Isothermal Section of the Ti-Nb-Sn Ternary System at 700 °C

The phase equilibrium of annealed Ti-Nb-Sn alloys was investigated by means of x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. Isothermal section of the Ti-Nb-Sn ternary system below 50 at.% Sn at 700 °C was constructed according to the examinational analysis. The compositions of α-Ti, β(Ti, Nb), Ti₃Sn, Nb₃Sn and Ti₃Nb₃Sn₂ were confirmed. The solubility of Sn in β(Ti, Nb) region reaches up to 9.2 at.%, which is a relative large solubility, and that in α-Ti is small. The solubility in Ti₃Sn reaches up to 14.9 at.% Nb, and that of Nb₃Sn is 21.5 at.% Ti. The solubility range of Nb and Sn in Ti₃Nb₃Sn₂ is approximately 26.2-39.5 and 22.6-26.6 at.%, respectively.     

The Isothermal Section of the Zr-Sn-Cu Ternary System at 700 °C

The isothermal section of the Zr-Sn-Cu ternary system at 700 °C was investigated by using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy. A new ternary compound τ (Zr_25.3Cu_66.1Sn_8.6) was observed in the Cu-rich corner of this system. The previous known ZrCuSn and ZrCuSn₂ ternary compound were confirmed.     

450 °C Isothermal Section of the Zn-Fe-Cu Ternary System

The 450 °C isothermal section of the Zn-Fe-Cu ternary system was experimentally determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS)/Wave Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (WDS), and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). Eight three-phase regions exist in the 450 °C isothermal section of the Zn-Fe-Cu ternary system. No new ternary compound was found in the system. The δ_Fe phase (FeZn₁₀) can be in equilibrium with all phases except the α-Fe, (Cu) and β′ (CuZn) phase. Experimental results indicated that the solubility of Cu in the Γ (Fe₃Zn₁₀) and the δ_Fe phase reaches as high as 17.9 and 15.2 at.%, respectively.     

Experimental Investigation of the 650 °C Isothermal Section of the Cu-Fe-Si Ternary Phase Diagram

The isothermal section of the Cu-Fe-Si ternary system at 650 °C was investigated by scanning electron microcopy, coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. Seven three-phase regions exist in the isothermal section of the Cu-Fe-Si ternary system. No new ternary compound was found in this section. The solubility of Fe in η(Cu₃Si), ε(Cu₁₅Si₄), γ(Cu₅Si) and κ(Cu_6.69Si) phases was low. The solubility of Fe in (Cu) was found to decrease when Si content was increased in the range from 5.3 at.% to 11.9 at.%. The maximum solubilities of Cu in FeSi, FeSi₂ and (αFe) were 1.7 at.%, 3.3 at.% and 1.6 at.%, respectively, and the maximum solubilities of Si in (Cu) and (αFe) were 11.9 at.% and 27.1 at.%, respectively.     

450 °C Isothermal Section of the Ni-Sb-Zn Ternary System at the Zn-Rich Corner

The 450 °C isothermal section of the Ni-Sb-Zn ternary system with an emphasis on the Zn-rich corner was experimentally determined by means of optical microscopy, SEM-EDS analysis and x-ray diffraction. The existence of two true ternary phase, the NiSbZn (τ₁) and Ni₂SbZn₂ (τ₂) phase, was confirmed in the system at 450 °C. NiSbZn (τ₁) had an MgAgAs-type structure with a lattice parameter a = 0.58971 nm. Ni₂SbZn₂ (τ₂) is a ternary compound found in this system for the first time whose composition range spanned from 35.5-38.0 at.% Ni, 17.3-26.3 at.% Sb, 36.9-45.2 at.% Zn. It should be noted that the phase relationships at 450 °C are significantly different from the previous reported ones at 600 and 297 °C. The solubilities of Ni in SbZn, Sb₃Zn₄ and Sb₂Zn₃ were limited. The maximum solubilities of Sb in δ-NiZn₈, γ-NiZn₃ and β₁-NiZn were 0.1, 4.0 and 1.5 at.%, respectively and the maximum solubilities of Zn in NiSb and NiSb₂ were 5.6 and 1.6 at.%, respectively.     

Experimental Investigation of the Isothermal Section in Fe-Gd-Pd Ternary System at 873 K

Isothermal section of Fe-Gd-Pd ternary system at 873 K has been established by means of x-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy disperse x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in backscattered electron imaging modes. The isothermal section consists of 14 single-phase regions, 25 two-phase regions, and 12 three-phase regions. At 873 K, no ternary compound was found and the binary inermetallic compounds Gd₃Pd and Fe₂₃Gd₆ are not stable, whereas the compound Fe₂₃Gd₆ decomposes into compounds Fe₁₇Gd₂ and Fe₃Gd. The XRD and the SEM/EDS analysis show that there is almost no solubility of Gd in the FePd and FePd₃ phases, and the solubilities of Pd in Fe₁₇Gd₂, Fe₃Gd and Fe₂Gd and Fe in GdPd₂, α-Gd₃Pd₄ and Gd₃Pd₂ are all less than 1 at.%. Meanwhile, the solubilities of Fe in GdPd₃, α-GdPd and Gd₇Pd₃ are determined to be as high as 1.37, 5.31, and 4.18 at.% Fe, respectively.     

The 600 °C Isothermal Section of the Al-Ni-Zn Ternary System

The 600 °C isothermal section of the Al-Ni-Zn ternary system was constructed based on wave dispersive x-ray spectrometry and x-ray power diffraction analysis. Eight three-phase regions have been identified in the Al-Ni-Zn ternary system at 600 °C. No new ternary compound was found in the system. The Liq. phase (η-Zn) can be in state of equilibrium with the Al₃Ni, Al₃Ni₂ and AlNi phases. The solubility of Ni in the Liq. phase is low, no more than 0.8 at.%. Binary phases AlNi and NiZn extend into the ternary system, and they co-exist in the Al-Ni-Zn ternary system at 600 °C. The three-phase triangles of (NiZn + AlNi + Ni₃Zn₁₄) and (AlNi3 + AlNi + NiZn) are constructed in this ternary system. As shown in this research result, the three-phase equilibrium relationship of the phases AlNi, Al₃Ni₅ and AlNi₃ has been confirmed in the present study.     

The 400 °C Isothermal Section of the La-Co-Mg Ternary System

The isothermal section of the La-Co-Mg system at 400 °C was determined by characterization of about thirty ternary alloys synthesised by induction melting in sealed Ta crucibles and then annealed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) were used to analyze microstructures, identify phases, measure their compositions and determine their crystal structures. Phase equilibria are characterized by the absence of ternary solid solutions and by the presence of three ternary phases. The existence and the crystal structure of the La_4?x CoMg_1 + x (τ₁, 0 ≤ x ≤0.15, cF96-Gd₄RhIn) were confirmed and its homogeneity region determined; the new phases La_23?x Co₇Mg_4 + x (τ₂, ?0.50≤ x ≤0.60, hP68-Pr₂₃Ir₇Mg₄) and ~La₃₈Co₅₅Mg₇ (τ₃, unknown crystal structure) were detected.     

Isothermal Section of the Al-Mn-Dy System at 500 °C

Phase relationships in the Al-Mn-Dy ternary system at 500 °C have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. From the experimental results it was concluded that the isothermal section consists of 16 single-phase regions, 26 two-phase regions and 12 three-phase regions. Two extensive solid solutions, (Al _x Mn_1?x )₁₂Dy and (Al_1?x Mn _x )₂Dy, were observed. The solid solution (Al _x Mn_1?x )₁₂Dy forms by Al replacing Mn in Mn₁₂Dy, while the continuous solid solution (Al_1?x Mn _x )₂Dy forms by Mn and Al mutually substituting in Al₂Dy and Mn₂Dy, respectively. The maximum solid solubility of Al in Mn₁₂Dy is 79.3 at.%.     

Experimental Investigation of the Zn-Al-Sb System at 450 °C

An isothermal section of the Zn-Al-Sb ternary system at 450 °C has been established by equilibrating 11 samples of different compositions and phase identification by optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction after quenching to room temperature. Five three-phase regions exist in the system at 450 °C. No ternary compound has been found. And, the compound AlSb with 2.1 at.% Zn can equilibrate with all phases in the system. Experimental results indicate that the solubility of Sb in α-Al phase is too limited to be detected. The SbZn, Sb₂Zn₃, and Sb₃Zn₄ phases, which have little Al solubility (at most 3.3 at.%), were observed in the system.     

Experimental Investigation of the Isothermal Section of the Fe-Mn-Sn System at 723 K

Phase relationships in the Fe-Mn-Sn ternary system at 723 K were investigated using equilibrated approach. More than 40 alloys were prepared by arc-melting method and examined by x-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopic. The existence of five binary compounds FeSn, FeSn₂, MnSn₂, Mn₃Sn₂, Mn₃Sn and one intermediate solid solution γ(Fe, Mn) have been confirmed in this system. FeSn₂ and MnSn₂ form continuous solid solution (Fe_1?x, Mn _x )Sn₂ (0 ≤ X ≤ 1) and the lattice parameters of (Fe, Mn)Sn₂ reduced linearly with increasing of Fe content. At 723 K, the maximum solid solubilities of Fe in αMn, βMn, Mn₃Sn, Mn₃Sn₂ phases and Mn in FeSn, αFe are about 25, 34.8, 37.3, 46.2 at.% Fe and 26.8, 5.5 at.% Mn respectively. The solid solubilities of γ(Fe, Mn) ranged from 42.1 to 78.1 at.% Fe and the limited solubility of Sn is around 3 at.%. The isothermal section consists of 6 three-phase regions, 13 two-phase regions and 9 single-phase regions. No ternary compound was found at 723 K in this system.     

700 °C Isothermal Section of the Al-Ti-Si Ternary Phase Diagram

The 700 °C isothermal section of the Al-Ti-Si ternary phase diagram has been determined experimentally by means of scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and x-ray powder diffraction. Fourteen three-phase regions have been determined experimentally in the isothermal section at 700 °C. The ternary phases τ₁ (I4₁/amd, Zr₃Al₄Si₅-type) and τ₂ (Cmcm, ZrSi₂-type) are confirmed in the system at 700 °C. The compositions of τ₁ and τ₂ are found as Al_6.2-9.3Ti_32.4-34.0Si_57.5-60.9 and Al_10.0-11.6Ti_34.2-34.5Si_53.9-55.6, respectively. The τ₃ and Ti₃Al₅ phases are not found in the section. The Ti-rich corner at 700 °C shows the presence of three three-phase equilibriums, i.e., (TiAl + Ti₃Al + Ti₅Si₃), (α-Ti + Ti₃Si + Ti₅Si₃) and (α-Ti + Ti₃Al + Ti₅Si₃). The maximum solubility of Al in Ti₅Si₃, Ti₃Si and α-Ti is 6.0, 1.5 and 13.9 at.% at 700 °C, respectively. The maximum solubility of Si in L-Al, TiAl₃, TiAl₂, TiAl, Ti₃Al and α-Ti is 24.1, 13.6, 1.5, 0.8, 2.3 and 2.3 at.%, respectively.     

450 °C Isothermal Section of the Fe-Al-Sb Ternary Phase Diagram

The 450 °C isothermal section of the Fe-Al-Sb ternary phase diagram has been determined experimentally using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. No ternary compound is found in this system at 450 °C. Experimental results indicate that Sb cannot dissolve in the Fe-Al compounds, e.g. FeAl₂, Fe₂Al₅, and FeAl₃. While the maximum solubilities of Al in FeSb and FeSb₂ are 3.2 and 1.3 at.%, respectively, and 0.5 at.% Fe is detected in AlSb.     

The 450 °C Isothermal Section of the Zn-Fe-Ti System

The 450 °C isothermal section of the Zn-Fe-Ti ternary system with an emphasis on the Zn-rich corner was experimentally determined by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopic/energy-dispersive spectrometric (SEM-EDS) analysis, and x-ray diffraction. A true ternary phase T with an approximate formula of TiFe₂Zn₂₂ has been identified. This phase is in equilibrium with all phases in the system, except and Ti₂Zn. Four Ti-Zn binary compounds, TiZn₁₆, TiZn₈, TiZn₃, and TiZn, were found in this study.     

Isothermal Section of the Ti-Ta-Sn Ternary System at 1173 K

The phase equilibrium of the Ti-Ta-Sn ternary system at 1173 K was investigated experimentally using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. The isothermal section on the whole composition range was constructed, where eight single-phase regions and seven three-phase regions coexisted. The ternary compound Ti₃₆Ta₂₈Sn₃₆ was found in the experiment, and two three-phase regions β-Ti₆Sn₅ + Ti₃₆Ta₂₈Sn₃₆ + Ta₃Sn and Ti₂Sn + Ti₃Sn + β(Ti, Ta) were experimentally detected. Experimental analysis shows that the solid solution β(Ti, Ta) dissolves up to approximately 21.2 at.% Sn, and that the maximum solubility of Ta in Ti₃Sn and Ti₅Sn₃ can reach up to 9.3 and 5.9 at.%, respectively. The solubility values of Ta in Ti₂Sn and β-Ti₆Sn₅ are no less than 7.3 and 15.5 at.%, respectively, whereas that of Ti in Ta₃Sn is no less than 8.8 at.%. The liquid phase mainly exists in the Sn-rich corner.     

Isothermal Section of the Cu-rich Cu-Be-Ag Ternary System

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Isothermal Sections of Al-Ni-Zr Ternary System at 850 and 1050 °C

Phase relations of Al-Ni-Zr ternary system were investigated with more than 60 ternary alloy compositions combining with x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis. The isothermal section at 850 °C for x(Al) < 75 at.% has been constructed. The existence of five 2-phase regions and twenty-six 3-phase regions has been confirmed. In contrast to early reported in literature, two 3-phase equilibria: γ-(Ni) + Ni₅Zr + γ′-AlNi₃ and Ni₅Zr + Ni₇Zr₂ + γ′ were determined. And a large solubility of Al in Ni₇Zr₂ about 11.07 at.% was detected. Besides, the 1050 °C isothermal section was determined at the Ni-rich corner, where an extended homogeneity of Ni₇Zr₂ was observed. Differences of the equilibria in the Ni-rich corner obtained in the present work and appeared in literatures were further analyzed and discussed.     

Isothermal Sections of Pd-Cu-Sn System at 500 and 800 °C

The isothermal sections of the Pd-Cu-Sn system at 500 and 800 °C up to 50% Sn were constructed. Two ternary phases τ and (Pd,Cu)₃Sn of tetragonal and orthorhombic syngony respectively were discovered in the palladium-rich region. At both temperatures, solubility of tin in the FCC solid solution phase (α) has a pronounced minimum around 75-85 at.% Cu. γ-Pd_2?x Sn and η-Cu₆Sn₅ phases of Ni₂In type form a continuous (Pd,Cu)_2?x Sn phase.     

Measurement of 900 °C Isothermal Section in the Mo-Ni-Zr System

The isothermal section of the Mo-Ni-Zr system at 900 °C was investigated by characterization of eighteen equilibrium alloys. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to identify the phases and obtain their compositions. The existence of two ternary compounds, Zr₆₅Mo_18?x Ni_16.5+x (τ₁, cF96-Ti₂Ni) and Zr₆₅Mo_27.3Ni_7.7 (τ₂, hP28-Hf₉Mo₄B), was confirmed in the Zr-rich corner, and the compositions of the two phases were determined. The isothermal section of the Mo-Ni-Zr system at 900 °C consists of 15 three-phase regions and 29 two-phase regions. The following three-phase equilibria were well established: (1) (Ni) + Ni₇Zr₂ + Ni₅Zr, (2) MoNi + MoNi₃ + Ni₇Zr₂, (3) Ni₇Zr₂ + MoNi + (Mo), (4) (Mo) + Ni₇Zr₂ + Ni₃Zr, (5) (Mo) + Ni₃Zr + Ni₂₁Zr₈, (6) (Mo) + Ni₂₁Zr₈ + Ni₁₀Zr₇, (7) (Mo) + Ni₁₀Zr₇ + NiZr, (8) (Mo) + Mo₂Zr + NiZr, (9) NiZr₂ + Mo₂Zr + τ₁, (10) τ₁ + Mo₂Zr + τ₂, (11) τ₂ + Mo₂Zr + (Zr)ht, (12) NiZr₂ + τ₁ + (Zr)ht and (13) τ₁ + τ₂ + (Zr)ht. Several binary phases, such as MoNi₃, Ni₇Zr₂ and Mo₂Zr, dissolve appreciable amount of the third component.     

Isothermal Section of Al-Si-Ce Ternary System at 1073 K

The phase equilibria in the Al-Si-Ce ternary system at 1073 K is investigated by means of x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. There exist 12 three-phase regions exist in this system and one can be deduced. One ternary compound T (Ce(Al _x Si_1?x )₂) found in the isothermal section at 1073 K has the LaPtSi structure with a lattice parameter a = 0.4242 nm which composition span ranges from 32.1-47.8 at.%Al, 17.9-33.7 at.% Si, 33.4-34.0 at.% Ce. The maximum solubility of Al (in at.%) in CeSi_2?α, CeSi, Ce₅Si₄, Ce₃Si₂ and Ce₅Si₃ at 1073 K is 29.3, 23.8, 2.8, 13.6 and 6.5 respectively, and the maximum solubility of Si (in at.%) in Al₄Ce, Al₃Ce, Al₂Ce and AlCe at 1073 K is 1.4, 1.7, 1.8 and 2.1 respectively.