铬铁矿球团焙烧固结特性

本文系统研究铬铁矿球团的焙烧固结特性.结果表明:预热时间对于预热球强度影响不大,在预热时间为10 min时,随着预热温度的提高,预热球强度和氧化率呈直线型增加,适宜温度为1050℃,此时预热球强度可达每个400 N以上;与传统铁矿球团相比,铬铁矿球团焙烧所需的温度高,焙烧时间为10 min时,焙烧温度从1250℃提高到1350℃,球团强度从每个1078 N提高到1973 N.在铬铁矿球团预热和焙烧过程中,铬尖晶石(Fe,Mg)(Cr,Fe,Al)₂O₄氧化生成富镁的(Fe,Mg)(Cr,Fe,Al)₂O₄和铬铁铝复合氧化物(Cr,Fe,Al)₂O₃,当温度高于1000℃时,(Cr,Fe,Al)₂O₃新相生成,其主要以环状分布在颗粒外层,颗粒内部为针状与(Fe,Mg)(Cr,Fe,Al)₂O₄形成交织结构,降低Cr/Fe比或升高焙烧温度均有助于(Cr,Fe,Al)₂O₃向颗粒外层富集和再结晶长大,有利于球团的固结,提高球团强度.      

碱熔-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铬铁矿中主次量元素

铬铁矿是一种极难分解的矿物,包含多种元素,常见的分析方法是将每种元素单独取样分析,费时费力,因此有必要寻求一种简便快速的分析方法。采用1.5g碳酸钠-四硼酸钠在1000℃熔融30min分解样品,选用50mL 25%(V/V)盐酸进行酸化处理,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定铬、铁、铝、镁、硅、钙、钛、锰、钴、镍、钒等元素含量,建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铬铁矿中主次量元素铬、铁、铝、镁、硅、钙、钛、锰、钴、镍、钒等的方法。考察了铬对其他元素的影响,用加铬和不加铬的标准溶液系列测定其他元素,结果无明显差别,因此选用不加铬的标准溶液系列测定其他元素。在线性范围内,各元素校准曲线的线性相关系数均不小于0.9995;方法检出限为0.0003%~0.008%。按照实验方法测定铬铁矿标准物质GBW07201和GBW07819中铬、铁、铝、镁、硅、钙、钛、锰、钴、镍、钒,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)为0.41%~5.5%,测定值和认定值一致。     

铬天青S-正丙醇-氯化钠体系萃取分离铝

研究了铬天青S-正丙醇-氯化钠体系析相萃取分离和富集铝的行为及与一些金属离子分离的条件,结果表明,氯化钠能使正丙醇的水溶液分成两相,在分相过程中,Al³⁺和铬天青S(CAS)生成的Al(CAS)₂^-与质子化正丙醇C₃H₇OH₂⁺ 形成的缔合物［Al(CAS)₂^-］［C₃H₇OH₂⁺］能被正丙醇相完全萃取,当溶液pH值为4,正丙醇、铬天青S和氯化钠的浓度分别为30 %（V/V）、5.0×10^-4 mol/L和0.17 g/mL时,Al³⁺的萃取率达到97.8%以上,而Ru³⁺、Ir⁴⁺、Pd²⁺、Fe²⁺、Ni²⁺、Co²⁺、Cr³⁺、Mg²⁺、V⁵⁺ 和 Ag⁺基本不被萃取,实现了Al³⁺与上述金属离子的分离。对合成水样和镍铬铝合金中铝的分离和测定,结果满意。该方法在微量铝的分离和富集分析中有一定的实用价值。     

Electrochemical properties of cobalt-free La0.80Mg0.20Ni2.85Al0.11M0.53 （M=Ni, Si, Cr, Cu, Fe） alloys

In order to investigate the effect of different B-site additions on phase structure and electrochemical properties of cobalt-free La-Mg-Ni based alloys, La0.80Mg0.20Ni2.85Al0.11M0.53 (M=Ni, Si, Cr, Cu, Fe) hydrogen storage alloys were prepared and studied systemati-cally. X-ray powder diffraction showed that the alloys consisted mainly of LaNi3 phase and LaNi5 phase except that Cr addition caused a minor Cr phase. Electrochemical testing indicated that alloys with additional Ni, Cr, Cu or Fe were activated within only 1-2 cycles, while that with Si addition needed 4 cycles. Adding Si, Cu and Fe increased cycling stability of La-Mg-Ni based alloys. However, maximum discharge capacity decreased from 362 mAh/g to 215 mAh/g in the order of Ni>Fe>Cu>Cr>Si. In addition, electrochemical kinetics of alloy electrodes was also researched by measuring high rate discharge ability (HRD), hydrogen diffusion coefficient (D) and limiting current density (IL).     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定人造金刚石中7种元素

人造金刚石的合成一般使用合金触媒以降低合成时所需的高温高压,但触媒的使用会使杂质元素进入人造金刚石内部,严重影响金刚石的性能。采用750℃预灰化样品,加入硫酸与盐酸加热冒烟处理样品,而后将样品于950℃高温灼烧灰化后,再使用盐酸溶解。选择Cr267.716nm、Mn 257.610nm、Ni 221.648nm、Al 309.271nm、Fe 259.940nm、Mg 279.553nm、Ti 334.941nm为分析线,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定金刚石中Cr、Mn、Ni、Al、Fe、Mg、Ti等7种元素。各元素校准曲线的线性相关系数r为0.999 4~0.999 9,线性关系良好;方法中各元素的测定下限为0.021~0.27μg/g。按照实验方法测定金刚石样品中Cr、Mn、Ni、Al、Fe、Mg、Ti,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为0.75%~1.9%,回收率为93%~107%。将按照实验方法前处理后的3个人造金刚石样品溶液分别采用ICP-AES和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)进行测定,结果相吻合。     

原位自生 (Cr,Fe)7C3/Fe3Al复合材料组织结构及物相组成的研究

本文通过真空雾化方法制备原位自生(Cr,Fe)_7C_3/Fe_3Al粉末,采用显微硬度,SEM,TEM,XRD等分析方法对制品的成分,表面形貌,物相组成,及硬度等进行初步分析。研究结果表明,(Cr,Fe)_7C_3/Fe_3Al粉末硬度较Fe3Al粉末有明显提高,同时急速冷却状态下,Fe_3Al粉末与(Cr,Fe)_7C_3/Fe_3Al粉末中基体相皆由DO_3型有序相Fe_3Al组成,Cr以固溶方式存在于基体中。(Cr,Fe)_7C_3以类珠光体团簇状均匀弥散分布在基体之中,碳化物保持Cr_7C_3点阵类型,Fe原子固溶在其中。     

Smelting Process of Chromite Ore Fines to Produce Crude Fe–Cr–Ni–N Alloy

Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals - The smelting behavior of waste chromite ore fines containing Cr and Ni to produce crude Fe–Cr–Ni–N alloy was investigated in this...     

添加剂对Cr2O3—Al系SHS反应的影响

研究了添加ＣｒＯ３－Ａｌ、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３－Ａｌ＋ＭｇＯ及Ｔｉ－Ｃ的Ｃｒ２Ｏ３－Ａｌ系的燃烧特性。实验发现，添加ＣｒＯ３－Ａｌ、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３－Ａｌ＋ＭｇＯ时，自蔓燃反应易于引发；体系中混入Ｔｉ－Ｃ添加剂对反应引发不利，但在用纯Ｔｉ－Ｃ作引火剂情况下可以引发。随着ＣｒＯ３－Ａｌ添加量的增加，燃烧温度升高，但添加量大于２０％时，燃烧温度反而下降。燃烧温度随Ｆｅ２Ｏ３－Ａｌ＋ＭｇＯ添加量的增加而升高。Ｔｉ－Ｃ添加量的增大对燃烧温度影响不大。燃烧速度随以上添加剂量的增大而增大     

Degradation mechanisms of magnesia-chromite refractories in vacumm-oxygen decarburisation ladles during production of stainless steel

Abstract

Magnesia–chromite bricks are used as refractories for the refining of stainless steel in vacuum–oxygen decarburisation (VOD) ladles. Refractory wear is not uniform. In the present work, worn bricks from different zones in the ladle have been analysed, and a set of interdependent degradation mechanisms is proposed. Refractory wear as a function of position in the ladle is discussed. Slag infiltration and MgO dissolution from the refractory were observed in all samples, whereas FeO_x decomposition was seen at two levels in the high wear samples. First, partial decomposition of primary chromite crystals ( (Mg) [Fe³⁺, Cr, Al]₂ O₄ ) occurred at the hot face of the brick. Three layers were distinguished in the reacted chromite crystals and a reaction mechanism is presented. Second, a decrease in the FeO_x content of the magnesia phase occurred at the hot face of the brick. The negative effect of the presence of FeO_x in magnesia–chromite refractories is discussed and the influence of the ferrostatic pressure is demonstrated. Finally, the consequences of the following phenomena are discussed: increase in brick porosity, slag infiltration, corrosion, erosion of the partially liquid bonded refractory system, and spalling and cracking.     

Bacterial Leaching of Metals from Tannery Sludge by Indigenous Sulphur-Oxidizing Bacteria—Effect of Sludge Solids Concentration

An investigation on the effect of sludge solids concentration on bioleaching of Cr(III) and other metals from tannery sludge by indigenous sulphur-oxidizing bacteria was carried out. The sludge solids concentrations ranged from 13 to 60 g/L. The concentration of elemental sulphur was fixed at 30 g/L. The results showed that the lowest pH reached after 25 days of bioleaching at all studied sludge solids concentration was about 1.3. The optimum sludge solids concentration for maximum metal leaching from tannery sludge was 40 g/L and about 87% of Cr(III), 73% of Al, 72% of Fe, 62% of Mg, and 73% of Zn could be leached in this case. During bioleaching, the concentrations of total and volatile suspended solids of the tannery sludge significantly decreased. The sulphur-oxidizing bacteria could tolerate a Cr(III) concentration as high as 5,930 mg/L at pH 1.3. The leaching efficiencies of Cr(III), Al, and Fe for both chemical leaching and bioleaching of tannery sludge were similar at pH 1.3. The leaching efficiency of Ca, Mg, and Zn in both leaching processes were identical for pH values in the range of 1.3 to 3.0.     

In Situ Source Treatment of Cr(VI) Using a Fe(II)-Based Reductant Blend: Long-Term Monitoring and Evaluation

The long-term effectiveness of an FeSO4+Na2S2O4 reductant solution blend for in situ saturated zone treatment of dissolved and solid phase Cr(VI) in a high pH chromite ore processing solid waste fill material was investigated. Two field pilot injection studies were conducted that showed sustained treatment of Cr(VI) over evaluation periods of more than 1,000 days. No well or aquifer formation clogging was observed during injection although treatment was limited to the pore volume displacement radius of the injected reductant. Analysis of posttreatment core samples suggested >85% treatment effectiveness of solid phase Cr(VI), whereas lab tests suggested treatment of the solid phase Cr(VI) can be complete provided the chromite ore processing solid waste sediments are sufficiently dosed with the reductant. The sustained treatment of dissolved phase Cr(VI) migrating through the treatment zones for more than 1,000 days following injection provided strong evidence of a residual treatment capacity having been imparted to the formation solids. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analyses of posttreatment core samples indicated that much of the Cr(VI) may be removed through the formation of a Cr-bearing precipitate, possibly a complex carbonate, characterized by an Fe:Cr molar ratio of roughly 1:1.     

氯化钠-硫氰酸铵-正丙醇-水体系中铁（Ⅲ）的析相萃取分离和富集研究

研究了氯化钠-硫氰酸铵-正丙醇-水体系析相萃取分离和富集铁的行为及铁与一些金属离子分离的条件。结果表明,氯化钠能使正丙醇的水溶液分成两相,在分相过程中,Fe（Ⅲ）和NH4SCN生成的［Fe（SCN）4~6］［（4~6）-3］-与质子化正丙醇C3H7OH2+ 形成的缔合物［Fe（SCN）4-6］［ C3H7OH2］1-３能被正丙醇相完全萃取。当溶液pH值为3,正丙醇的体积分数、NH4SCN溶液的浓度和氯化钠溶液的质量浓度分别为30 %,7.0×10-2 mol/L和0.2 g/mL时, Fe（Ⅲ）的萃取率达到97.5%以上,而W(Ⅵ),Ag（Ⅰ）,Ce（Ⅲ）,Cr（Ⅲ）,Mn（Ⅱ）,Cd（Ⅱ）,Al（Ⅲ）,Ni（Ⅱ）,Ga（Ⅲ）和Mg（Ⅱ）基本不被萃取,实现了Fe（Ⅲ）与上述金属离子的分离。对合成水样和镍铬铝合金中Fe（Ⅲ）进行分离和测定,结果满意。该萃取体系可以用作微量铁的分离和富集,在分析中具有实用价值。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定高纯五氧化二铌中25种痕量杂质元素

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定高纯五氧化二铌中痕量Mg、K、Ca、Cr、Fe时,因质谱干扰严重,从而导致其背景等效浓度值(BEC)较高进而无法准确测定。实验采用氢氟酸-硝酸体系以微波消解方式消解样品,以标准加入法补偿基体效应,控制基体质量浓度为500μg/mL,建立了ICP-MS测定高纯五氧化二铌中包括Mg、K、Ca、Cr、Fe在内的25种痕量杂质元素的分析方法。研究表明:采用屏蔽矩冷等离子体技术,在500μg/mL的五氧化二铌基体溶液中,Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Cr、Fe、Cu、Co、Ni、Mn的BEC得到明显改善,尤其是Mg、K、Ca、Cr、Fe的BEC改善效果最为显著,由常规模式下的56.5~194ng/mL降至冷等离子体模式下的0.012~0.203ng/mL;使用经实验室亚沸蒸馏提纯的电子级氢氟酸及硝酸可有效地降低试剂空白值。各元素校准曲线线性相关系数均大于0.9990;方法中各元素的检出限在0.001~0.010μg/g之间,测定下限在0.003~0.033μg/g之间。采用实验方法对高纯五氧化二铌样品中25种杂质元素进行测定,结果表明,各元素测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为0.90%~12.7%,回收率为91%~111%。方法应用于两批纯度为99.999%的超高纯五氧化二铌实际样品分析,结果与辉光放电质谱法(GD-MS)基本一致。     

碘化钾 正丙醇 锗三元缔合物萃取分离锗

探讨了碘化钾 正丙醇 锗三元缔合物萃取分离锗的行为及与一些金属离子分离的条件。结果表明, 氯化钠能将正丙醇的水溶液分成两相,在分相过程中,Ge与碘化钾生成的GeI62-与质子化正丙醇(C3H7OH2+)形成的缔合物［GeI62-］［C3H7OH2+］2能被正丙醇相完全萃取。当正丙醇、碘化钾和氯化钠的浓度分别为30%（V/V)、80×10-3 mol/L、020 g/mL时, Ge的萃取率达到984%以上,Zn2+、Fe2+、Mg2+、Ni2+、Co2+、Mn2+、Ag+、Al3+和Cr3+基本不被萃取,实现了Ge与上述金属离子的分离。     

极化电极电位滴定法直接测定镍基电热合金中镍

镍基合金中镍可以用丁二酮肟乙醇溶液直接滴定,以恒电流电位滴定法指示终点。所用的极化电极系统为,极电电流为2uA。滴定在PH11的氨性缓冲溶液中进行,温度保持在40～50℃左右。滴定曲线在等当点有—个尖锐的峰。大量的普通金属离子:Mn~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Al~(3+)、Fe~(3+)、RE~(3+)、Ti~(4+)、Sn~(4+)、V(V)、Mo(Ⅵ)、W(Ⅵ)、Cr(Ⅵ)及适量的Cr~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Co~(2+)以及阴离子均不干扰,滴定具有较高的选择性。     

Alloying mechanism of beta stabilizers in a TiAl alloy

The effects of beta stabilizers such as Fe, Cr, V, and Nb on the microstructures and phase constituents of Ti₅₂Al₄₈-xM (x=0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 6.0 at. pct and M=Fe, Cr, V, and Nb) alloys were studied. The dependence of the tensile properties and creep resistance of TiAl on the alloying elements, especially the formation of B2 phase, was investigated. Fe is the strongest B2 stabilizer, Cr is second, V is an intermediate stabilizer, and Nb is the weakest stabilizer. The composition partitioning of Fe, Cr, V, and Nb in the γ phase is affected by the formation of B2 phase. The peaks of the tensile strengths and creep rupture life of Ti₅₂Al₄₈-xM generally occur at the maximum solid solution of these elements in the γ phase, which is just before the formation of B2 phase. Ti₅₂Al₄₈-0.5Fe shows an attractive elongation of 2.5 pct at room temperature, and the Ti₅₂Al₄₈-1V, Ti₅₂Al₄₈-Cr, and Ti₅₂Al₄₈-2Nb alloys have about 1.1 to 1.3 pct elongation at room temperature. The increase of tensile strengths and creep resistance with increasing Fe, Cr, V, and Nb contents is chiefly attributed to the solid-solution strengthening of these elements in the γ phase. The appearance of B2 phase deteriorates the creep resistance, room-temperature strengths, and ductility. With respect to the maximum solid-solution strengthening, an empirical equation of the Cr equivalent [Cr] is suggested as follows: [Cr]=Cr+Mn+3/5V+3/8Nb+3/2 (W+Mo)+3Fe=1.5 to 3.0. The solid-solution strengthening mechanism of Fe, Cr, V, and Nb at room temperature arises from the increase of the Ti 3s and Al 2s binding energies in Ti-Ti and Al-Al bonds, and the retention of the strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures in Ti₅₂Al₄₈-xM is mainly attributed to the increase of the Ti 3s and Al 2s binding energies in Ti-Al bonds in γ phase. The decrease of the Ti 3p and Al 2p binding energies in Ti-Ti, Ti-Al, and Al-Al bonds benefits the ductility of TiAl.     

Influence of chromium and impurities on the grain- refining behavior of aluminum

The grain-refining behavior of high purity aluminum (HPA1) and commercial purity aluminum (CPA1) containing Fe and Si as impurities (<0.2 wt pct each) has been studied with and without the presence of Cr in small and large quantities (0.2 and 2 wt pct). The Al-5Ti-lB master alloy ingot (0.2 wt pct) was used as a grain refiner. The emphasis was on the influence of individual elements and their interactions with the other elements on the grain-refining behavior of Al. Good grain refinement with insignificant fading in CPA1 was observed in comparison to HPA1. Similar results were obtained with a small concentration of Cr in HPA1 in HPA1-0.2 wt pct Cr alloy. The CPA1 and HPA1-0.2 wt pct Cr alloy have given the best grain-refining results among all the cases studied. A combination of small quantities of Fe, Si, and Cr (CPA1-0.2 wt pct Cr) has shown early and significant fading. A large concentration of Cr (2 wt pct) has shown a poisoning effect irrespective of the presence or absence of impurities such as Fe and Si in Al. Thus, Cr was found to be beneficial for grain refinement at smaller concentrations in the absence of impurities. But at higher concentrations of Cr, it had an adverse effect,i.e., led to coarser grain sizes both in the presence and absence of impurities.     

合金元素Mg、Cr对5052铝合金性能和组织的影响

采用扫描电镜和能谱分析等检测手段,对不同Mg、Cr含量的5052铝合金主要物相的形貌、分布进行观察和分析,并对合金再结晶退火板材的性能比较分析。结果表明：合金中的主要物相为β（Al Mg）相和Al Cr相,大多呈不规则的块、条8 5 7状或粗骨骼状。Al Cr相尺寸和分布的数量随Cr含量升高而增大。合金元素Mg是5052合金的主要强化元素,合金元素Cr是补7充强化元素;在Mg含量处于合金范围的下限时,增加等量的Cr,合金的强化效果比增加等量的Mg好。     

ICP-AES法测定纯铝及铝合金中9种元素

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法对纯铝及各种铝合金中硅、锰、铬、铁、钛、铜、镁、镍、锌的分析方法进行了试验研究 ,包括试样的溶解方法 ,内标及共存元素的干扰试验 ,通过试验找到了一个分析纯铝和铝合金的准确可靠的方法 ,此方法灵敏度及准确度高 ,操作简便、快速     

Chromium Oxide Reduction from Slag by Silicon and Magnesium

Experimental and theoretical studies were performed in order to estimate the effect of the basicity of the slag as well as the amount of reducing agents on the reduction of chromium oxide from a slag in contact with molten steel at 1600 °C. The aim of this work was to compare the efficiency of magnesium and silicon as reducing agents of Cr₂O₃. The slag system contained CaO, MgO, SiO₂, CaF₂ and Cr₂O₃ together with Fe‐alloys (Fe‐Si or Fe‐Si‐Mg). The maximum Cr yield was about 81% with Fe‐44%Si‐9%Mg and 88% with Fe‐75%Si. That means that the reducing effect of Mg was much better than that of Si. Some experiments were conducted to study the effect of initial Cr in steel on the chromium oxide reduction reaction. Three initial Cr contents were tested (0.15, 2 and 4 mass%). It was found that chrome was partially bound into stable spinel phase MgO·Cr₂O₃ in the final slag. Thermodynamic estimations were made to determine the effect of process temperature, slag basicity and the amount of reducing agents in the slag on the Cr recovery. The efficiency of Cr reducing agents increased in the order: Si, Al, Ca and Mg. The Cr yield increased with slag basicity and amount of reducing agents.