Combination Effect of Dry-Ice Blasting and Substrate Preheating on Plasma-Sprayed CoNiCrAlY Splats

CoNiCrAlY splats were plasma-sprayed on the stainless steel substrate which was pretreated by dry-ice blasting. Only impact marks were distinguished on the glycerol-polluted substrate, while halo donut splats formed on the pretreated substrate because of the cleaning effect of dry-ice blasting on this organic substance. The proportions of different splat types vary as a function of the treatment time of dry-ice blasting. The condensation phenomenon was also detected on the substrate surface accompanying the cleaning effect after the pretreatment of dry-ice blasting. In this study, dry-ice blasting was investigated to be coupled with substrate preheating to control the substrate temperature. It was found that a regular disk-like CoNiCrAlY splat can be obtained as the substrate temperature is higher than dew point temperature.     

Effect of Droplet Characteristics and Substrate Surface Topography on the Final Morphology of Plasma-Sprayed Zirconia Single Splats

The morphology of atmospheric plasma-sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia single splats has been studied. Single splats of plasma-sprayed ZrO₂-7%Y₂O₃ powder have been collected on polished stainless steel substrates kept at three different temperatures (room temperature, 300 °C, and 600 °C). The effect of heating on the substrates’ surface topography was evaluated. The effects of spray process parameters such as substrate temperature, particle temperature, and velocity on the morphology of single splats was studied. Variation of splat shape with location within the footprint of plasma spray was investigated. Pore and microcrack formation, splashing behavior, splat/substrate, and splat/splat interfaces were analyzed. Splat morphology and diameter, satellite particles, and splashing behavior were recorded using both scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. Splat/substrate and splat/splat interfaces were studied from cross sections prepared by focused ion beam milling. Results showed primarily disk-shape morphology and no evidence of delamination along the splat/substrate interface at 600 °C substrate temperature. Overlapped splats showed evidence of melting (microwelding) at splat boundaries. Splat thickness was measured to be less than 1 μm for all spray conditions.     

Jetting-Out Phenomenon Associated with Bonding of Warm-Sprayed Titanium Particles onto Steel Substrate

Titanium powder particles accelerated and simultaneously heated by the supersonic gas flow were deposited onto steel substrate by the warm spraying process. The sprayed particles were heavily deformed and bonded to the substrate in solid state. Especially, all the deposited particles showed jetting-out of materials out of the particle-substrate interface triggered by the adiabatic shear instability known to occur under such shock impact conditions. High-magnified images showed that grain refinement occurred in the jetting-out region by dynamic recrystallization. Furthermore, the elemental analysis using the electron energy loss spectrum showed jetting-outs of the substrate as well as the particle. Numerical simulation based on the Johnson-Cook plastic deformation model showed that the jetting-out phenomenon commences about 10 ns after the initial contact of the particle with the substrate and at a position away from the center bottom of particle, where the highest compressive stress is experienced.     

Study of the Splat Microstructure and the Effects of Substrate Heating on the Splat Formation for Ni-Cr Particles Plasma Sprayed onto Stainless Steel Substrates

The plasma spraying process is still poorly understood in term of the processes by which the coating is built up, especially coating interactions with the substrate. This present study enhances this understanding by studying, through a range of electron microscopy techniques, single NiCr splats plasma sprayed onto stainless steel substrates, which were first exposed to different heat treatments. The microstructure of the splats, particularly the splat-substrate interface, was characterized, and the formation of the observed features is discussed. Evidence of localized substrate melting and inter-mixing with the splat material was found, showing metallurgical bonding. The structures observed were also correlated to the treatment of the substrate, demonstrating how such treatments can influence the properties of the fully deposited coating by modifying the splat formation process. Most notably, heating the substrate during spraying was found to significantly modify splat formation by reducing splashing and increasing the extent of substrate melting.     

The Effect of Molybdenum Substrate Oxidation on Molybdenum Splat Formation

Disk splats are usually observed when the deposition temperature exceeds the transition temperature, whereas thick oxide layer will reduce the adhesion resulting from high deposition temperature. In present study, single molybdenum splats were deposited onto polished molybdenum substrates with different preheating processes to clarify the effect of surface oxidation on the splat formation. Three substrate samples experienced three different preheating processes in an argon atmosphere. Two samples were preheated to 350 and 550 °C, and another sample was cooled to 350 °C after it was preheated to 550 °C. The chemistry and compositions of substrate surface were examined by XPS. The cross sections of splats were prepared by focus ion beam (FIB) and then characterized by SEM. Nearly disk-shaped splat with small fingers in the periphery was observed on the sample preheated to 350 °C. A perfect disk-shape splat was deposited at 550 °C. With the sample on the substrate preheated to 350 °C (cooling down from 550 °C), flower-shaped splat exhibited a central core and discrete periphery detached by some voids. The results of peeling off splats by carbon tape and the morphology of FIB sampled cross sections indicated that no effective bonding formed at the splat–substrate interface for the substrate ever heated to 550 °C, due to the increasing content of MoO₃ on the preheated molybdenum surface.     

加热温度对热轧复合钛/不锈钢板结合性能的影响

利用热模拟试验机进行了加热温度分别为800、850、900、950 ℃的纯钛TA2与304L不锈钢的压缩复合实验,并从中选取最佳加热温度进行了热轧复合实验。利用金相显微镜、电子探针、XRD物相分析等手段对复合界面处的微观形貌、元素的扩散及金属间化合物的种类等进行了分析研究,并对界面的剪切强度进行了测试。实验结果表明,TA2/304L界面处生成了σ相、σ′相、FeTi、NiTi和CrTi4等金属间化合物。随着温度的升高,金属间化合物层的厚度增加。界面剪切强度随金属间化合物厚度增加而减小。加热温度为850 ℃时,热模拟试样获得最佳结合性能,热轧复合实验获得的钛/不锈钢复合板界面的剪切强度达到215 MPa。     

Phase Evolution in Boride-Based Cermets and Reaction Bonding onto Plain Low Carbon Steel Substrate

Reaction sinter bonding is a process that aims to bond two materials for improvement in properties through reactive sintering technique. The process has been effectively used to sinter hard materials like borides in situ which not only possess excellent oxidation resistance, good corrosion resistance but also resistant to abrasive wear. Sinter bonding is a unique surface modification process achieved through powder metallurgy and is competent with other techniques like boronizing sintering and sinter-brazing since it eliminates the additional operations of heat treatment and assembly and removes the inherent setbacks with these processes. This study focuses on identifying the phase evolution mechanism using characterization tools like x-ray diffractometry and energy dispersive spectroscopy and study of sinter bonding of the boron containing precursors (Mo-Cr-Fe-Ni-FeB-MoB) onto plain carbon steel. A microstructure containing Fe-based matrix dispersed with complex borides develops with temperature in the tape cast sheets. A fivefold increase in hardness between plain carbon steel in wrought condition and sinter bonded steel was observed. The multilayer consisted of a reaction zone adjacent to the interface and was investigated with the composition profile and hardness measurements. A model of sinter bonding between the cermet and the steel has also been proposed.     

Oxidation of Stainless Steel Powder

To understand the corrosion behavior of a model 304L(p)–ZrO₂(s) composite, a 304L stainless steel powder was studied under oxygen at high temperature. Oxidation tests were performed with thermogravimetry. The so-called jumps method, which involves a sudden change of the temperature, was also applied to propose a kinetic model. Two periods with different rate-determining steps could be distinguished for short (<12 h) and long time experiments (12–20 h). SEM observations of oxidized particles revealed an oxide layer structure similar to that of alloy plates of same composition: during the first ten hours period, the external scale surrounding stainless steel particles was found to be chromium oxide; for the second oxidation period, the outer oxide layer was enriched in iron. Considering the relatively short-term oxidation period, a kinetic model based on an outward growth of chromia from oxidation of Cr in solution in the spherical alloy particles was successfully compared to the experimental mass gain curve. The k_p value deduced from this modeling was found to be in agreement with the literature data. The diffusion of interstitial chromium ions is the rate-determining step in agreement with the absence of influence of the oxygen partial pressure.     

刻蚀对高碳马氏体不锈钢表面等离子渗铬层结合强度的影响

目的研究等离子体刻蚀工艺对高碳马氏体不锈钢表面渗铬层组织和结合强度的影响。方法首先利用微波等离子体化学气相沉积方法对8Cr17马氏体不锈钢表面进行四种不同工艺参数的刻蚀处理,然后利用双层辉光等离子体表面渗铬技术在刻蚀处理后的8Cr17不锈钢表面制备铬合金层。用扫描电子显微镜、激光共聚焦、辉光放电光谱仪和X射线衍射仪分别表征刻蚀表面形貌和渗铬层组织,用划痕仪测试渗铬层与基体的结合强度。结果氢和氢+氩等离子体刻蚀后,8Cr17不锈钢基体表面粗糙度增加,且含碳量减少。渗铬层由表面富Cr层、Cr_xC_y扩散层、基体组成,其物相主要包括Cr、Cr_(23)C_6、Cr_7C_3。表面经氢气刻蚀1 h和2 h后,形成的渗铬层厚度分别为7、7.5μm,氢气+氩气刻蚀1 h和2 h后,渗铬层厚度分别为8.1、9μm,其中氢气+氩气刻蚀1 h的基材表面渗铬层较致密,与基体结合牢固。结论等离子体刻蚀预处理可通过改变8Cr17钢表面的组织形貌,降低表面含碳量,增加扩散层厚度,提高渗层与基体的结合强度。     

氧化铝陶瓷与不锈钢扩散连接研究

先在氧化铝陶瓷表面用真空蒸发镀膜的方法镀一层镍膜，再以纯镍粉为中间层材料，实现了氧化铝陶瓷与AISI201不锈钢的扩散连接。对连接接头进行了抗剪强度测试和微观形貌及相结构分析。结果表明：在连接温度900℃，保温时间2h，连接压强30kPa的条件下接头剪切强度最高可达20．7MPa；扩散连接过程中生成了A1Ni金属间化合物。     

不锈钢的瞬间液相扩散焊研究

采用热模拟和显微组织分析方法,对Ni-5%Si-3B非晶箔带在316L不锈钢瞬时液相扩散焊(TLP)时的扩散行为进行了研究.结果表明,Ni-5%Si-3B非晶合金箔带作为中间层材料,在实验焊接条件下中间层润湿性和铺展性良好,具有较强的扩散能力,形成了冶金结合,基本实现了316L的TLP连接.     

The Effect of Shot Peening on Steam Oxidation of 304H Stainless Steel

Oxidation of Metals - Shot peening is currently utilized in coal-fired power plant components to mitigate scale exfoliation issues from steamside oxidation of austenitic stainless steel superheater...     

The Effect of NiAl Coatings on Oxidation Behavior of AISI 403 Stainless Steel

STAINLESS STEEL TYPE AISI403possess a highdegree of resistance to atmospheric corrosion becauseof its ability to form a dense adherent oxide film,whichprotects the material from further attack[1].Thiscomposition was developed to meet the requirementsfor some gas turbine components.The alloy is notparticularly recommended for use in hot corrosion andoxidation environments.Therefore,a protective coatinglayer is essential for such applications as hot sectioncomponents in gas turbine[2].A…     

碳钢/不锈钢的瞬间液相扩散复合

用扫描电镜、能谱分析等方法,研究了H62黄铜为中间层的20钢/304不锈钢瞬间液相扩散复合后结合区的组织、成分与性能。结果表明:在950～1100℃扩散退火0.5～1h,20钢与304不锈钢可以获得良好的冶金结合;当温度较高,时间较长时,在界面附近的20钢一侧,因合金元素含量提高,淬透性提高,导致空冷形成高硬度的马氏体组织;Fe、Cr、Ni向H62黄铜中扩散富集,形成高硬度的岛状组织。     

The Effect of Al Implantation on the Thermal Oxidation of Stainless Steel in Aggressive Environments

AISI-321 steel samples were implanted with Al ions (implantation-energy:40 keV; dose: 2×10¹⁷ ions/cm²). Thermal oxidationof the samples was performed at 450, 550, 600, and 650°C for periodsvarying from 1 to 6 days in air and in a corrosive CO₂-containingenvironment. Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) and Rutherford BackscatteringSpectrometry (RBS) were used to investigate the oxidized samples. Asignificant improvement of the oxidation resistance of the implantedmaterial in comparison to the nonimplanted material was observed. Thisespecially applies for samples oxidized at high temperatures. The aluminumdepth distribution determined by NRA [using the resonance at 992 keV of the²⁷Al(p, )²⁸Si nuclear reaction] and RBS,indicated no variation of the Al profile in the temperature region450–600°C, whereas at 650°C a slight Al diffusion wasobserved. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDS) was applied to studythe surface morphology and the constitution of the oxide scale formed, aswell as to explain the influence of Al implantation on the oxidation behaviorof AISI-321 austenitic stainless steel.     

The Effect of Substrate Surface Oxides on the Bonding of NiCr Alloy Particles HVAF Thermally Sprayed onto Aluminum Substrates

The effect of substrate surface oxides on splat-substrate bonding was investigated by thermally spraying NiCr particles onto aluminum substrates with surface oxide layers grown hydrothermally and electrochemically. Cross sections of bonded solid and molten splats revealed substantial deformation of both the substrate and the surface oxide. In spite of the substantial substrate deformation, there was no significant loss of the surface oxide material and there was no observed diffusion of the substrate oxide into the NiCr particle or vice versa. For solid splats, the substrate oxide was still present over the entire splat-substrate interface, however for molten splats, the oxide had been penetrated in several locations allowing close proximity of the splat metal to the substrate metal. These results strengthen the theory that oxide layers impede bonding and that successful bonding occurs only when the surface oxide is substantially deformed or disrupted to produce mechanically interlocking features at the interface.     

The Role of Silicon in the Reactive-Elements Effect on the Oxidation of Conventional Austenitic Stainless Steel

In this work we evaluate the influence of silicon on the high-temperature oxidation of austenitic stainless steels and propose a mechanism that explains the Reactive-Element Effect (REE) in terms of a synergistic action between the reactive element and the silica layer that forms in the innermost areas of the scale. To do this we have studied the oxidation at 900°C of austenitic commercial alloys (AISI-304, AISI-316 and AISI-310S) and a laboratory-designed high-silicon stainless steel (AISI-304). Lanthanum was selected as the reactive element which was surface deposited by means of ion interchange. Results obtained in this work allowed us to state that the reactive element would enhance the formation of a silica layer that shows diffusion through the scale. The reactive element also changes the expansion coefficient at the scale-alloy interface, increasing the adherence of the oxide layer to the metal.     

钛合金与不锈钢的超塑性扩散连接研究

采用镍箔作为中间过渡层,在真空下对TC4钛合金与1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢进行了微细晶超塑性扩散连接。通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射及剪切强度试验等方法,对连接接头进行了微观分析和剪切强度测试。结果表明:采用镍箔作中间过渡层,能有效地防止铁与钛、碳间的相互扩散和迁移,避免界面上更多的金属间化合物产生,从而提高了接头性能。在连接温度为790℃、连接压力为3MPa,连接时间为30min的条件下,可获得钛合金与不锈钢的牢固连接,接头剪切强度可达131.1MPa,且试样无明显变形。     

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 研究了大气环境下AISI430铁素体不锈钢在950~1 050 ℃的高温氧化行为,采用热分析仪进行了恒温氧化试验,利用扫描电镜和能谱仪观察分析了氧化表面形貌和组成。结果表明：950 ℃下氧化比较缓慢,氧化增重较小,氧化表面致密平整;1 000 ℃以上氧化迅速,氧化增重显著增大,表面有大量的氧化铁突起;致密氧化层由八面体的铬锰尖晶石颗粒和近球形的氧化铬颗粒组成。     

氧化时间对不锈钢表面氧化铝膜硬度和耐腐蚀性的影响

通过高温氧化在建筑用不锈钢表面制备氧化铝膜,对其结构、形貌及硬度和抗腐蚀性能进行研究。结果表明:氧化铝层的抗腐蚀性能随着氧化时间的增加而提高。