12Cr1MoVG焊接接头高温短时拉伸及可靠性评价

分别对焊态和焊后热处理(PWHT)的12Cr1MoVG钢焊接接头进行300~600℃高温短时拉伸试验,根据该试验结果可以推算出接头的持久强度。结果表明,随测试温度的升高,两种接头的高温短时拉伸强度降低,伸长率升高。断口形貌分析表明接头的断裂机制由剪切断逐渐过渡到正断。焊态接头的高温短时拉伸强度均高于PWHT态接头。510℃时,焊态及PWHT态接头的持久强度下限(σ105783)分别为61 MPa和86 MPa,均大于某电站锅炉的额定蒸气压力(30.35 MPa)。PWHT态12Cr1MoVG钢接头具有较高的持久强度,因而具有更高的服役可靠性。     

GH3230合金的焊后热处理

分析测试了GH3230合金氩弧焊接后经不同焊后热处理制度处理后的显微组织、显微硬度和拉伸性能。试验结果表明:GH3230合金焊接板材经1140~1180 ℃保温10 min焊后热处理,既能使焊后残余应力得到充分释放,又能保证组织稳定,满足合金力学性能要求。     

采用振动时效工艺消除电站锅炉水冷壁焊接应力

以1Cr-0.5Mo合金钢水冷壁典型部件为对象,分析比较了水冷壁3种状况下（焊态、焊后热处理和振动时效）的焊接残余应力以及力学性能。采用优化后的振动时效工艺,焊接接头综合力学性能和显微硬度均能满足工艺评定需要,可考虑代替部分1Cr-0.5Mo钢管屏的焊后热处理。     

Characterization of Mechanical Properties and Residual Stress in API 5L X80 Steel Welded Joints

The use of high-strength and low-alloy steels, high design factors and increasingly stringent safety requirements have increased the operating pressure levels and, consequently, the need for further studies to avoid and prevent premature pipe failure. To evaluate the possibility of improving productivity in manual arc welding of this type of steel, this work characterizes the mechanical properties and residual stresses in API 5L X80 steel welded joints using the SMAW and FCAW processes. The residual stresses were analyzed using x-ray diffraction with the sin² ψ method at the top and root of the welded joints in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the weld bead. The mechanical properties of the welded joints by both processes were characterized in terms of tensile strength, impact toughness and Vickers microhardness in the welded and shot peening conditions. A predominantly compressive residual stress was found, and shot peening increased the tensile strength and impact toughness in both welded joints.     

焊后热处理对输送H_2S介质压力管道维修焊接接头组织性能的影响

采用手工钨极氩弧焊(TIG焊)打底,焊条电弧焊(SMAW)填充、盖面的焊接工艺对输送H_2S介质压力管道(20钢)进行维修焊接,并对其焊接接头进行720～750℃下保温1h的焊后热处理.对热处理前、后焊接接头组织和性能进行分析研究,结果表明:720～750℃×1h热处理使焊缝区与热影响区成针状分布的魏氏组织铁索体晶粒得到细化,并使其呈退化形态;焊缝区、热影响区与母材的显微硬度整体呈下降趋势;焊接接头抗拉强度大幅度提高,断裂均处在远离焊缝的母材上.焊后热处理有效地降低了焊接接头的残余应力,改变了残余应力的分布特征,使其分布趋于"均匀",拉应力大幅度降低.     

Effect of post weld heat treatment on properties of variable polarity TIG welded AA2219 aluminium alloy joints

AA2219 aluminium alloy joints were fabricated by variable polarity tungsten inert gas (VPTIG) welding process and the effects of post weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the tensile properties, microstructure and fatigue behaviour of the welded joints were investigated. The VPTIG welding process was adopted because it could meet the need of cathode cleaning and meanwhile it could reduce the deterioration of tungsten electrode furthest. The welded samples were divided into as-welded (AW) sample and PWHT sample. The PWHT method used on the samples was solution treatment (535 °C, 30 min), water quenching and artificial aging (175 °C, 12 h). The experimental results show that, compared with the AW samples, the microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of the AA2219 joints after PWHT were significantly improved. The improvement of yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and fatigue strength are 42.6%, 43.1% and 18.4%, respectively.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welding joint during post weld heat treatment with different zigzag lines

Zigzag line is a common defect in friction stir welding(FSW) joint.The formation mechanism of the zigzag line in Al-Cu alloy FSW joint and its influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties during post weld heat treatment(PWHT) were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),microhardness and tensile tests.It is found that the occurrence of zigzag line for PWHT joint is determined by PWHT process which in nature depends on residual stress and thermal stress of FSW joint.The optimization of PWHT process to reduce the residual and thermal stress can trigger for the deterioration of mechanical properties of PWHT joints with zigzag line.No obvious decrease of tensile properties is observed for T6-450 and T6-495 joints although zigzag line appears in the weld.PWHT determines the sizes of zigzag line cracks and consequently determines the fracture location and characteristics of FSW joint.     

Microstructure and Its Influence on the Mechanical Properties of Ni–28W–6Cr-Based Alloy-Welded Joints by GTAW

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni–28W–6Cr alloy-welded joints produced by gas tungsten arc welding were investigated in this work.Results showed that original fine-grain base metal near fusion line totally transformed into coarse heat affected zone after welding.Carbides with different shapes were found in the weld metal and base metal, which all were determined as M6C carbides.In comparison with carbides in base metal, M6C carbides in weld metal are rich in Si and Cr but deficient in W.Moreover, M6C carbides are extremely scarce and hard to be detected in weld metal.Mechanical tests show that the hardness value of weld metal is only about 60% of base metal; the yield strength and tensile strength of welded joint are much lower than those of base metal due to the absence of carbides in weld metal.     

Analysis of martensite transformation behaviour in welded joint using low transformation temperature welding wire

Abstract

Low transformation temperature welding (LTTW) wire has been found to improve the fatigue strength in welded joints. In the present study, the temperature dependence of the mechanical properties in a dual phase microstructure of austenite and martensite was estimated using the properties of full austenite and full martensite in numerical analyses. A welding method effective for residual stress reduction and fatigue strength improvement was shown by applying a calculation method under transformation superplasticity and transformation induced plasticity in high strength steel welded joints. With this method, the influence of the welding pass sequence on the residual stress distribution and fatigue strength was examined in a boxing fillet welded joint using LTTW. The transformation tensile residual stress in the weld toe was decreased by sectioned welding, and the fatigue limit by sectioned welding with LTTW improved in comparison with the fatigue limit of a joint welded with conventional wire in the same process.     

Flux shielded arc butt welding of concrete reinforcing steel

Abstract

The present paper reports on a new variant of flux shielded arc butt welding without the addition of a filler material, applied to steel bars for concrete reinforcement. The welding process is described, including the arc ignition and forcing together of the workpieces, via the application of a mechanical force, to form an upset. A new portable machine is described, using which it is possible to apply flux shielded arc welding on site. Experiments were carried out, from which optimum welding parameters such as welding current, weld time, and upsetting force were found. The strength properties of the welded joints obtained were determined via mechanical testing, i.e. a bend test, a tensile strength test, and an impact toughness test. Macroscopic sections of the welded joints were also produced. A quality analysis of the butt welded joints showed that the mechanical properties of the joints were equivalent or even superior to the properties of the parent metal.     

激光冲击消除焊接残余应力

对现有焊接残余应力的理论进行分析,讨论激光冲击处理消除焊接残余应力的可行性,认为短脉冲高峰值功率密度的激光冲击焊接接头产生的等离子体冲击波,可使焊接接头表面产生塑性应变,能有效消除焊接残余拉应力。文章设计了激光冲击强化12Cr2Ni4A钢焊接接头试验,通过选择不同焊接材料和焊接方式,设计了4种焊接状态,分别进行激光冲击强化。试验结果表明,激光冲击强化均能消除氩弧焊和等离子焊等焊接方式的焊接残余拉应力,改善焊接接头表面的力学分布,在选用NAK80焊材和等离子体焊方式时,形成的残余压应力幅值高达884MPa,极大提升了焊接接头的力学性能。     

Investigation into properties of laser welded similar and dissimilar steel joints

Abstract

Laser beam welding is currently used in the welding of steels, aluminium alloys, thin sheets, and dissimilar materials. This high power density welding process has unique advantages of cost effectiveness, deep penetration, narrow bead and heat affected zone (HAZ) widths, and low distortion compared to other conventional welding processes. However, the metallurgical and mechanical properties of laser welds and the response of conventional materials to this new process are not yet fully established. The welding process may lead to drastic changes in the microstructure with accompanying effects on the mechanical properties and, hence, on the performance of the joint. The thermal cycles associated with laser beam welding are generally much faster than those involved in the conventional arc welding processes. This leads to the formation of a rather small weld zone that exhibits locally a high hardness in the case of C–Mn structural steels owing to the formation of martensite. It is currently difficult to determine the tensile properties (full stress–strain curves) of the laser welded joint area owing to the small size(～V 2·3 mm) of the fusion zone. Complete information on the tensile and fracture toughness properties of the fusion zone is essential for prequalification and complete understanding of the joint performance in service, as well as for conducting a defect assessment procedure on such welded joints. Therefore, an experimental investigation into the mechanical properties of laser welded joints was carried out to establish a testing procedure using fiat micro tensile specimens (0·5 mm in thickness, 2 mm in width) for determination of the tensile properties of the weld metal and H AZ of the laser beam welds. Three similar joints, namely St 37–St 37, St 52–St 52, and austenitic–austenitic, and two dissimilar ferritic–austenitic joints were produced by CO₂ laser, using 6 mm thickness plates. The mechanical properties have been examined by microhardness survey and testing of conventional transverse tensile, round tensile, and fiat microtensile specimens. The results for the micro tensile specimens were compared with those for standard round tensile specimens and this clearly showed the suitability of the microtensile specimen technique for such joints.     

Residual welding stresses in laser beam and tungsten inert gas weldments of titanium alloy

Abstract

The residual welding stresses in laser beam (LB) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) weldments of a titanium alloy in thin plate form were investigated experimentally in the present work. A hole drilling technique was used to measure the residual stresses in the weldments. The effects of the welding method and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the residual stresses were analysed. The results show that (i) the residual stress distribution in the LB welded joints is similar to that obtained for traditional fusion welding processes, although the distribution zone is much narrower in LB welding, (ii) the residual stress in the heat affected zone for LB welding is about 100 MPa lower than that for TIG welding, and (iii) PWHT in vacuum greatly relieves the welding residual stress.     

新型Cr3MoNb管线钢焊接接头的力学性能与组织

利用TGS-2CML焊丝,采用钨极氩弧焊(gas tungsten arc weld,GTAW)对经济型低合金Cr3MoNb无缝管进行整管焊接,测试了焊接接头的硬度,研究了拉伸性能、冲击韧性,观察了微观组织.结果表明,在拟定焊接工艺下,Cr3MoNb钢焊接接头力学性能优良,无需预热和焊后热处理;调质处理下断后伸长率提高约1倍,达到挪威船级社制管工艺DNV-OS-F101标准;对于类似Cr3MoNb等低碳或超低碳管线钢,采用A(c)修正日本百合冈公式计算其焊接热影响区最高硬度是合适的;焊缝区组织主要为细小的粒状贝氏体,M-A相弥散分布于铁素体基体相中;焊缝区晶粒尺寸总体很小,区域晶粒大小存在细微差异,有少数较大尺寸柱状晶分布;焊缝区与热影响区以多边形铁素体和粒状贝氏体较自然过渡,无明显熔合分界线.     

激光冲击处理对焊接接头力学性能的影响（Ⅱ）

上文对GH3 0、1Cr18Ni9Ti焊缝进行了激光冲击处理 ,试验发现激光冲击处理提高GH3 0焊接接头强度 12 % ,但对疲劳寿命影响不明显 ;冲击提高 1Cr18Ni9Ti焊接接头强度仅为 5 % ,但提高疲劳寿命 3 0 0 %以上。为作进一步分析 ,本文测试了两种金属焊缝在有无激光冲击处理条件下的表面显微硬度分布和残余应力状态 ,并对GH3 0试件疲劳断口进行扫描电镜分析。经分析发现 ,激光冲击处理能明显提高GH3 0焊缝表层的显微硬度 ,也可以提高抗拉强度并获得较高的表面残余压应力 ,因此强化区域能抑制疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展 ,降低裂纹扩展速率 ;但由于焊缝较宽 ,激光冲击光斑未能完全覆盖焊缝及热影响区 ,部分未冲击区域影响了疲劳寿命的提高。 1Cr18Ni9Ti在等离子焊接过程中产生相变马氏体 ,减弱了激光冲击处理产生形变马氏体对提高显微硬度的作用 ,因此对抗拉强度影响不大 ,但激光冲击处理可以使焊缝表面获得较高的表面残余压应力 ,因此能明显提高疲劳寿命。     

Design concept and material demand characteristics of rail

In order to improve fatigue strength in welded joints, low transformation-temperature welding wire has been developed in which residual tensile stress can be reduced. In application of the low transformation-temperature welding wire, the prevention of cold cracking without preheating in high strength steel welded joints is expected and examined from the control of residual tensile stress. However, it is expected that residual stress distribution in a welded joint can be suggested by numerical analysis, because the residual stress cannot be measured simply and non-distractively.

In this report, martensite transformation behaviour such as Ms point, transformation expansion, and so on is measured firstly by the Formaster test.

And temperature dependence of several mechanical properties was measured in full-austenite and full-martensite microstructures, and temperature dependence of mechanical properties was estimated in dual phase microstructure of austenite and martensite.

By these data, numerical analysis was carried out and martensite transformation behaviour was compared with measured and calculated results in a rigid model test. From the comparison, it was suggested that transformation superplasticity had to be considered in numerical analysis.

Next, the increase of Ms point due to transformation induced plasticity was guessed from the comparison with measured data by laser speckle measurement and calculated data under transformation superplasticity consideration.

From the all results, it was found that the measured transformation behavior and residual stress had good agreement with the calculated results under transformation superplasticity and transformation induced plasticity considerations.     

Effects of graphene nanoplates on microstructures and mechanical properties of NSA-TIG welded AZ31 magnesium alloy joints

The effects of graphene nanoplates (GNPs) on the microstructures and mechanical properties of nanoparticles strengthening activating tungsten inert gas arc welding (NSA-TIG) welded AZ31 magnesium alloy joints were investigated. It was found that compared with those of activating TIG (A-TIG), and obvious refinement of α-Mg grains was achieved and the finest α-Mg grains of fusion zone of NSA-TIG joints were obtained in the welded joints with TiO₂+GNPs flux coating. In addition, the penetrations of joints coated by TiO₂+GNPs flux were similar to those coated by the TiO₂+SiC_p flux. However, the welded joints with TiO₂+GNPs flux coating showed better mechanical properties (i.e., ultimate tensile strength and microhardness) than those with TiO₂+SiC_p flux coating. Moreover, the generation of necking only occurred in the welded joints with TiO₂+GNPs flux.     

焊接电流对涂覆TiO2活性剂AZ31镁合金TIG焊的影响（英文）

研究焊接电流对涂覆TiO2活性剂AZ31镁合金板材活性钨极氩弧焊(A-TIG)焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观结构和力学性能的影响。实验结果表明,随着焊接电流的增加,焊缝的熔深和熔宽比增加,涂覆TiO2的焊缝表面形貌逐渐恶化;焊缝中α-Mg晶粒尺寸增加,颗粒状β-Mg17Al12数量增多。与普通的TIG焊相比,A-TIG焊缝熔深明显增加并且晶粒尺寸粗化。当焊接电流小于130 A时,涂覆TiO2焊接接头的极限抗拉强度值随着焊接电流的增加而增加,当焊接电流超过130 A时其抗拉强度值开始下降;焊缝热影响区和熔合区的平均显微硬度随着焊接电流的增加逐渐降低。     

Effect of welding procedure on the properties of microalloyed steel-welded joints for metal piping

The objective of this work was, in the first step, to compare the mechanical properties and microstructure of the corrosion-resistant steel hydrogen-induced cracking, alloyed with Nb–Ti–Cu–Ni, to those of a normal steel NOR, microalloyed with Nb–V–Ti, characterized through chemical analysis, hardness measurements, metallographic studies and tensile and Charpy-V properties. The preheating temperature was established using Tekken tests at different temperatures, according to the JIS Z 3158 standard. Circumferential welds were carried out on piping manufactured from both steels, designing procedures for the use of coated electrodes on the one hand (shielded metal arc welding, with electrodes from various suppliers) for all passes, and for a first pass using automatic welding with low-CO₂ solid wire on the other (gas–metal arc welding) and the rest with self-shielding tubular wire (flux-cored arc welding, self-shielding). The welds were classified in accordance with the API Code 1104. The results of the metallographic analysis and the mechanical traction, hardness and impact tests of the welded joints revealed the influence of the welding consumables and of the base metal on the properties of the joints. Differences were observed between the properties of the joints welded with consumables of equal specification and different suppliers. From the different combinations tested, optimum values for the welding of these steels were defined.     

Properties of as welded and heat treated pure titanium–7075 Al–Zn–Mg alloy friction weld joints

Abstract

The effects of joining conditions and an age hardening post­weld heat treatment (PWHT) at 120°C for 24 h on the tensile strength and metallurgical properties of dissimilar friction joints between pure titanium and age strengthened 7075 Al–Zn–Mg alloy were investigated. Highest strength was achieved using intermediate friction pressure (150 MPa), short friction time (0.5 s), and high upsetting (forging) pressure (400 MPa). The joint tensile strength decreased when the joint diameter was increased from 8 to 16 mm. The joint tensile strength of as welded (AW) dissimilar joints was similar to that of PWHT joints with diameters of 8, 12, and 16 mm. Detailed TEM confirmed that there was a negligible difference in the thickness of the intermetallic layer formed at the dissimilar joint interface for AW and PWHT joints. While the intermetallic phases formed at the joint interface comprised Al₃Ti, τ (Ti₂Mg₃Al₁₈), and Al in AW joints, they consisted of Al+τ or Mg₂Al₃+τ+Al in PWHT joints. Softened regions were generated in 7075 base material immediately next to the interface in AW joints. Post­weld heat treatment increased the hardness of the softened region almost to that of as received 7075–T6 base material in 12 and 16 mm diameter joints. In contrast, the hardness of the softened region in 8 mm diameter joints could not be recovered to that of the as received material. This was a result of overaging and coarse precipitates in the softened region produced during the friction welding operation.