The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Oxidation Behavior of HVOF and VPS CoNiCrAlY Coatings

Free-standing VPS and HVOF CoNiCrAlY coatings were produced. The as-sprayed HVOF coating retained the γ/β microstructure of the feedstock powder, and the VPS coating consisted of a single (γ) phase. A 3-h, 1100 °C heat treatment in vacuum converted the single-phase VPS coating to a two-phase γ/β microstructure and coarsened the γ/β microstructure of the HVOF coating. Oxidation of free-standing as-sprayed and heat-treated coatings of each type was carried out in air at 1100 °C for a duration of 100 h. Parabolic rate constant(s), K _p, were determined for free-standing, as-sprayed VPS and HVOF coatings as well as for free-standing coatings that were heat treated prior to oxidation. The observed increase in K _p following heat treatment is attributed to a sintering effect eliminating porosity from the coating during heat treatment. The lower K _p values determined for both HVOF coatings compared to the VPS coatings is attributed to the presence of oxides in the HVOF coatings, which act as the barrier to diffusion. Oxidation of the as-sprayed coatings produced a dual-layer oxide consisting of an inner α-Al₂O₃ layer and outer spinel layer. Oxidation of the heat-treated samples resulted in a single-layer oxide, α-Al₂O₃. The formation of a thin α-Al₂O₃ layer during heat treatment appeared to prevent nucleation and growth of spinel oxides during subsequent oxidation.     

On the Early Stage Isothermal Oxidation of APS CoNiCrAlY Coatings

The aim of this study is to analyze the evolution of microstructural and room temperature mechanical properties of air plasma sprayed (APS) CoNiCrAlY coatings before and after early stage high-temperature oxidation. To this purpose, selected samples were isothermally heat treated at 1110 °C for different durations. Phase analysis and oxide scale characterization were performed using x-ray diffraction. Morphological and microstructural features of as-sprayed and oxidized CoNiCrAlY coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. After heat treatment, a duplex oxide scale, composed of an inner α-Al₂O₃ layer and an outer spinel-type oxide layer, was observed on coating top-surface. The nanoindentation technique was employed to study the evolution of the mechanical properties. An increase in Young’s modulus and hardness with increasing the aging time was observed, this effect was mainly addressed to the partial densification of coating microstructure.     

Oxidation behaviour of CoNiCrAlY bond coats produced by plasma, HVOF and cold gas dynamic spraying

This paper examines and compares the microstructure and oxidation behaviour of CoNiCrAlY coatings manufactured by the APS, HVOF and CGDS deposition techniques. The coatings microstructural features were characterized by means of SEM and XRD analyses. Coating samples were then subjected to isothermal heat treatments at 1000 °C. Oxide growth rates were obtained from a series of mass gain measurements while oxide scale compositions were determined from SEM, XRD and EDS analyses. Results obtained in this study show that the as-sprayed CGDS and HVOF coatings exhibit similar microstructures, whereas the APS coating features high levels of visible defects and oxide content. Oxidation experiments revealed low oxide growth rates for both the CGDS and HVOF coatings as a result of low porosity and oxide content. The oxide scale on the CGDS and HVOF coatings after 100 h of oxidation were composed mainly of alumina without the presence of detrimental fast-growing mixed oxides. The presence of Cr₂O₃ and dispersed NiO was however also observed for the HVOF coating. As expected, the APS coating featured the onset of mixed oxides in the early stages of oxidation. From these results, it appears that potential improvements to the bond coat oxidation behaviour can be achieved using low-temperature processing methods such as CGDS.     

Hot Corrosion Behavior of Low-Pressure Cold-Sprayed CoNiCrAlY Coatings

CoNiCrAlY coatings were deposited by low-pressure cold spraying and pre-oxidized in a vacuum environment, and its hot corrosion behavior in pure Na₂SO₄ and 75 wt.% Na₂SO₄ + 25 wt.% NaCl salts was investigated. The pre-oxidation treatment resulted in the formation of a dense and continuous α-Al₂O₃ scale on the coating surface. After being corroded for 150 h at 900 °C, the pre-oxidized coating exhibited better corrosion resistance to both salts than the as-sprayed coating. The presence of preformed Al₂O₃ scale reduced the consumption rate of aluminum, by delaying the formation of internal oxides and sulfides and promoting the formation of a denser and more adherent Al₂O₃ scale. Moreover, we investigated the corrosion mechanism of cold-sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings in the two salts and discussed the effect of the pre-oxidation treatment.     

EIS STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT ON CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF NICKEL BASE ALLOY COATING

采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)方法在碳钢基体上制备了NiCrBSi喷涂层, 对包覆样 品进行900 ℃保温2 h或10 min热处理, 利用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了涂层在3.5%NaCl 水溶液中的腐蚀失效过程和耐蚀性的变化规律. EIS图谱分析表明, 喷态涂层抗介质渗透能力 差, 腐蚀20 h后介质可渗达碳钢基体;900 ℃, 2 h保温热处理涂层腐蚀 15 h后EIS谱发生明 显变化, 产生局部腐蚀;而900 ℃, 10 min处理涂层为均匀腐蚀, EIS谱形可长时间保持稳定. 利用等效电路拟合, 获取了涂层界面反应阻力(腐蚀抗力)随时间变化的关系, 显示高温短 时(10 min)热处理涂层的界面反应阻力高且稳定, 其耐蚀性和抗介质渗透能力远优于喷态 涂层, 但2 h保温热处理涂层的耐蚀性比喷态涂层的差. 利用组织结构分析解释了热处理影响 涂层腐蚀行为的原因.     

Microstructural Evolution of SAPS/HVOF CoNiCrAlY Alloy Coating During Thermal Cycling Test

In this paper, CoNiCrAlY alloy coatings were deposited by high-efficiency supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying (SAPS) and high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying. The microstructural evolution of coatings during thermal cycling test was investigated. The results suggested that the as-sprayed SAPS coating consisted of lamellar structures and unmelted particles. However, the as-sprayed HVOF coating primarily consisted of the unmelted particles. The β-NiAl phase mainly existed in the unmelted particles, and its content increased with the increase of unmelted particles. The thermal cycling life of SAPS coating was 258 cycles, about 117 % higher than that of HVOF coating. During thermal cycling, significant internal oxidation and large cracks formed in the HVOF coating, which was one of the reasons that led to the spallation of HVOF coating.     

Effect of 2D WS<Subscript>2</Subscript> Addition on Cold-Sprayed Aluminum Coating

Tungsten disulfide (WS₂) has excellent solid lubrication properties due to its 2D layered structure. This study focuses on depositing Al-2 wt.% WS₂ composite coating by cold spray technique. The effect of WS₂ addition on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of the composite coatings is examined in the as-deposited and heat-treated conditions. After heat treatment, the coating density increased to 99% with improved intersplat bonding. The microhardness of the heat-treated Al-2 wt.% WS₂ coating increased by 56% as compared to the as-sprayed coating. The wear resistance of heat-treated Al-2 wt.% WS₂ coating improved by 75% with a synergistic reduction in the coefficient of friction (COF) by 51%. Transmission electron microscopy investigation reveals the presence of layered WS₂ within aluminum splats with a strong interface. This study shows that cold spraying can be effectively used to integrate 2D layered WS₂ as a solid lubricant in the metallic coatings.     

Influence of Surface Finishing on the Oxidation Behaviour of VPS MCrAlY Coatings

CoNiCrAlY coatings were produced by means of the vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) process onto CMSX-4 single crystal nickel superalloy disk substrates. As-sprayed samples were annealed at high temperatures in low vacuum. Three kinds of finishing processes were carried out, producing three types of samples: as-sprayed, mechanically smoothed by grinding, ground and PVD coated by using aluminum targets in an oxygen atmosphere. Samples were tested under isothermal conditions, in air, at 1000 °C, and up to 5000 h. Morphological, microstructural and compositional analyses were performed on the coated samples in order to assess the high temperature oxidation behavior provided by the three different surface finishing processes. Several differences were observed: grinding operations decrease the oxidation resistance, whereas the PVD process can increase the performances over longer time with respect of the as-sprayed samples.     

Oxidation Resistance of Vacuum Plasma Sprayed CoNiCrAlY Coatings Modified by Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc Deposition Aluminizing

The vacuum plasma sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings are modified by filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition aluminizing. The microstructure and oxidation resistance of the coatings are investigated. The parabolic law is obeyed for the aluminized coatings after oxidation at 1100 °C for 100 h. Its parabolic kinetic constant is 0.080 mg²/cm⁴ h, which is lower than that of as-sprayed coatings. The continuous and dense Al₂O₃ scale is formed earlier due to the increase of Al concentration, and the spinels hardly exist. The oxidation resistance is improved obviously after filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition aluminizing.     

Optimization of spraying process and laser treatment of CoNiCrAlY

This article describes the investigation of a new generation of vacuum plasma sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings on NiCr20Ti in the sprayed as well as the laser-treated condition. The aim of the study was the improvement of MCrAlY coating properties by modifying the microstructure through laser remelting with 5-kW Co₂: lasers. Parameter analysis and optimization was carried out for the vacuum plasma spraying process, as well as for the laser remelting technique. The effect of the laser treatment on microstructure, quality of the coatings, and oxidation as well as hot gas corrosion behavior are reported.     

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of VPS and HVOF CoNiCrAlY Coatings

In this study, high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) coatings were sprayed using a Praxair (CO-210-24) CoNiCrAlY powder. Free-standing coatings underwent vacuum annealing at different temperatures for times of up to 840 h. Feedstock powder, and as-sprayed and annealed coatings, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The hardness and Young’s modulus of the as-sprayed and the annealed HVOF and VPS coatings were measured, including the determination of Young’s moduli of the individual phases via nanoindentation and measurements of Young’s moduli of coatings at temperatures up to 500 °C. The Eshelby inclusion model was employed to investigate the effect of microstructure on the coatings’ mechanical properties. The sensitivity of the mechanical properties to microstructural details was confirmed. Young’s modulus was constant up to ~200 °C, and then decreased with increasing measurement temperature. The annealing process increased Young’s modulus because of a combination of decreased porosity and β volume fraction. Oxide stringers in the HVOF coating maintained its higher hardness than the VPS coating, even after annealing.     

Isothermal oxidation resistance comparison between air plasma sprayed, vacuum plasma sprayed and high velocity oxygen fuel sprayed CoNiCrAlY bond coats

Commercial CoNiCrAlY powders with the same chemical composition were sprayed by vacuum plasma spraying (VPS), air plasma spraying (APS) and high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) onto Hastelloy X superalloy substrates obtaining coatings of comparable thickness. After coating, samples were maintained at 1273 K in air for different periods up to 3000 h. Morphological, microstructural and compositional analyses were performed in order to assess the high temperature oxidation resistance provided by the different spraying systems. HVOF technique provided bond coats with higher oxidation resistance compared to APS and VPS.     

Nano-phenomena during exposure of plasma-sprayed ceria stabilised zirconia coatings to oxygen rich environments

Plasma-sprayed zirconia coatings are widely used for oxidation protection. Up-to-date, microstructural stabilisation of such coatings is mainly achieved with yttrium oxide; however recent scientific attempts indicated that ceria stabilised zirconia coatings could be a very promising alternative. In the present work, a coating of this kind has been deposited onto a Ni-based superalloy with the interference of a NiCrAlY bond coating by plasma spraying. Its oxidation resistance was estimated with thermogravimetric analysis with exposure at 1100 °C in air. The microstructure of the as-sprayed coating was studied with X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy before and after oxidation. From this examination it was deduced that ceria stabilised zirconia (CSZ) coating is rather stable at the temperature under question. However reduction of ceria takes place at larger exposure periods.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on the Bond Coat Cyclic Oxidation Behaviour in an Air-plasma-sprayed Thermal Barrier Coating System

THE METALLIC BOND COAT is an importantconstituent in a TBC system.It enhances the adhesionof the ceramic thermal barrier layer(the topcoat)to thesubstrate and also provides oxidation protection to thesubstrate metal.The composition of the bond coat,generalized as M-Cr-Al-Y,where M represents Ni,Coand/or Fe,generally allows a layer of alumina(A12O3)to form during high temperature exposure.If acontinuous scale of A12O3forms along the interfacebetween the bond coat and the ceramic to…     

等离子喷涂与脉冲等离子爆炸复合涂层的氧化组织分析

采用等离子喷涂在镍基高温合金GH4049表面制备了CoNiCrAlY涂层,随后对涂层进行了脉冲等离子爆炸和真空预氧化处理,并对涂层进行了1050℃保温10 h和50 h的恒温静态氧化实验。结果表明:经过脉冲等离子爆炸处理后的涂层表面形貌更加平坦,脉冲等离子爆炸处理使得涂层表面的片层结构转变为致密结构,减少了氧气渗入涂层的通道,有效延缓了涂层的氧化过程,且没有改变涂层的化学成分;在1050℃空气中氧化50 h后,涂层的物相组成与未氧化处理的基本一致。     

An investigation on the microstructure and oxidation behavior of laser remelted air plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings

NiCrAlY bond-coat was coated on Inconel 718 substrate by air plasma spraying (APS) followed by APS ZrO₂-8 wt.%Y₂O₃ as top-coat. Using CO₂ laser of different energy densities, ceramic top-coat surface was remelted. Laser remelting with high energy density (4 J/mm²) produced a dense microstructure over the whole thickness of top-coat, while low energy density (0.67 J/mm²) laser remelting produced a ~ 50 μm thick dense layer on the top-coat surface. It was found that the volume fraction of monoclinic phase decreased from 9% in as-sprayed coating to 4% and 3% after laser remelting with high and low energy density respectively. After isothermal oxidation at 1200 °C for 200 h, the thickness of oxide layer (TGO) in the sample produced by low energy density laser remelting was ~ 5.6 μm, which was thinner than that of oxide layer in as-sprayed (~ 7.6 μm) and high energy density laser remelted (~ 7.5 μm) samples. A uniform and continuous oxide layer was found to develop on the bond-coat surface after low energy density laser remelting. Thicker oxide layer containing Cr₂O₃, NiO and spinel oxides was observed in both as-sprayed and high energy density laser remelted coatings. After cyclic oxidation at 1200 °C for 240 h, the weight gain per unit area of as-sprayed coating was similar to that of high energy density laser remelted coating while a significantly smaller weight gain was found in low energy density laser remelted coating.     

退火热处理对高速电弧喷涂碳钢涂层组织性能的影响

采用高速电弧喷涂技术制备高碳钢涂层,并分别进行450、550和650℃保温2h的退火热处理,研究退火工艺对涂层的组织结构、相成分、残余应力及硬度的影响规律。结果表明,除了氧化物之外,高碳钢涂层在热处理前主要含有马氏体组织,450℃退火后出现了粒状渗碳体+铁素体特征的组织,550和650℃退火之后呈现块状特征的组织,且明显粗大;退火处理后涂层中的拉应力有减小的趋势;涂层硬度随着加热温度的升高而降低。因此,合适的热处理工艺可以有效地控制碳钢喷涂层的组织性能。     

Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of NiCoCrAlTaY Coating Deposited by High Velocity Air-Fuel Spraying

The performance of thermal barrier coatings is influenced by the high temperature oxidation behavior of the bond coat. In this paper, NiCoCrAlTaY bond coat was deposited by high velocity air-fuel (HVAF) spraying, and the microstructure and surface morphology of the bond coat before and after oxidation were examined to aim at developing high performance thermal barrier coatings. Results showed that the HVAF sprayed NiCoCrAlTaY coating presented a dense microstructure and some partially melted particles with a near spherical morphology were deposited on the coating surface. A uniform ??-Al₂O₃ scale was formed on the HVAF sprayed MCrAlY coating surface after the pre-oxidation treatment in an argon atmosphere. A small fraction of nodular-shaped mixed oxides was formed when the MCrAlY coating was oxidized for 100?h at 1000?°C. The amount of the mixed oxides increased less significantly after 200?h oxidation. A homogeneous ??-Al₂O₃ oxide scale was maintained over the large particles on the bond coat surface after 200?h oxidation at 1000?°C in air. A model is proposed to explain the formation of nodular-shaped mixed oxides.     

Plasma spraying of lanthanum silicate electrolytes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFCs)

A new challenge in the field of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) concerns reducing their operating temperature to 973 K. Apatite ceramics are interesting candidates for SOFC electrolytes due to their high ionic conductivity at this temperature. The present work reports on the fabrication and characterization of La₉SrSi₆O_26.5 coatings obtained by atmospheric plasma spraying with two different plasma spray powers. The microstructure and the composition of the as-sprayed and heat-treated coatings were investigated by several techniques including X-Ray Diffraction, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The open porosity of the coatings was evaluated by the Archimedean method. It was found that the as-sprayed apatite coatings were composed of an amorphous phase as well as of a crystalline apatite phase, and that they contained chemical heterogeneities resulting from Si volatilization in the high-temperature plasma. Furthermore, a heat treatment rendered it possible to obtain denser, fully crystallized apatite coatings. Ionic conductivity measurements carried out with impedance spectroscopy demonstrated that the conductivity of the apatite coatings - depending on the spraying conditions - increased with sintering.     

SiC Coatings for Carbon/Carbon Composites Fabricated by Vacuum Plasma Spraying Technology

SiC coatings for carbon/carbon (C/C) composites have been prepared by the combination process of vacuum plasma spraying technology and heat treatment. The SiC coatings were formed by the reaction of C/C substrates with as-sprayed silicon coatings deposited by vacuum plasma spraying. The preparation temperature and the thickness of original silicon coatings have great influence on the microstructure and the thickness of the synthesized SiC coatings. The results indicated that a continuous and dense SiC coating has been produced on the surface of C/C substrates. The SiC coatings prepared at 2073 K with the silicon coatings of 230 μm thickness, exhibited a low mass loss of 2.56% in the plasma jet with temperature about 2473 K and duration of 420 s in atmosphere. The present results implied that vacuum plasma spraying technology combined with heat treatment was an acceptable method for synthesis of protective SiC coatings for C/C composites.