa;(4)优选70/140目石英砂能够满足该区页岩气井压裂需求。在该区2个平台4口井的应用效果表明,将石英砂比例从30%提高到70%~80%,单段产气量无明显变化,单井可以节约支撑剂成本60万元~100万元,如果石英砂本地化,则成本可进一步降低。结论认为,该项成果为在基质渗透率极低的致密油气储层中采用石英砂替代陶粒以降低成本提供了技术支撑。     

人工裂缝参数对CO2-ESGR中CO2封存和CH4开采的影响

目的 页岩储层中的裂缝系统对CH₄产量和CO₂封存量有着重要的影响,不同的储层地质特征有其对应的最优压裂方案。对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩储层人工裂缝参数对CO₂封存和CH₄开采的影响进行分析。方法 基于鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩储层地质条件建立了页岩基质-裂缝双孔双渗均质模型,分析CO₂增强页岩气开采技术(CO₂-ESGR)中人工裂缝半长、裂缝宽度、裂缝高度、裂缝间距和裂缝数量对CO₂封存量和CH₄产量的影响。结果 CO₂封存量和CH₄产量与裂缝半长、裂缝宽度和裂缝高度呈正相关,其中裂缝宽度的影响最大,从5 mm增加到25 mm时,最多可使CO₂封存量和CH₄产量分别增加112.69%和87.11%。裂缝间距和裂缝数量增加可提高CO₂封存量和CH₄产量,但水平井长度相同时裂缝数量增加对CO...     

页岩气储层蠕变特性及其对页岩气开发的影响

页岩气储层渗透率极低,必须经过压裂改造才能形成有效产能,大量狭小自支撑裂缝在天然气解吸及流动中具有重要作用。页岩气储层生产周期长,人工裂缝导流能力对裂缝变形极其敏感。研究结果表明,页岩气储层具有一定的蠕变特性,并随着粘土含量的增加而增强。压裂改造后,储层会产生大量裂缝,裂缝闭合蠕变是蠕变形变的主要形式。裂缝的存在会使储层蠕变速率大幅度提高,并对裂缝导流能力产生不可忽视的影响。裂缝闭合蠕变速率与裂缝界面之间、裂缝界面与支撑剂间的相互作用有关,并与基质蠕变速率成正比。压裂改造形成的裂缝网络越发育、单裂缝宽度越小,蠕变对裂缝导流能力的影响越大。在页岩气数值模拟中,考虑裂缝闭合蠕变的累积产量与未考虑裂缝闭合蠕变的累积产量相差较大。同时,在地应力计算、储层可改造性、支撑剂和施工参数优选以及生产方式的选择等方面也应考虑蠕变的影响,保持流体压力有利于减小蠕变形变,维持裂缝导流能力,提高气井产能和采收率。     

页岩气藏压裂支撑裂缝的有效性评价

为了了解、掌握页岩气藏清水压裂缝网能够提供的导流能力大小及裂缝的有效性,利用四川盆地某构造的页岩进行了室内裂缝导流能力测试。实验结果表明：支撑剂浓度不足单层的情况时,闭合压力低于30 MPa,导流能力可与一定量的高浓度（多层）情况相当,但支撑剂嵌入和破碎显著增加,其导流能力不稳定,随时间增加可持续降低,闭合压力40 MPa时,20/40目陶粒嵌入程度可达71.8%,闭合压力进一步增大,裂缝将闭合失效;较低硬度的页岩支撑剂嵌入严重,导致低支撑剂浓度裂缝残余支撑缝宽不足,仅增加支撑剂粒径不足以克服嵌入影响,裂缝内需要有足够的支撑剂浓度,形成的缝网不能过于复杂;页岩黏土含量高,支撑剂充填层泥化严重,对支撑裂缝有效性的伤害不容忽视,可变形的树脂覆膜砂在一定程度上解决了支撑剂嵌入和充填层泥化问题。     

CO2 miscible flooding in low permeability sandstone reservoirs and its influence on crude oil properties

Miscible CO₂ injection process has become widely used technique for the enhanced oil recovery in low permeability reservoirs. Core flooding experiments and field test of CO₂ miscible flooding in low permeability sandstone reservoirs and its influence on crude oil properties was studied. The results showed that CO₂ miscible flooding in low permeability sandstone reservoirs can enhance oil recovery both in laboratory study and field test. The permeability of sandstone reservoirs decreased during CO₂ miscible flooding due to the precipitation of asphaltene of crude oil. The precipitation of asphaltene lead to a reduction of asphaltene content and the apparent viscosity of crude oil. A further study on inhibitors and removers for asphaltene deposits from crude oil should be investigated to prevent and remove asphaltene deposits in low permeability sandstone reservoirs.     

一种超低密度支撑剂的可用性评价

常规支撑剂的密度一般比较大,严重影响着有效水力裂缝的形成,并难以应用于长缝压裂,超低密度支撑剂的使用能够增加裂缝有效长度,提高压裂井的增产效益。采用室内实验与软件模拟相结合的评价手段,对一种新型空心覆膜陶粒支撑剂（ST-I）进行酸溶解度、抗破碎率等基本性能评价,分析了其导流能力在不同闭合压力、铺砂浓度下的变化规律。同时将这种超低密度支撑剂与普通陶粒支撑剂进行性能比较,测试了其在不同压裂液黏度下的沉降特性。结果表明,该支撑剂具有较好的物理、导流性能,在压裂液中的沉降速度较普通陶粒支撑剂明显较慢,完全满足长缝压裂的基本要求。通过后期合理的压裂施工设计,能够形成有效支撑半缝长达到180 m 左右的裂缝。     

鄂尔多斯盆地页岩油缝网波及研究及其在体积开发中的应用

鄂尔多斯盆地庆城油田是中国发现的首个页岩油10亿吨级大油田,水平井体积开发是页岩油效益开发的关键技术。文中提出了一种细分切割体积压裂缝网波及体积计算模型,应用多元线性回归的方法建立了关键地质工程参数与微地震覆盖体积关系式,进一步利用矿场实际产量数据对关系式进行校正,建立了缝网波及体积定量表征经验公式,进而绘制了其与产能的相关性图版,为体积压裂工程参数优化给予指导。研究结果表明：鄂尔多斯盆地页岩油体积改造裂缝总体呈现以主裂缝为主、分支缝为辅的条带状缝网形态,形似“仙人掌”。影响缝网波及体积的主控因素依次为入地液量、裂缝密度、排量、油层厚度和砂量。经矿场实践证实,该研究建立的经验公式及相关性图版预测结果准确、可靠,可为庆城油田页岩油水平井体积压裂优化设计及效果评价提供科学依据。     

南海低渗透储层支撑剂导流能力试验研究

针对南海低渗透储层油气采出程度低、压裂难以形成高导流能力人工裂缝的问题,通过室内试验分析了储层黏土矿物含量、不同粒径支撑剂组合方式和破胶液黏度对人工裂缝导流能力的影响。在试验条件下,储层黏土矿物含量从15%增至50%,20/40目支撑剂导流能力的降低率从13.84%增至31.34%;20/40目、30/50目和40/70目陶粒以3∶1∶1的比例铺置时最优,该组合最终导流能力为116.7 D·cm;破胶液黏度为1 mPa·s时,支撑剂导流能力最高。试验结果表明:随着黏土矿物含量增大,支撑剂导流能力逐渐降低;支撑剂的破碎主要由于支撑剂颗粒相互挤压而非与储层的相互作用;不同粒径支撑剂组合铺置时,大粒径支撑剂占比越大,导流能力越高;随着闭合压力升高,小粒径支撑剂破碎所造成的渗透率下降是造成导流能力降低的主要原因;破胶液黏度越低,支撑剂导流能力越高。研究结果可为南海低渗透油气藏压裂选层和优化压裂方案提供依据。      

支撑剂沉降规律对页岩气压裂水平井产能的影响

压裂工艺后支撑剂的分布及裂缝形态对页岩气井的产能有很大影响。为了研究支撑剂沉降规律,建立了综合考虑页岩气吸附解吸附及应力敏感的气藏数值模型,并在模型中提出了表征支撑剂沉降的方法。通过对比分析不同射孔位置、不同沉降程度、裂缝导流能力、储层基质渗透率等参数变量,考虑了支撑剂沉降的页岩气藏压力分布和产能特征,得出影响支撑剂沉降后气井产能的主控因素。结果表明,支撑剂沉降大幅度降低了气井产能;考虑压裂过程中支撑剂运移沉降,应在油气藏中下部进行射孔;页岩气藏裂缝导流能力达到4 μm2·cm即可满足气井的有效开采,选用40/70目支撑剂进行压裂施工,建议优先造主缝;基质渗透率越高,支撑剂沉降对气井产能影响越大,高渗带要采取防止支撑剂沉降的措施。此模型考虑了支撑剂沉降的特性,对页岩气井产能的预测和现场压裂施工具有重要指导意义。     

页岩储层人工裂缝岩样制备方法及应力敏感性

应力敏感性是页岩储层的一个重要特性。由于大量天然裂缝和人工裂缝的存在,其渗透率应力敏感性与铺砂浓度密切相关,准确评价页岩人工裂缝的应力敏感性是一个难题。传统应力敏感性的研究多集中在测试和比较基质岩心、天然裂缝岩心及人工裂缝岩心等方面,对于不同铺砂浓度下人工裂缝的应力敏感性研究较少。因此,提出了一种模拟不同铺砂浓度的页岩岩样制备方法,并以四川盆地龙马溪组典型页岩为例,分别进行了变围压和变流压条件下页岩人工裂缝应力敏感性测试。研究结果表明,支撑剂的加入在大幅度提高裂缝导流能力的同时,有效降低了页岩人工裂缝的应力敏感性。且随着铺砂浓度增加,敏感性逐渐减弱,最终趋于不变;低铺砂浓度下(≤1 kg/m²),两种测试方法所得结果基本一致;但高铺砂浓度下(>1 kg/m²),由于存在明显的支撑剂运移现象,变流压测试结果明显高于变围压测试,且随铺砂浓度增加,差异逐渐加大至20%以上。因此,对于高铺砂浓度(>1 kg/m²)页岩人工裂缝应力敏感性的室内评价,为更好地模拟现场实际,应该采用变流压测试方法。     

Modeling CO2 miscible flooding for enhanced oil recovery

The injection of fuel-generated CO2 into oil reservoirs will lead to two benefits in both enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and the reduction in atmospheric emission of CO2. To get an insight into CO2 miscible flooding performance in oil reservoirs, a multi-compositional non-isothermal CO2 miscible flooding mathematical model is developed. The convection and diffusion of CO2-hydrocarbon mixtures in multiphase fluids in reservoirs, mass transfer between CO2 and crude, and formation damages caused by asphaltene precipitation are fully considered in the model. The governing equations are discretized in space using the integral finite difference method. The Newton-Raphson iterative technique was used to solve the nonlinear equation systems of mass and energy conservation. A numerical simulator, in which regular grids and irregular grids are optional, was developed for predicting CO2 miscible flooding processes. Two examples of one-dimensional (1D) regular and three-dimensional (3D) rectangle and polygonal grids are designed to demonstrate the functions of the simulator. Experimental data validate the developed simulator by comparison with 1D simulation results. The applications of the simulator indicate that it is feasible for predicting CO2 flooding in oil reservoirs for EOR.     

深层页岩缝网压裂关键力学理论研究进展

随着埋藏深度的增加,构造复杂程度、地层温度和压力增加,地层闭合压力、地应力差、杨氏模量和抗压强度等力学参数也都有不同程度的增大,水平井分段多簇压裂技术在深层页岩气勘探开发中遭遇重大挑战,面临着以下亟待解决的问题:①深层高应力下页岩脆性与可压性评价;②高应力、工作液扰动和各向异性条件下多簇裂缝起裂与扩展;③缝网裂缝中支撑剂输送与铺置;④高应力水化条件下裂缝网络的长效支撑;⑤页岩多组分微观结构的力学作用机理。为了给深层页岩气储层压裂形成有效的裂缝改造体积提供理论支撑,基于页岩脆性与可压性评价、多裂缝网络竞争起裂扩展、裂缝网络中支撑剂输送、高应力下裂缝网络的支撑和水岩作用机理等深层页岩压裂关键力学理论,系统分析和阐述了相关理论的研究进展和发展趋势,进而指出了深层页岩气储层压裂关键力学理论的发展方向:①高温高应力下流固耦合的页岩脆性模型和可压裂性评价模型;②高温高应力水岩作用下页岩的本构方程和各向异性页岩破裂压力预测模型;③支撑剂输送下的三维裂缝网络扩展模拟;④裂缝网络中支撑剂转向输送机制和粗糙弯曲裂缝网络中支撑剂输送模拟;⑤缝网中各级裂缝导流能力综合优化;⑥页岩软化机制和水化微裂缝起裂扩展机理。结论认为,该研究成果对于推动和促进深层页岩气储层相关压裂理论的发展和压裂技术的进步具有借鉴和参考作用。     

Black Oil and Compositional Reservoir Simulation for Increasing the Recovery Performance of an Iranian Fractured Carbonate Reservoir

Abstract

Naturally fractured reservoirs contain a significant amount of world oil reserves. Accurate and efficient reservoir simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs is one of the most important, challenging, and computationally intensive problems in reservoir engineering. Black oil and compositional reservoir simulators have been used to determine the reservoir management and production strategies to increase the oil recovery from a low-porosity, low-permeability fractured carbonate reservoir, with an average matrix permeability of 0.8 md, average fracture permeability of 500 md, and an average matrix porosity of 10%. This reservoir is a candidate for an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process, because the reservoir production rate has been declined due to increasing the water cut as a result of rising the water oil contact. The injection techniques that have been considered in this study for black oil model include (a) gas injection, (b) water injection, and (c) simultaneous water alternating gas injection and for the compositional model include (a) dry gas injection, (b) CO₂ injection, and (c) N₂ injection. Simulation results show that CO₂ injection has the maximum oil recovery between the EOR scenarios.     

压裂液浸润对页岩储层应力敏感性的影响

页岩储层微裂缝发育,粘土矿物丰富,潜在较强应力敏感性。页岩储层压裂液返排率低,滞留在储层中的压裂液的浸润作用可能使页岩储层应力敏感行为复杂化,从而影响增产改造效果。选取四川盆地南部志留系龙马溪组出露的富有机质页岩,开展支撑与无支撑裂缝的干岩样、压裂液滤液浸润岩样的渗透率随有效应力变化实验。实验结果表明,页岩应力敏感性由强到弱依次为压裂液浸润无支撑裂缝岩样、无支撑裂缝干岩样、支撑裂缝干岩样、压裂液滤液浸润的支撑裂缝岩样。分析认为,压裂液与页岩的物理化学作用会降低页岩裂缝表面强度,使页岩微裂缝更易压缩闭合,强化了页岩的应力敏感性;支撑剂的有效支撑能够减弱页岩的应力敏感性。通过控制压裂液滤失、促进滤液返排、优化支撑剂铺置方式以及确定合理生产压差可有效保护页岩储层。     

页岩压裂裂缝渗透率的测试与分析

为了提高页岩气体积压裂的有效性,有必要对不同类型页岩压裂裂缝渗透率及其影响因素开展进一步的评价研究。为此,在研究页岩矿物组构特征、储层孔隙与裂缝特征的基础上,对3种不同类型(原位闭合型、剪切自支撑型、单层支撑型)的页岩压裂裂缝渗透率进行测试,并系统研究了页岩储层压裂裂缝类型、裂缝面粗糙度、碳酸盐矿物含量、页岩层理、围压等因素对页岩压裂裂缝渗透率的影响。结果表明:(1)原位闭合型裂缝渗透率与压力的关系符合Walsh理论,随围压增大而减小,其渗透率介于0.13~16.75m D,该类型裂缝不论有没有支撑剂充填和错位,对于提高页岩气储层产能都同样的重要、有效;(2)相对于原位闭合型裂缝,剪切自支撑型裂缝渗透率可提高1~2个数量级(渗透率介于7.53~88.48 m D)、单层支撑型裂缝渗透率可提高2~3个数量级(渗透率介于9.98~771.82 m D);(3)裂缝面粗糙度越大,裂缝渗透率越高,裂缝面分维数与渗透率具有较好的正相关关系;(4)剪切自支撑、单层支撑型裂缝渗透率和压力的关系与Walsh理论存在着一定的偏差,该偏差反映了自支撑点破碎、支撑剂嵌入和破碎等的影响。结论认为,该实验研究成果对于页岩气压裂工艺优选、参数优化具有指导意义。     

玛湖凹陷乌尔禾组砾岩储集层裂缝支撑剂运移规律

玛湖凹陷乌尔禾组致密砾岩油藏水力压裂裂缝形态复杂,支撑剂运移铺置规律尚不清楚,影响了储集层压裂效果.通过对不同形态迂曲裂缝进行重构,利用Fluent中的两相流模型,在考虑支撑剂与粗糙缝面相互作用的基础上,分析了砾石粒径、砾石数量以及砾石处缝宽衰减等对支撑剂运移铺置的影响.研究结果表明,砾石粒径对支撑剂运移的影响较为明显...