环戊烷/水乳化液水合法捕获烟道气中CO_2(英文)

Capture of CO2 by hydrate is one of the attractive technologies for reducing greenhouse effect.The primary challenges are the large energy consumption,low hydrate formation rate and separation efficiency.This work presents a new method for capture of CO2 from simulated flue gasCO2(16.60%,by mole) /N2 binary mixture by formation of cyclopentane(CP) hydrates at initial temperature of 8.1°C with the feed pressures from 2.49 to 3.95 MPa.The effect of cyclopentane and cyclopentane/water emulsion on the hydrate formation rate and CO2 separation efficiency was studied in a 1000 ml stirred reactor.The results showed the hydrate formation rate could be increased remarkably with cyclopentane/water emulsion.CO2 could be enriched to 43.97%(by mole) and 35.29%(by mole) from simulated flue gas with cyclopentane and cyclopentane/water(O/W) emulsion,respectively,by one stage hydrate separation under low feed pressure.CO2 separation factor with cyclopentane was 6.18,higher than that with cyclopentane/water emulsion(4.01) ,in the range of the feed pressure.The results demonstrated that cyclopentane/water emulsion is a good additive for efficient hydrate capture of CO2.     

Unravel the potential of zinc oxide nanoparticle-carbonized sawdust matrix for removal of lead(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution

Zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnOnp) are molecular nanoparticles synthesized by a chemical precipitation method from zinc nitrate tetrahydrate and sodium hydroxide.Carbonized sawdust(CSD) was prepared from sawdust obtained from a local wood mill.The matrix of both provides a better material as an adsorbent.The present study applied the functionality of ZnOnp,CSD,and ZnOnp-CSD matrix as adsorbent materials for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution.The method of batch process was employed to investigate the potential of the adsorbents.The influence of pH,contact time,initial concentration of adsorbate,the dosage of adsorbents,and the temperature of adsorbate-adsorbent mixture on the adsorption capacity were revealed.The adsorption isotherm studies indicate that both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were suitable to express the experimental data obtained with theoretical maximum adsorption capacities(q_m) of 70.42,87.72,and 92.59 mg·g~(-1) for the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions onto ZnOnp,CSD,and ZnOnp-CSD matrix,respectively.The separation factors(R_L) calculated showed that the use of the adsorbents for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions is a feasible process with R_L 1.The thermodynamic parameters obtained revealed that the processes are endothermic,feasible,and spontaneous in nature at 25-50℃.Evaluation of the kinetic model elected that the processes agreed better with pseudo-second order where the values of rate constant(k_2) obtained for the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions onto ZnOnp,CSD,and ZnOnp-CSD matrix are 0.00149,0.00188,and 0.00315 g·mg~(-1)·min~(-1),respectively.The reusability potential examined for four cycles indicated that the adsorbents have better potential and economic value of reuse and the ZnOnp-CSD matrix indicates improved adsorbent material to remove Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution.     

采用增大凝结液滴方法的锥芯超音速旋流分离装置性能研究

To improve the separation performance of a supersonic gas separation device for the treatment of gas mixture with a single heavy component, a novel structure with shorter settlement distance was constructed and a method of droplet enlargement was applied. A series of experiments were carried out in the improved separation device under various conditions, using air-ethanol vapor as the medium and micro water droplets as nucleation centers. The effects of the inlet pressure, temperature and relative humidity, the swirling intensity, and mass flow rate of water on the separation performance were investigated. The separation was improved by increasing the inlet pressure and relative humidity. With the decrease of swirling intensity and mass flow rate of water, the separation efficiency increased first and then decreased. The inlet temperature had a slight effect on the separation. The results showed that the separation performance was effectively improved using the proposed structure and method, and the best separation in this study was obtained with the ethanol removal rate about 55% and dew point depression 27 K. The addition of water had little pollution to the air-ethanol vapor system since the water carry-over rate was within the range of %-0 in most cases.     

Molecular simulation of penetration separation for ethanol/water mixtures using two-dimensional nanoweb graphynes

Graphyne is expected to be a new-class of highly-efficient sieving membranes due to its controllable uniform pore structure and ultrathin single-atom thickness. Herein, we computationally investigate the permeation performance of liquid ethanol–water mixtures across polyporous two-dimensional γ-graphyne sheets. It was found that, in the mixture, ethanol with larger molecular diameter permeates faster through the graphyne pores than water. The simulations demonstrate that pristine graphynes could act as highly-efficient ethanol-permselective membranes for separation of ethanol–water mixtures, with ethanol permeability remarkably higher than conventional membranes. This separation mechanism is distinctly different from the molecular-size dependent sieving process. The stronger hydrophobic interfacial affinity between graphyne and ethanol makes ethanol molecules preferentially adsorb on graphyne surface and selectively penetrate through graphyne pores. This penetration mechanism provides new understanding of molecular transport through atomically thick two-dimensional nanoporous membranes and this work is expected to be valuable in the potential development of highly-efficient membranes for liquid-phase mixture separation.     

Measurment of gas-liquid two-phase slug flow with a Venturi meter based on blind source separation☆

We propose a novel flow measurement method for gas–liquid two-phase slug flow by using the blind source sep-aration technique. The flow measurement model is established based on the fluctuation characteristics of differ-ential pressure (DP) signals measured from a Venturi meter. It is demonstrated that DP signals of two-phase flow are a linear mixture of DP signals of single phase fluids. The measurement model is a combination of throttle re-lationship and blind source separation model. In addition, we estimate the mixture matrix using the independent component analysis (ICA) technique. The mixture matrix could be described using the variances of two DP sig-nals acquired from two Venturi meters. The validity of the proposed model was tested in the gas–liquid two-phase flow loop facility. Experimental results showed that for most slug flow the relative error is within 10%. We also find that the mixture matrix is beneficial to investigate the flow mechanism of gas–liquid two-phase flow.     

微波辅助胶团提取甘草中的甘草酸和甘草甙

The feasibility of emploving non-ionic surfactant （Triton X-100） as an alternative and effective solventfor the microwave-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid （GA） and liquiritin （LQ） from licorice root was studied.The optimal extraction parameters based on the microwave-assisted micellar extraction technique were determined.Under the optimal conditions, i.e. 5% （by volume） Triton X-100, microwave-assisted extraction for 3--5min at 373K, the percentage extraction of active ingredients reached the highest value. The preconcentration tactor for GA and L＇Q （about 13.5） and the extraction efficiency for these two ingredients approached 100% showed the coupling of microwave-assisted extraction and cloud-point extraction could be employed as a new and. effective techniquefor the rapid extraction and preconcentration of pharrnacologically active ingredients from medicinal plants SUCh aslicorice root without disturbing chromatographic analysis.     

用于清除胆红素的磁性亲和分离方法

An affinity adsorbent, Cibacron Blue 3GA immobilized magnetic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microspheres was used for bilirubin removal taking the advantage of easy separation of magnetic sorbent from the biosystem.Fe3 O4 superparamagnetic particles was synthesized with hydrothermal reaction of ferrous chloride (FeC12) and ferric chloride (FeCl3). Such magnetic particles are then encapsulated in biocompatible PVA to form magnetic polymer microspheres sized from 2 to 15 nm with hydroxyl groups on its surface. Cibacron Blue 3GA, a dye-ligand, was covalently coupled with the polyvinyl alcohol through the nucleophilic reaction between the chloride of its triazine ring and the hydroxyl groups of PVA molecules under alkaline condition. The affinity adsorbent carried 21.1μmol Cibacron Blue 3GA per gram magnetic polymer microspheres was used to remove unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin from the solution which was composed of bilirubin or bilirubin and protein. After the adsorption, the adsorbent loaded with bilirubin was removed easily in the magnetic field.     

The separation and recovery of copper(Ⅱ), nickel(Ⅱ), cobalt(Ⅱ), zinc(Ⅱ),and cadmium(Ⅱ) in a sulfate-based solution using a mixture of Versatic 10 acid and Mextral 984H

We studied the separation and recovery of copper(Ⅱ), nickel(Ⅱ), cobalt(Ⅱ), zinc(Ⅱ), and cadmium(Ⅱ) from magnesium and calcium, using synergistic solvent extraction(SSX) in a typical hydrometallurgical waste solution. A mixture of Versatic 10 acid and Mextral 984 H, diluted with Mextral DT100, was used to obtain fundamental data on p H and distribution isotherms, as well as the kinetics of extraction and stripping. We also investigated the main effects and interactions of common solvent extraction factors: the extraction p H at equilibrium, the temperature, and the extractant concentration. The synergistic effect for extracting metals was confirmed. The results showed that the addition of Mextral 984 H enhanced the separation factors of copper, nickel, cobalt,zinc, and cadmium over magnesium and calcium. Compared with Versatic 10 acid alone, for a mixture of0.5 mol·L~(-1) Versatic 10 acid/0.5 mol·L~(-1)Mextral 984 H, Δp H50 values of copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, and cadmium were found to be N 2.0, 3.30, 2.85, 0.95, and 1.32 p H units, respectively. The Δp H_(50)(Zn–Mg)and Δp H_(50)(Zn–Ca)values were 3.27 and 2.25, respectively, indicating easy separation and recovery of copper, nickel, zinc, cobalt,and cadmium. The extraction and stripping of copper, cobalt, zinc, and cadmium were fast, with 90% of the metal transferred in 2 min. We next studied whether the metals could be stripped from the extracted liquid selectively in sequence, by using sulfuric acid at different concentrations. The influence of the molecular structure of the oxime and carboxylic acid components upon the synergistic effects was identified by numerical analysis.Excellent separation of copper, nickel, cobalt, and zinc over magnesium and calcium was achieved with this synergistic solvent extraction system.     

Pigment removal from canola oil using chlorophyllase

Frost-damaged or prematurely harvested canola seed (rapeseed) may yield oil with a high chlorophyll content (50–60 μg/ml). Enzymatic hydrolysis of chlorophyll, added to buffer/surfactant, buffer/acetone or buffer/acetone/canola oil, to produce water-soluble chlorophyllide (green pigment) was studied using a crude chlorophyllase preparation (acetone-dried chloroplasts) from 15 to 20-day-old sugar beet seedlings. In buffer/surfactant, the optimum pH for enzyme activity was temperature dependent. At 30 C and 0.24% Triton X-100 (or 30% acetone), chlorophyllase showed maximum activity toward a crude chlorophyll preparation over the range of pH 8–10. At 60 C, the activity was more than twofold higher, with a sharp maximum at ∼pH 8. Mg²⁺ enhanced the activity with an optimal concentration of 50 mM. At pH 7.5, 50 C and in the presence of only 6% acetone, the enzyme showed high affinity for chlorophyll (Km=15μM or 13.5 μg/ml), suggesting that the natural chlorophyll concentrations found in green canola oils might facilitate high enzymatic efficiencies. The crude enzyme was stable in buffer/acetone at pH 7.5 and 50 C for at least two hr. With acetone concentrations as low as 6%, maximum enzyme activities in buffer and buffer/canola oil required intensive mixing (homogenization) of the various substrate, enzyme and liquid phases. In general, the rate and extent of chlorophyll hydrolysis were greater in buffer than in buffer/oil. In both reaction systems, chlorophyll hydrolysis slowed down with time due to accumulation of phytol, which proved to be a competitive inhibitor (K_i=11 μM or 3.3 μg/ml). The other hydrolysis product, chlorophyllide, did not affect enzymatic activity. Crude canola oil used in the reconstitution of green oil did not support enzymatic chlorophyll hydrolysis without prior degumming and desoaping. The optimum buffer/oil ratio of the reaction mixtures was above 2/1 (v/v).     

利用胶质气体泡沫分离细微颗粒

This paper presents a method of separation of fine particles, of the order of a few microns or less, from aqueous media by flotation using colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) generated in aqueous solutions. More than 150 experiments were conducted to study the effects of surfactant type, surfactant concentration, CGAs flow rate, and particle concentration on the removal efficiency (fine particles of polystyrene were used as a target compound). The results indicate that CGAs, generated from cationic surfactant of hexdecyltrimethyl ammonicum bromide (HTAB) and anionic surfactant of sodium dodecylbenzne sulfonate (SDBS), are an effective method for the separation off ine particles of polystyrene from wastewater. The flotation yields are higher than 97%.     

非离子表面活性剂在浊点萃取及光度分析中的应用研究

对浊点萃取以及光度分析中非离子型表面活性剂的增效作用进行研究,通过红外光谱、相对粘度和可见吸收吸分光光度法等方法对表面活性剂聚乙二醇叔辛基苯基醚(Triton X-114和Triton X-100)进行表征和研究。结果表明,在可见吸收分光光度法中,TX-114比TX-100具有更高的增效作用,能够有效提高有色金属络合物在水中的溶解度和灵敏度;对于浊点萃取过程的增效作用研究表明,TX-114与TX-100相比具有不同的相对粘度,对浊点萃取和光度分析具有显著的差异,相对粘度高的TX-114表现出更高的增效作用,能够提高分析方法中的灵敏度并降低检出下限。     

双水相微胶束萃取对苯二酚研究

采用非离子型表面活性剂辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(Triton X-114)组成的双水相系统(ATPS)萃取对苯二酚,依据胶束分相和分配,实现对苯二酚的萃取和分离。讨论表面活性剂浓度对萃取率的影响,尝试用反萃取方法回收进入微胶束相的对苯二酚。结果表明:双水相微胶束对对苯二酚的萃取率取决于Triton X-114的浓度,双水相微胶束对对苯二酚的萃取率随Triton X-114浓度的增加而增大;反萃取时溶液的pH值等因素对反萃取率的影响很大,通过调节pH值可以使反萃取率增大。     

抗肝癌基因疫苗内毒素去除方法的建立

目的建立去除抗肝癌基因疫苗pVAX1-aLCGV内毒素的方法。方法采用Triton X-114液相分离法去除抗肝癌基因疫苗中的内毒素,鲎试剂法检测疫苗中的内毒素含量,家兔法复试,ELISA法检测内毒素入血前后血浆中细胞因子TNF-α和IL-8的含量及疫苗的免疫原性,并比较处理前后的基因疫苗转染SMMC-7721和HepG2细胞的转染效率。结果经Triton X-114处理后,基因疫苗的内毒素含量及热原检测均合格;内毒素入血后,血浆中TNF-α和IL-8的含量均明显升高;疫苗的免疫原性与处理前比较,差异无统计学意义;处理后疫苗质粒的细胞转染效率增高。结论 Triton X-114能有效去除基因疫苗pVAX1-aLCGV中的内毒素,为其临床应用奠定了基础。     

β-环糊精对曲拉通X-114紫外光谱抗干扰性能的影响

辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚（曲拉通X-114）和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AEO-9）之间的相互作用能对水溶液中曲拉通X-114的紫外光谱产生明显影响。实验结果表明,在200～350nm范围内,曲拉通X-114的最大吸收波长为223nm,AEO-9的紫外吸光度接近于0;在水溶液中,AEO-9能减弱曲拉通X-114的紫外吸光度,降幅达3.4%;AEO-9还能显著降低曲拉通X-114的表观临界胶束浓度（cmc）,当AEO-9的浓度从0增加到0.050mmol/L 和0.100mmol/L时,曲拉通X-114的表观cmc从0.219mmol/L分别降至0.207mmol/L和0.202mmol/L。实验结果进一步表明,β-环糊精（β-CD）能有效降低AEO-9对曲拉通X-114的紫外吸光度及表观cmc的影响,在曲拉通 X-114和AEO-9复配水溶液中,按物质的量比1∶1加入β-CD,复配水溶液中曲拉通X-114的回收率从95.8%～103.3%变化至99.0%～100.1%,表明了β-CD能明显降低AEO-9对曲拉通X-114的干扰作用。红外光谱表征结果（FTIR）、核磁共振氢谱表征（¹H NMR）及热重差热分析表征结果（TG-DSC）表明,曲拉通X-114进入β-CD 分子空腔并形成包结物,是阻断曲拉通X-114分子形成混合胶束以及消除AEO对曲拉通X-114的干扰的主要原因。     

Triton X-114萃取法去除脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖中的内毒素

目的采用Triton X-114萃取法去除A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖中的内毒素。方法1% Triton X-114与多糖溶液在0℃混合均匀,分别加热至25、37和56℃,观察分层情况。离心后收集上层水相,对其中残余萃取剂Triton X-114进行去除方法的选择。比较多糖浓度对萃取的影响及二次萃取的效果,并对终产物进行全面检定。对W135群和Y群脑膜炎球菌多糖进行萃取效果比较。结果最终选择56℃10min作为升温条件,3000r/min离心10min后,上清中多糖的内毒率含量均减少85%以上,多糖回收率不低于80%。残余的Triton X-114选择透析法去除。多糖浓度越低,越易于萃取。二次萃取多糖回收率大于85%。内毒素含量可降低至0.706EU/μg多糖。经检测,终产物多糖的相对分子质量未发生改变,免疫原性与萃取前差异无显著意义,异常毒性、多糖及内毒素含量合格。蛋白含量稍有增加,核酸含量降低。W135群和Y群脑膜炎球菌多糖的萃取结果与A群多糖相似。结论Triton X-114萃取法可以用于去除脑膜炎球菌多糖中的内毒素。     

表面活性剂水溶液池热核沸腾传热的试验研究

对表面活性剂SDS、CTAB、Triton X-114和Triton X-100水溶液物性及其池核沸腾传热进行了试验,重点探讨了表面活性剂分子结构参数和溶液物性对沸腾传热的影响。结果表明：表面活性剂溶液沸腾传热效果、表面活性剂相对分子质量对表面活性剂溶液沸腾传热的影响规律都与表面活性剂的电离特性密切相关,离子型表面活性剂SDS与CTAB溶液的沸腾传热系数比值与相对分子质量的比值成－0.22的指数关系,而非离子表面活性剂Triton X-114和Triton X-100溶液不存在指数关系。动态表面张力和热流密度相等时,SDS和CTAB溶液沸腾传热特性差异主要受相对分子质量和平衡接触角的影响,而Triton X-100和Triton X-114溶液则受质量分数、EO基团数、浊点和动力黏度的综合作用。     

Surface activity of separated phases of the surfactant/water/corn oil system

Aqueous solutions of octyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanol (Triton X-114) show phase separation on standing and also in the presence of corn oil. The surface tension of varying concentrations of the upper phase of these systems decreases markedly at lower concentrations, tending to become constant at higher concentrations. The surface activity of this phase as observed from surface tension/ concentration curves may be greater, less than or about the same as that of the corresponding upper phase concentration of the control which is a surfactant solution without the oil. Results of this study indicate that the surface activity of the upper phase of Triton X-114 solutions is not affected so much by the solubilization of corn oil but by the limit to which solubilization has occurred. The surface activity of this phase is much less than that of the lower phase of corresponding systems. However, the surface activity of the lower phase is not influenced by the solubilizate or solubilization of the oil.     

EFFECTS OF FLOW RATE AND TEMPERATURE ON THE DISSOLUTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS TRANSFERRING FROM A NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUID TO NONIONIC SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS

The effects of flow rate and temperature on the dissolution of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds, naphthalene and phenanthrene, transferring from a synthesized nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) comprised of hexadecane and the 2 PAHs into different nonionic surfactant solutions were investigated using a reactor with a spinning cell. The variation of the flow rate was possible by changing the angular velocity of the spinning cell. The flow rate generally increased the values of the mass transfer coefficients and the rates of mass transferred for both aromatics in the absence and presence of a surfactant in the aqueous phase. In comparison to the pure aqueous solution the results suggest that the addition of a surfactant at all doses investigated enhanced the rates of mass transfer for both PAHs. As the temperature increased the rates of mass transfer for both PAHs in the solutions of surfactants increased. The increase in the temperature has a much greater effect on the rates of mass transfer for both PAHs in solutions of the surfactant Triton X-100 than in Brij 35. In solutions of the surfactant Triton X-100 a decrease in the mass transfer coefficient for both PAHs with surfactant concentration was observed for the temperatures investigated.     

Extraction of anionic dyes with ionic liquid–nonionic surfactant aqueous two-phase system

The cloud point of nonionic surfactant (Triton X-114) in ionic liquid ([Bmim]Cl) aqueous solution exhibits as increase and then decrease and increase again with the increase of ionic liquid (IL) content, which is the origin of an IL–nonionic surfactant aqueous two-phase system. The nonionic surfactant-rich phase coexists with a high content of IL aqueous solution phase in the IL–nonionic surfactant aqueous two-phase system. The partitioning of various ionic dyes indicates that anionic species exhibit a high partitioning coefficient between the IL-rich phase and the nonionic surfactant-rich phase.     

Simultaneous recombinant 503 antigen recovery and endotoxin removal from E. coli M15 homogenate using expanded bed adsorption chromatography

This study evaluated the simultaneous recovery of recombinant 503 antigen and endotoxin removal from E. coli homogenate by immobilized metal affinity- expanded bed adsorption chromatography (EBAC), using the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 during the washing step. The strategy employed was able to remove more than 99% of endotoxin in all conditions tested, and the lowest residual concentration obtained was 10.22 EU/mL, with a recovery of 503 antigen ranging from 41.4% to 61.1%. Therefore, the procedure of integrating the clarification, recovery of protein, and endotoxin removal into a unit operation exploiting the EBAC was successful.