Energy absorption diagrams of paper honeycomb sandwich structures

It is very important to evaluate the cushioning properties of paper honeycomb sandwich structures for optimizing pack design. The energy absorption diagram is one method to characterize the cushioning properties of materials. In this paper, we investigate energy absorption and develop energy absorption diagrams for paper honeycomb sandwich structures. Based on static compression experiments, the compressive stress–strain curve is simplified into three sections: linear elasticity, plateau and densification. By considering the factors associated with the structure of paper honeycombs, the energy absorption model is obtained and characterized by the thickness‐to‐length ratio of the honeycomb cell wall. Both theory and experiment show that the compression energy absorption capability increases with the increasing thickness‐to‐length ratio of the honeycomb cell wall, and a good agreement is achieved between the theoretical and experimental energy absorption curves. The proposed method to develop an energy absorption diagram for paper honeycomb sandwich structures can be used to characterize the cushioning properties and optimize the structures of paper honeycomb sandwiches. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蜂窝金属夹芯板重复冲击动态响应研究

蜂窝金属及其夹芯结构是一种物理功能与结构一体化的新型轻质高强结构,广泛应用于结构轻量化与碰撞冲击防护领域.采用ABAQUS非线性有限元软件建立了蜂窝金属夹芯板(honeycomb sandwich panel,HSP)结构动态冲击数值仿真模型,数值仿真计算结果与文献实验结果吻合较好,验证了数值仿真模型的正确性.在此基础...     

结构参数对CFRP蒙皮-铝蜂窝夹层板低速冲击性能的影响

针对碳纤维增强树脂复合材料（CFRP）蒙皮-铝蜂窝夹层结构,使用半球头式落锤冲击试验平台进行了低速冲击载荷下蜂窝芯单元尺寸对夹层板冲击性能影响的试验探究,并基于渐进损伤模型、内聚力模型和三维Hashin失效准则,在有限元仿真软件ABAQUS中建立了含蒙皮、蜂窝芯、胶层的CFRP蒙皮-铝蜂窝夹层板精细化低速冲击仿真模型,仿真结果与试验结果吻合较好。利用该数值模型进一步探究了蜂窝芯高度、蒙皮厚度和蜂窝芯壁厚等结构参数对于蜂窝夹层板低速冲击吸能效果的影响。结果表明:增大铝蜂窝芯的单元边长,会减小蜂窝夹层板的刚度,提升夹层板的吸能效果;芯层高度对夹层板的刚度及抗低速冲击性能影响较小;增大蜂窝夹层板的蒙皮厚度,可以提高夹层板的刚度,但会降低夹层板的吸能效果;增大蜂窝芯的壁厚,可以提高夹层板的刚度和抗低速冲击性能。      

六角形纸蜂窝夹层板能量吸收研究进展

分析了纸蜂窝夹层板动静态压缩试验方法及不同结构参数的纸蜂窝夹层板动静态缓冲吸能特性。试验结果表明,平台应力是蜂窝胞壁厚跨比的幂指数函数。引入压缩密实化应变概念,构建了纸蜂窝材料压缩密实化应变评估方程。将纸蜂窝夹层板压缩应力应变曲线简化为线弹性区、平台区和密实化区,构建了纸蜂窝夹层板能量吸收曲线理论模型。基于纸蜂窝夹层板动静态压缩试验,可构建纸蜂窝夹层板二维能量吸收图,以便更好地袁征纸蜂窝夹层板的缓冲性能,并指出了该研究有待进一步完善之处。     

碳纤维铝蜂窝夹芯复合结构隔声性能研究

铝蜂窝夹芯复合结构在航空工业、高速列车及汽车车体中得到越来越多的应用,其隔声性能对车内及机舱噪声有重要影响。建立了碳纤维铝蜂窝夹芯复合结构有限单元模型,用有限单元法计算了结构在声载荷激励下的响应,并计算分析了复合结构的隔声性能,分析了碳纤维复合面板厚度、面板层数、铺设角度、铝蜂窝芯层的厚度、铝蜂窝壁厚对隔声性能的影响。研究结果表明,面板采用碳纤维复合结构时,在小于1 000 Hz的低频段,相同面板厚度的铝蜂窝复合结构隔声性能比全铝合金材料的铝蜂窝夹芯复合结构有所降低,而且在高频段会出现隔声量更低的隔声低谷;相较于铝合金面板,复合结构的面板采用碳纤维复合材料时,能够实现整体结构轻量化也提高复合结构的隔声性能;各层之间按相对90°铺设时复合结构隔声性能最好;随着面板厚度的增加复合结构隔声性能增加,面板层总厚度不变的情况下,单层面板或者过多的层数都会使复合结构隔声性能降低。     

四边简支新型类方形蜂窝夹层结构振动特性研究

新型类方形蜂窝是六边形蜂窝的一种过渡形式,对其等效弹性参数和振动特性的研究具有重要意义。采用改进的Gibson公式对比分析了双壁厚与等壁厚类方形蜂窝夹芯的面内等效弹性参数的差异,并应用经典层合板理论分析了不同等效弹性参数下2种壁厚类型的四边简支类方形蜂窝夹层结构的振动特性,基于有限元仿真技术分析了不同壁厚类方形蜂窝夹层结构的振动特性,并与理论分析结果进行对比。结果表明等效弹性参数的数值模拟结果与理论值基本吻合。在蜂窝基本结构参数相同的条件下,双壁厚类方形蜂窝夹芯的面内等效剪切模量、面外刚度和等效密度均比等壁厚类方形蜂窝夹芯大;在低阶振动模态下,双壁厚类方形蜂窝夹层结构的固有频率比等壁厚类方形蜂窝夹层结构的低,在高阶振动模态下,双壁厚类方形蜂窝夹层结构的固有频率比等壁厚类方形蜂窝夹层结构的高;影响夹层结构固有频率的3个主要因素所占权重由大到小依次为蜂窝夹芯yoz面等效剪切模量、蜂窝夹芯等效密度,蜂窝夹芯壁厚。研究结果表明采用经典层结构理论计算得到类方形蜂窝夹层结构的固有频率与数值仿真结果的一致性较好,这进一步证明了采用改进Gibson公式得到的类方形蜂窝夹芯等效弹性参数的正确性,同时证明了将该振动理论运用到一般蜂窝夹层结构研究的可行性,为扩展研究其他类型蜂窝夹层结构振动特性奠定了基础。     

纸瓦楞-蜂窝复合夹层结构的跌落冲击缓冲性能研究

针对纸瓦楞与纸蜂窝的复合夹层结构在跌落冲击动态压缩条件下的缓冲防护性能,研究了纸蜂窝厚度对单面、双面复合形式的冲击加速度响应、变形特征和缓冲吸能特性的影响规律。结果表明,瓦楞夹层先压溃,其次是蜂窝夹层,而且较大的蜂窝厚度会引起纸蜂窝芯层的次坍塌行为。在相同冲击质量或冲击能量条件下,同一蜂窝厚度的单面复合夹层结构的单位体积吸能、比吸能和行程利用率较双面复合结构分别增加了7.94%、28.34%和8.47%,但总吸能较于双面复合结构降低了16.12%,单面复合夹层结构的缓冲吸能特性优于双面复合夹层结构,而双面复合夹层结构的抗冲击性能优于单面复合夹层结构。对于纸蜂窝厚度10 mm、15 mm、20 mm和25 mm的复合夹层结构,低冲击能量作用下蜂窝厚度的增加降低了结构的缓冲吸能特性,高冲击能量作用下蜂窝厚度的增加提高能量吸收能力。纸蜂窝厚度10 mm、15 mm、20 mm和25 mm的复合夹层结构的比吸能、单位体积吸能和行程利用率是蜂窝厚度70 mm的复合夹层结构的1倍～3倍,较低厚度的纸蜂窝更有利于复合夹层结构的缓冲吸能。     

铝蜂窝串联缓冲结构静态压缩仿真与试验研究

为更好设计多级铝蜂窝缓冲结构,为星球着陆器缓冲结构设计提供理论依据,对串联式铝蜂窝结构进行静态压缩的仿真与试验研究。针对仿真模型规格的多样性,为提高仿真效率,基于PCL语言编写参数化建模分析程序,实现有限元模型的自动建立。通过与理论公式及试验结果对比,证明有限元模型可准确计算串联铝蜂窝缓冲结构受静态压缩载荷作用下的平均应力及极限应变值,能准确提供整个变形过程铝蜂窝所受载荷信息。与传统的试验方法相比,该有限元仿真模型计算成本低、不受试验条件限制,且有较高的计算精度。仿真与试验研究表明,对同一尺寸蜂窝,与单个铝蜂窝缓冲器相比,串联式组合铝蜂窝缓冲器能吸收更多的能量。     

Impact analysis of fiber reinforced polymer honeycomb composite sandwich beams

Large scale fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite structures have been used in highway bridge and building construction. Recent applications have demonstrated that FRP honeycomb sandwich panels can be effectively and economically applied for both new construction and rehabilitation and replacement of existing structures. This paper is concerned with impact analysis of an as-manufactured FRP honeycomb sandwich system with sinusoidal core geometry in the plane and extending vertically between face laminates. The analyses of the honeycomb structure and components including: (1) constituent materials and ply properties, (2) face laminates and core wall engineering properties, and (3) equivalent core material properties, are first introduced, and these properties for the face laminates and equivalent core are later used in dynamic analysis of sandwich beams. A higher-order impact sandwich beam theory by the authors [Yang MJ, Qiao P. Higher-order impact modeling of sandwich beams with flexible core. Int J Solids Struct 2005;42(20):5460–90] is adopted to carry out the free vibration and impact analyses of the FRP honeycomb sandwich system, from which the full elastic field (e.g., deformation and stress) under impact is predicted. The higher order vibration analysis of the FRP sandwich beams is conducted, and its accuracy is validated with the finite element Eigenvalue analysis using ABAQUS; while the predicted impact responses (e.g., contact force and central deflection) are compared with the finite element simulations by LS-DYNA. A parametric study with respect to projectile mass and velocity is performed, and the similar prediction trends with the linear solution are observed. Furthermore, the predicted stress fields are compared with the available strength data to predict the impact damage in the FRP sandwich system. The present impact analysis demonstrates the accuracy and capability of the higher order impact sandwich beam theory, and it can be used effectively in analysis, design applications and optimization of efficient FRP honeycomb composite sandwich structures for impact protection and mitigation.     

梯度铝蜂窝夹芯板的力学行为

梯度分层铝合金蜂窝板是一种有效的吸能结构,本工作在梯度铝蜂窝结构的基础上根据梯度率的概念,通过改变蜂窝芯层的胞壁长度,设计了4种质量相同、梯度率不同的铝蜂窝夹芯结构。通过准静态压缩实验,并结合非线性有限元模拟准静态及冲击态下梯度铝蜂窝夹芯结构的变形情况及其力学性能,分析对比了相同质量下梯度铝蜂窝夹芯结构在准静态下的变形模式以及冲击载荷下分层均质蜂窝结构和不同梯度率的分层梯度蜂窝结构的动态响应和能量吸收特性。结果表明:在准静态压缩过程中,铝蜂窝梯度夹芯板的变形具有明显的局部化特征,蜂窝芯的变形为低密度优先变形直至密实,层级之间的密实化应变差随芯层密度的增大而逐渐减小;在高速冲击下,梯度蜂窝板并非严格按照准静态过程中逐级变形直至密实,而是在锤头冲击惯性及芯层密度的相互作用下整体发生的线弹性变形、弹性屈曲、塑性坍塌及密实化;另外,在本工作所设计的梯度率中,当梯度率为γ₁=0.0276时,梯度蜂窝夹芯板的吸能性达到最好,相较于同等质量下的均质蜂窝夹芯板,能量吸收提高了10.63%。     

等腰梯形蜂窝芯玻璃钢夹芯板的面外压缩性能EI北大核心CSCD

利用材料试验机对玻璃钢(FRP)夹芯板面外压缩性能进行实验测试与模拟研究。结果表明:夹芯板面外压缩变形可分为弹性变形与断裂两个阶段。蜂窝芯中part 2胞壁厚度t1与part 2高度h比值t1/h较大时,夹芯板以屈服方式变形;t1/h较小时,夹芯板以屈曲方式变形。蜂窝芯中part 2为夹芯板主要承载构件,蜂窝芯中part 1与part 3对part 2起到固支作用,面板对蜂窝芯起到固支作用。蜂窝芯中part 2胞壁厚度为夹芯板面外压缩抗压强度影响的主要因素,蜂窝芯胞壁边长影响次之,而蜂窝芯中part 1,part 3与面板厚度的影响较小。夹芯板总高度一定时,随着蜂窝芯层数增加,夹芯板抗压强度逐渐增大。     

Impact behavior and energy absorption of paper honeycomb sandwich panels

Dynamic cushioning tests were conducted by free drop and shock absorption principle. The effect of paper honeycomb structure factors on the impact behavior was analyzed. Results of many experiments show that the dynamic impact curve of paper honeycomb sandwich panel is concave and upward; the thickness and length of honeycomb cell-wall have a great effect on its cushioning properties; increasing the relative density of paper honeycomb can improve the energy absorption ability of the sandwich panels; the thickness of paper honeycomb core has an up and down fluctuant effect on the cushioning properties; with the increase of the thickness of paper honeycomb core, the effect dies down; flexible corrugated paperboard as liners can improve the compression resistance and cushioning properties of paper honeycombs. The research results can be used to optimize the structure design of paper honeycomb sandwich panel and material selection for packaging design.     

正方形自填充蜂窝结构异面平台应力的研究

目的 为了促进正方形自填充蜂窝的合理使用，研究其异面平台应力随冲击速度、壁厚边长比和自填充级数的变化规律。方法 利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立基于胞元阵列的正方形自填充蜂窝异面冲击分析的有限元模型。对自填充级数为0的正方形蜂窝进行异面压缩试验和相应的仿真分析，证明有限元模型的可靠性。基于简化的超折叠单元理论，建立蜂窝准静态平台应力的理论模型，并证明理论模型的可靠性。结果 正方形自填充蜂窝在大的壁厚边长比和冲击速度下拥有更高的动态平台应力;在自填充级数由0变为1时，动态平台应力增长率最大。结论 在其他因素不变的情况下，正方形自填充蜂窝的异面动态平台应力与冲击速度的平方呈线性关系，与壁厚边长比呈幂指函数关系，其增长率随自填充级数逐级递减。基于数值模拟结果，得到了不同自填充级数下正方形自填充蜂窝异面动态平台应力的经验公式。     

铝蜂窝在压-剪组合荷载作用下的力学特性研究

对铝蜂窝在压-剪组合荷载作用下的变形特征进行试验研究,并基于试验建立铝蜂窝数值计算模型,分析各参数对铝蜂窝在压-剪组合荷载作用下力学行为的影响。结果表明:在TL面内加载时,蜂窝变形逐渐由只在一端(加载端)变形过渡到同时在两端(加载端和非加载端)变形。在TW面加载时,蜂窝主要在一端(加载端)产生变形,并且更容易出现脱胶破坏;蜂窝峰值荷载、平均荷载以及比能与l/t值呈负相关关系。l/t值相同时,单元边长l、单元壁厚t越小,则蜂窝平均荷载和比能越大。单元边长l对蜂窝平均荷载的影响要大于单元壁厚t对平均荷载的影响;增大蜂窝高度会降低结构吸能效率。     

Failure analysis of adhesive surface damage in sandwich plates under compressed loads

Abstract

Failures of honeycomb sandwich plates are analyzed using experiments and three-dimensional (3D) finite element simulations to understand the failure mechanism. Meanwhile, correlations of the critical load and various physical parameters (e.g., height and thickness of the core) are investigated. The results demonstrated that the core height and skin thickness have significant effects on the compressed load buckling of the honeycomb sandwich plates, the core density is a sub-critical sensitive factor, while wall thickness and spacing of the cell, and the sandwich modulus have negligible effects. Cracking on the adhesive surface is the dominant factor to reduce the buckling critical load of the laminated plate, which leads to failures of sandwich plates. The ultimate failure of the sandwich panel is attributed to severe deformations that lead to local cracking of the entire cemented adhesive surface. Due to the bonding of the adhesive surface defects, the actual loads related to the core height are large enough to cause compressions with local buckling. Hence, the actual loads cannot reflect the performance of the sandwich panels. It is recommended to use panels with appropriate thicknesses below the sandwich and moderate grid density in the design.     

夹层结构复合材料低速冲击试验与分析

设计了聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫、 交联聚氯乙烯(X-PVC)泡沫、 NOMEX蜂窝、 缝合PMI以及开槽PMI泡沫等形式的玻璃布面板夹层结构复合材料, 研究了芯材种类和厚度、 面板玻璃布层数以及缝合和开槽等因素对夹层结构低速冲击性能的影响。结果表明, PMI泡沫芯较X-PVC泡沫芯和NOMEX蜂窝芯具有更高的冲击破坏载荷和吸收能量。随着泡沫密度及面板厚度的增加, 夹层结构复合材料的冲击破坏载荷和破坏吸收能量增大。合理的缝合和开槽, 能够增加PMI泡沫夹层结构的强度、 刚度及界面性能, 提高冲击承载能力。     

工字梁型蜂窝芯材共面冲击性能的有限元模拟

目的研究双壁厚工字梁型金属蜂窝芯材的共面冲击性能。方法借助有限元软件Ansys/LSDYNA,建立工字梁型蜂窝芯材的有限元模型,并进行CAE分析。结果在不同冲击速度下,工字梁型蜂窝芯材表现出不同的变形模式。当工字梁型金属蜂窝芯材的其他结构参数固定时,其共面动态峰应力与冲击速度的平方成线性关系;当冲击速度一定时,其共面动态峰应力与壁厚边长比成幂指数关系。同时,拟合得到了工字梁型金属蜂窝芯材共面动态峰应力关于壁厚边长比和冲击速度的经验计算公式。结论工字梁型蜂窝具有优良的结构和吸能能力,研究工字梁型蜂窝的冲击性能具有重要的科学研究和工程应用价值。     

Testing and modeling of Nomex™ honeycomb sandwich Panels with bolt insert

Nomex™ honeycomb core sandwich panels with a bolt insert were load tested and modeled. The objective was to predict the honeycomb local buckling load and to identify a Nomex™ honeycomb constituent material model. Sandwich specimens were subjected to bolt pull-out load tests. The same sandwich structure was also tested in flat-wise tension with strain gages installed on the honeycomb walls. Finite element models of the flat-wise tension and bolt pull-out tests were built. The honeycomb geometry and strain gages were modeled with shell elements. An orthotropic honeycomb material model was identified by comparing the two test models to the experimental data. The material parameters identified are in the mid-range of previously published values. The pull-out test model was used to predict honeycomb wall buckling with a nodal rotation vector sum criterion. The buckling loads predictions closely corresponded to the start of the experimental load/displacement slope transition zone.     

米字形填充正方形蜂窝异面平台应力

目的 研究冲击速度和结构参数对米字形填充正方形蜂窝异面平台应力的影响规律。方法 利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立该蜂窝可靠的基于胞元阵列的异面冲击分析有限元模型;基于简化的超折叠单元理论推导该蜂窝的准静态平台应力理论公式,理论值与仿真值相吻合验证理论公式的正确性。对不同壁厚边长比的蜂窝,在不同冲击速度下进行异面冲击仿真分析,利用LS-PrePost软件处理得到相应的接触力-位移曲线,进一步处理得到变形模式和平台应力,并以图表的形式加以展示与分析。结果 不同冲击速度下结构参数固定的蜂窝表现出LS、MS和HS等3种不同的异面冲击变形模式,从LS模式转变到MS模式再到HS模式的临界速度分别约为20 m/s和150 m/s;壁厚边长比对变形模式的影响可忽略。结论 该蜂窝动态平台应力随冲击速度(或壁厚边长比)的增加而增大,且增长速率不断提高。当其他参数固定时,LS模式和MS模式下该蜂窝的动态平台应力与冲击速度呈二次函数关系,HS模式下动态平台应力与冲击速度的平方呈线性关系;动态平台应力与壁厚边长比呈幂函数关系。基于仿真计算结果,得到了该蜂窝动态平台应力的经验表达式。     

Processing and high strain rate impact response of multi-functional sandwich composites

Sandwich composites are finding increasing applications in aerospace, marine and commercial structures because they offer high bending stiffness and lightweight advantages. Currently, foam and honeycomb core sandwich composites are widely used in structural applications. However, affordability continues to be the driver to develop sandwich constructions that can be processed at lower costs and containing integrated design features. This paper considers sandwich constructions with reinforced cores by way of three-dimensional Z-pins embedded into foam, honeycomb cells filled with foam, and hollow/space accessible Z-pins acting as core reinforcement. These designs offer added advantages over conventional constructions load bearing by enabling functions such as ability to route wires, mount electronic components, increase transverse stiffness, tailor vibration damping, etc. With the assumption that these sandwich constructions would be part of a larger structure, impact damage is often of concern. This paper deals with: (a) processing of sandwich composites using out-of-autoclave cost-effective liquid molding approach, and (b) investigation of the high strain rate impact (164–326/s) response of the sandwich composite structures. Wherever applicable, comparisons are made to traditional foam core and honeycomb core sandwich constructions.