铁渣熔体穿行焦炭床的渗碳机理

摘要：高炉炉缸内衬表面形成稳定的凝铁层将保护高炉炭砖并延长高炉寿命。利用光学数码显微镜观察统计分析高炉凝铁层生产样品,探究不同焦炭体积占比对凝铁层导热系数的影响。利用元素分析（XRF）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）、扫描电镜(SEM-EDS)等手段分析凝铁层的组成,并观察其微观形貌。利用瞬态平面热源法（TPS）测定凝铁层的导热系数,进一步分析其组成与导热系数之间的关系。结果表明,凝铁层由铁、充满铁水的焦炭、石墨碳、少量渣相组成,凝铁层内部没有气隙。凝铁层生产样品的导热系数测定范围为27.21～97.38W/(m·K),导热系数（λ）与其组成的焦炭面积比（Sc=22%～48%）之间的线性关系为：λ=-257.47Sc +157.65。模拟实验凝铁层的导热系数范围为30.54～53.95W/(m·K),该值远大于目前数学模型中采用的凝铁层导热系数（2～4W/m·K）,随着焦炭粒度的增加,凝铁层的导热系数先增加后减小。凝铁层中导热系数（λ）与焦炭体积分数Vc（Vc=39%～50%）的线性关系为：λ=-80.50Vc +78.56。研究结果进一步明确了凝铁层的物相组成及其导热系数,为高炉长寿的研究指明了方向。     

高炉炉缸凝铁层导热系数测定及传热模型修正

摘要：高炉炉缸内衬表面形成稳定的凝铁层将延长高炉寿命。采用自制的凝铁层模拟实验装置，在中温高压条件下利用锡与焦炭制备凝铁层模拟样品；通过三维数码显微镜观察统计不同凝铁层模拟样品对应的金属与焦炭的面积比，采用瞬态平面热源法测定导热系数，探究其对凝铁层导热系数的影响。结果表明，凝铁层模拟样品（凝锡层）的导热系数范围是23.58～40.39W/（m·K）；凝铁层样品的导热系数范围为28.05～48.19W/（m·K）；还原凝铁层真实导热系数后，可以确定高炉炉缸区域传热模型中的气隙厚度为0.5～1.0mm。     

高炉炉缸凝铁层的组成分析与导热系数测定

摘要：高炉炉缸内衬表面形成稳定的凝铁层将保护高炉炭砖并延长高炉寿命。利用光学数码显微镜观察统计分析高炉凝铁层生产样品,探究不同焦炭体积占比对凝铁层导热系数的影响。利用元素分析（XRF）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）、扫描电镜(SEM-EDS)等手段分析凝铁层的组成,并观察其微观形貌。利用瞬态平面热源法（TPS）测定凝铁层的导热系数,进一步分析其组成与导热系数之间的关系。结果表明,凝铁层由铁、充满铁水的焦炭、石墨碳、少量渣相组成,凝铁层内部没有气隙。凝铁层生产样品的导热系数测定范围为27.21～97.38W/(m·K),导热系数（λ）与其组成的焦炭面积比（Sc=22%～48%）之间的线性关系为：λ=-257.47Sc +157.65。模拟实验凝铁层的导热系数范围为30.54～53.95W/(m·K),该值远大于目前数学模型中采用的凝铁层导热系数（2～4W/m·K）,随着焦炭粒度的增加,凝铁层的导热系数先增加后减小。凝铁层中导热系数（λ）与焦炭体积分数Vc（Vc=39%～50%）的线性关系为：λ=-80.50Vc +78.56。研究结果进一步明确了凝铁层的物相组成及其导热系数,为高炉长寿的研究指明了方向。     

Thermoelectric properties of Yb x Co_4 Sb_（12） system

Yb x Co 4 Sb 12 polycrystals were fabricated by vacuum melting combined with hot-press sintering.The effect of Yb-filling on thermoelectric property of unfilled skutterudite CoSb 3 was investigated,which indicated the enhancement of the power factor of the material.Transport properties of materials changed from semi-conductor to semi-metal during the measurement of electrical conductivity,which indicated the change of electronic band structure.The maximum value of electrical conductivity was about 190000 S/m at 300 K for all samples.On the basis of Yb-filling,power factor of Yb 0.2 Co 4 Sb 12 reached 5-6 mW/(m·K) during the measurement temperature.Thermal conductivity decreased with increase of Yb content,and the thermal conductivity of Yb 0.2 Co 4 Sb 12 reached 3.2 W/(m·K) at 600 K.The ZT value of Yb 0.2 Co 4 Sb 12 reached 1.16 at 700 K due to positive contribution from high power factor and low thermal conductivity.     

化学浸泡作用下热冲击花岗岩物理特性与导热性能演化机制

为了研究化学浸泡作用下热冲击花岗岩物理特性与导热性能演化特征,对25～600 ℃范围内不同温度热冲击作用后的花岗岩试件开展了长期的酸性和中性溶液浸泡试验,结合超声检测、核磁共振测试、热常数分析和扫描电镜试验,定量表征了热化改性花岗岩试件物理参数随热冲击温度的演化规律,建立了各物理参数之间的内在关联性,揭示了物理性质变化的微观机制。研究结果表明:随着热冲击温度的升高,热化改性试件的体积逐渐增大,质量和密度逐渐降低,纵波波速呈线性下降,孔隙率呈幂函数递增,导热系数和热扩散系数分别呈指数下降和线性下降;相同热冲击温度下,热化改性试件的体积增长率、纵波波速和导热系数由大到小依次为未浸泡>水浸泡>酸浸泡,质量降低率和孔隙率从高到低依次为酸浸泡>水浸泡>未浸泡;孔隙率增大和导热性能劣化均伴有纵波波速的下降,可通过测量纵波波速对孔隙率和导热性能进行估测;热化改性试件的孔隙结构对150～450 ℃范围内的温度更为敏感,固体颗粒骨架对450 ℃以上温度更为敏感,颗粒骨架的劣化又将进一步引起孔隙结构的演化;热化改性作用引起的微观孔隙结构发育和物相转变是导致物理性质变化的本质原因,其中以高温热冲击起主导作用,研究发现300 ℃可作为产生强烈热冲击的温度阈值。      

Thermal Conductivity of Copper-Graphene Composite Films Synthesized by Electrochemical Deposition with Exfoliated Graphene Platelets

Samples of graphene composites with matrix of copper were prepared by electrochemical codeposition from CuSO₄ solution with graphene oxide suspension. The thermal conductivity of the composite samples with different thickness and that of electrodeposited copper was determined by the three-omega method. Copper-graphene composite films with thickness greater than 200 μm showed an improvement in thermal conductivity over that of electrolytic copper from 380 W/m.K to 460 W/m.K at 300 K (27 °C). The thermal conductivity of copper-graphene films decreased from 510 W/m.K at 250 K (–23 °C) to 440 W/m.K at 350 K (77 °C). Effective medium approximation (EMA) was used to model the thermal conductivity of the composite samples and determine the interfacial thermal conductance between copper and graphene. The values of interface thermal conductance greater than 1.2 GW/m².K obtained from the acoustic and the diffuse mismatch models and from the EMA modeling of the experimental results indicate that the interface thermal resistance is not a limiting factor to improve the thermal conductivity of the copper-graphene composites.     

Al2O3含量对放电等离子烧结Al2O3/Cu复合材料组织与性能的影响

以微米级Cu粉为基体相,纳米Al₂O₃颗粒为绝缘相,采用机械球磨和放电等离子烧结工艺相结合的方法制备Al₂O₃/Cu复合材料,研究Al₂O₃含量对复合材料微观结构、电阻率和热导率的影响。结果表明,Al₂O₃/Cu复合材料为核?壳结构,随Al₂O₃含量增加,Al₂O₃包覆层对Cu基体的包覆效果逐渐提升;当w(Al₂O₃)为5%时,Al₂O₃/Cu复合材料的热导率较高,为85.92 W/(m·K),但电阻率偏低,仅为12.6 mΩ·cm。当w(Al₂O₃)增加至15%时,虽然Al₂O₃/Cu复合材料的密度降至6.69 g/cm³,孔隙率较高,但电阻率显著提高至2.09×10⁸ mΩ·cm,约为Cu电阻率的10¹¹倍,且热导率为7.6 W/(m·K),明显高于传统金属基板的热导率。     

热压温度对真空热压法制备Cu–30Ni–5Nb合金组织及性能的影响

采用真空热压法制备了Cu–30Ni–5Nb合金,研究了热压温度对合金组织、相对密度、熔点及热导率的影响。结果表明,在800～950 ℃热压温度范围内,Cu–30Ni–5Nb合金的熔点先降低后升高,900 ℃时铜合金的熔点最低（1178.92 ℃）;Cu–30Ni–5Nb合金的热导率先增大后减小,900 ℃时铜合金的热导率最大（30.65 W·m?1·K?1）。热压温度为875 ℃时,Cu–30Ni–5Nb合金具有较好的综合性能,相对密度为98.66%,熔点为1180.86 ℃,热导率为29.54 W·m?1·K?1,且合金屈服强度达到355.74 MPa,符合冷却水套的性能要求。     

金刚石表面改性及基体合金化对金刚石/铜复合材料导热性能的影响

以Pr₆O₁₁为刻蚀剂表面粗糙化处理金刚石颗粒,采用放电等离子烧结技术制备了金刚石/铜（硼）复合材料（金刚石体积分数为60.0%,硼体积分数为0.3%）,通过试验、热流密度模拟和声子谱计算研究了金刚石表面改性及基体硼合金化对金刚石/铜复合材料导热性能的影响。结果表明,粗糙化的金刚石界面增加了接触面积;在基体中添加硼元素,复合材料在烧结后出现B₄C相,B₄C相的形成改善了金刚石–铜两相界面结合状态。金刚石粗糙化与基体合金化两者的共同作用有效减少了界面热阻,优化了热通量传递的效率,提高了复合材料的导热性能。金刚石/铜复合材料热导率从421 W·m?1·K?1提高到了598 W·m?1·K?1,提升了近42%。     

The Effects of Composition and Microstructure on the Thermal Conductivity of Liquid-Phase-Sintered W-Cu

Liquid-phase sintering of high-purity, submicron, co-reduced W-15Cu powders at temperatures of 1463 to 1623 K (1190 to 1350 °C) produces W grain sizes ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 μm while maintaining less than 2 pct porosity. Measured thermal conductivities of 185 to 221 W/(m·K) are related to the grain size and contiguity, which ranged from 0.51 to 0.62. The effects of composition and microstructure on thermal conductivity are further investigated with a model based on a computational cell that allows adjustment of the grain shape to produce selected matrix volume fractions and contiguities. The model considers porosity, the effects of transition metal impurities on the thermal conductivities of the W and Cu phases, and the role of an interfacial resistance between W grains. The effects of grain size and contiguity on thermal conductivity are shown for thermal boundary conductances ranging from 0 to 1.7 × 10¹⁰ W/(m²·K). Comparison of the model predictions with those of prior models, the experimental results, and previously reported thermal conductivities shows that impurities are highly detrimental to the thermal conductivity, but the thermal boundary conductance is a significant factor for high-purity W-Cu.     

不同种类岩石的光声光谱定性解析研究

采用光声光谱技术对不同成分的岩石样品进行了分析。根据一维简化模型,从理论上讨论了圆柱形光声盒内岩石样品产生的光声信号的大小,得出岩石的光声信号正比于其光吸收系数,同时也依赖于岩石的热学性质,与岩石的热扩散长度、热导率等有关。通过用光源为氙灯的光声光谱仪得到了样品的分辨率为1 nm的近红外光声光谱,实验所用样品为白砂岩、泥晶灰岩、页岩、细砾岩、花岗岩等岩石。结果表明不同岩石产生的光声信号的强弱不同,光声光谱的吸收峰个数及吸收峰波长也与岩石的种类相关。实验结果为光声光谱技术定性分析岩石的可行性提供了依据。     

挤压温度和挤压比对6063铝合金导热性能的影响

研究了挤压温度和挤压比对6063铝合金组织及导热性能的影响。结果表明：通过挤压能有效地改善该合金的组织,使得强化相Mg2 Si均匀弥散分布在α-Al基体上。随着挤压温度的增大,材料的热导率下降。当挤压比小于50时,材料的热导率随着挤压比的增大而增大;当挤压比大于50时,材料热导率下降。当挤压比为50,挤压温度为380℃时,材料有最大热导率221.2 W/（m.K）。     

SPS法制备SiC_P/Cu复合材料的研究

为了开发高导热低成本电子封装材料与器件,采用SPS方法制备了SiC/Cu复合材料,研究了SiC的粒径和体积分数对材料致密度和热导率的影响.结果表明:随着SiC体积分数的减少(从70%到50%),材料致密度逐渐提高;随着SiC粒径从40μm变化到14μm,材料的致密度提高.在材料未达到完全致密的情况下,材料的热导率主要受致密度的影响,SiC粒径的减小和体积分数的适宜降低对材料热导率的提高有利.此外,研究了对SiC进行化学镀铜对复合材料的影响.SiC化学镀铜改善了复合材料两相界面的润湿性,与未镀铜SiC相比,使样品相对密度提高了3%,热扩散系数提高了60%,热导率为167 W/(m·K).     

Nonstationary hot wire method with silica-coated probe for measuring thermal conductivities of molten metals

The nonstationary hot wire method with a silica-coated probe has been developed to measure thermal conductivities of molten metals at high temperatures. Measurements were carried out on mercury and lead as test liquids. The thermal conductivities of liquid mercury ranged between 7.6 and 8.1 W/m K at temperatures between 273 and 293 K, and those of molten lead displayed constant values of about 15 W/m K at temperatures between 673 and 973 K. Factors affecting the thermal conductivity measurement using this method have been discussed. It has been concluded that the nonstationary hot wire method with an insulator-coated probe can be applied to various molten metals, as long as materials for probe coating are pertinent.     

高温模锻对钨铜电子封装材料组织和性能的影响

采用高温熔渗法制备钨铜电子封装材料,在850℃下对该材料进行模锻,通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察材料的微观组织,并利用超声波块体扫描仪探测材料内部的孔隙分布情况,研究高温模锻对钨铜电子封装材料组织和性能的影响.结果表明:在850℃高温模锻能显著减少钨铜电子封装材料内部的孔洞缺陷,内部组织更均匀、致密.经1次高温模锻后,相对...     

生物质多孔碳基复合相变材料制备及性能

目前,通过多孔高导热载体与相变材料复合的方式提升有机复合相变材料综合性能的方法得到广泛应用。多孔碳作为负载能力强,导热性能良好的载体材料成为研究的热点,但如何绿色、廉价、简易地制备出该类载体仍是研究的难点。本文以天然生物质材料松木和竹木为碳源,在梯度温度和氮气气氛下热处理,使生物质材料碳化并进一步发生石墨化转变,制备出生物质天然孔道结构的多孔高导热碳基载体材料。采用真空熔融浸渍法将有机相变材料石蜡和多孔碳基载体材料进行高效复合,制备得到生物质多孔碳/石蜡复合相变材料。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、红外光谱仪（FTIR）、同步热分析仪（TGA）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、拉曼光谱仪（Raman）、压汞分析仪（MIP）、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、激光导热仪对载体材料及复合相变材料进行结构表征和性能测试。测试结果表明:生物质多孔碳载体材料孔道结构保存完好,石墨化转变明显,保证了有机相变芯材的高效稳定负载。传热效率上,相比于纯石蜡芯材,以松木和竹木为碳源制得的多孔碳/石蜡复合相变材料热导率分别提高了100%和216%,达到了0.48 W·m?1·K?1和0.76 W·m?1·K?1。在此基础上,通过对比松木和竹木为原料制得的复合相变材料的芯材负载量,相变焓值,热导率的变化,进一步探讨了生物质结构对复合相变材料性能的影响机制。      

盆地流体运移与成矿浅谈-以SEDEX矿床为例

盆地流体（Basin fluids）主要是指占据和通过盆地沉积岩石孔隙空间的所有流体,显示以低温为主的热液地球化学特征,其流体温度主要受盆地热演化史和盆地热结构控制。本文试着从盆地成矿系统及流体与沉积矿产之间的关系、成矿作用及过程,并以典型的沉积喷流型矿床（SEDEX型）为例,阐述了盆地流体运移与成矿过程之间的联系。     

Thermal Conductivity of Molten Silicate of Al2O3-CaO-Na2O-SiO2 Measured by Means of a Front Heating-Front Detection Laser Flash Method

Thermal conductivity values have been systematically obtained for molten silicates containing Al₂O₃, CaO, Na₂O, and SiO₂ by means of a front heating-front detection laser flash method. The measurements were made for 13 samples in the temperature range between 1073?K and 1823?K (800?°C and 1550?°C), depending on the composition. Thermal conductivities of the silicate melts are found to be relatively insensitive to the variation of temperature, but they depend on the composition ratio, particularly the ratio of Non-Bridging Oxygen ions per Tetrahedrally coordinated cation??NBO/T. The thermal conductivity values decrease from 2.8?W/mK to 1.5?W/mK with the NBO/T value until it reaches about 1. Thermal conductivity values become constant for silicate melts with a higher value of NBO/T. It is known that the length of the silicate chain decreases with disconnection by the addition of alkaline earth cation or alkaline cation. The strong correlation between thermal conductivity and NBO/T is quite likely to suggest that silicate chain is a preferential path for heat transport in silicate melts.     

改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料导热性能及耐久性研究

利用自制钢渣助磨改性剂处理热闷渣、电炉渣与风淬渣,将改性后的钢渣微粉与炭黑、橡胶基体等复合形成改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料.采用导热系数仪,测定三种改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料热氧老化1、3、5、7、9、11 d的导热系数;根据Young’s与Flory方程计算出三种改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料热氧老化前后的接触角θ与交联密度;采用热重分析仪(TGA)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)进行热氧老化前后分析.未热氧老化时,在三种改性钢渣/橡胶复合材料中改性电炉钢渣/橡胶复合材料的导热系数最低,为0.187 W·m^-1·K^-1,是因为改性电炉渣粒中位径(d₅₀)最小,即3.49μm,形成更致密的胶裹渣结构,不易形成导热通路,使其导热系数降低.热氧老化时,破坏胶裹渣结构,改性电炉渣/橡胶复合材料形成的孔隙大,分散性最好,降低界面热阻,更易形成导热通路,使其导热系数最高.热氧老化后,橡胶复合材料表面粗糙度变大且存在较长裂纹与较深孔洞,导致橡胶复合材料吸水性增加,接触角下降.由于改性热闷渣的粒径最大,在热作用下氧气更容易进入橡胶复合材料中与橡胶分子链(双键...     

Side Resistance of Large Diameter Bored Piles Socketed into Decomposed Rocks

The design of large diameter bored piles socketed into rock has received considerable attention in sedimentary rocks but has only occasionally been addressed in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Design methods based on the performance of sockets in sedimentary rocks have been proposed in literature, but it is uncertain how applicable they are to other rock types. Large diameter (>600 mm) rock-socketed piles were used in several recent developments in Hong Kong, which involved 13 large-scale pile-load tests in various decomposed rocks. The test piles varied in length from 20 to 60 m and in diameter from 1.0 to 1.3 m. The test loads were as high as 30 MN. This provides a golden opportunity for a study of the performance of piles socketed in igneous, volcanic, and metasedimentary rocks decomposed as a result of subtropical weathering. In total, 35 pile tests (including 13 in Hong Kong) in decomposed rocks together with 44 other tests in sedimentary rocks are reviewed. Side resistance is analyzed with regard to rock type and is compared to the findings and correlations published by others. The rate of mobilization of side resistance was generally scattered in the test results, as were the general shapes of the resistance-displacement relationships. A trend line was established relating the unconfined compressive strength to side resistance for granitic rocks. During bidirectional multistage tests, a reduction in the socket stiffness was observed with the second test stage. For a given displacement, the side resistance mobilized in the second stage was less than in the first.