Structural and chemical evolution of super duplex stainless steel on activated tungsten inert gas welding process

Abstract

In the present work, the welding parameters of tungsten inert gas (TIG) and activated tungsten inert gas (ATIG) welding processes were compared on duplex stainless steel with two protective gases (Ar and ArHeN₂). The addition of an activating flux can improve the TIG welding process. The ATIG process involves an increase in the penetration as well as a reduction in the number of passes for a thickness higher than 2 mm for stainless steel or other metallic materials. Metallographic observations, chemical analyses and mechanical tests were performed. The results show the importance of the welding parameters, the protective gas and the use of a flux on the characteristics of the weld beads, its microstructure, its hardness and its behaviour in corrosion after welding.     

Comparison of the Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of AISI 304 Pipes Welded by TIG and LBW

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviour of AISI 304 pipe girth welds which were welded by a single-pass laser beam welding (LBW) and a multi-pass tungsten inert gas welding (TIG),respectively,was studied by the slow strain rate tests combined with the electrochemical corrosion tests.The results show that fracture of both the TIG joint and LBW joint occurs in the heat-affected zone (HAZ).According to the electron-backscattered diffraction observation of the microstructures,comparison of potentiodynamic polarization curves and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of corrosion products on HAZs of the two joints after the electrochemical tests,the LBW joint exhibits better SCC resistance than the TIG joint in corrosion environments,due to the synthetic effect of more Cr2O3 in corrosion products,finer grains,lower residual strain and higher δ-ferrite content in its HAZ.Although the TIG joint has better mechanical property,considering lower SCC susceptibility and higher production efficiency of the LBW joint,the LBW promisingly replaces the TIG for welding of AISI 304 pipes in the nuclear power industry.     

TA2薄壁钛管双TIG焊温度场和残余应力分布对接头组织性能的影响

针对纯钛TA2薄壁管的钨极氩弧焊(TIG)高速焊接时出现的咬边、驼峰等成形缺陷,以及焊接效率低等问题,提出采用双TIG焊接工艺,可有效提高焊接速度,改善焊缝成形的解决措施.同时采用ABAQUS对两种焊接方法建立焊接热弹塑性有限元模型,对比分析焊接温度场和焊后残余应力分布,并进一步对焊接TA2薄壁钛管进行显微组织分析及力...     

2219铝合金母材及焊接接头的腐蚀行为

采用剥蚀试验和动电位极化曲线测试对2219铝合金母材、搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和钨极氩弧焊(TIG)焊接头的腐蚀行为进行了研究。通过腐蚀失重测试、电化学试验与剥蚀后表面及深度方向腐蚀微观形貌观察,对三者的腐蚀形式和机理进行了分析。结果表明:母材腐蚀速率最大,自腐蚀电位最低,而腐蚀电流密度最大;两种接头焊缝/焊核的耐蚀性总体接近,都优于母材的,FSW焊核的耐蚀性最优。合金母材的腐蚀形式为层状剥蚀,TIG焊缝为晶间腐蚀,深度较小,FSW焊核为点蚀。三者的腐蚀均与析出相有关,母材的析出相粗大,与基体之间的电偶效应最明显;TIG焊缝析出相沿枝晶晶界排列,但析出相尺寸小,电偶作用弱于母材;FSW焊核析出相尺寸由于机械搅拌而变小且分布弥散,腐蚀性能有所改善。     

1Cr18Ni9Ti+Q235复合钢板对接焊缝组织和抗腐蚀性能分析

针对内复合不锈钢焊管制造,采用4种焊接工艺对厚度为3mm+10mm的1Cr18Ni9Ti+Q235复合钢板对接焊缝进行了自动焊接,对焊接接头进行显微组织分析、拉伸、内外弯曲、冲击试验、电化学和晶间腐蚀试验.结果表明,采用TIG焊焊接复层,复层焊缝显微组织为奥氏体加少量铁素体,在1moL/L的盐酸溶液中进行电化学腐蚀试验,其抗电化学腐蚀性能与母材复层相近,无晶间腐蚀现象.基体采用TIG焊的焊接接头,基体焊缝组织为较高强韧性的板条状马氏体,满足力学性能要求.而基体采用SAW焊的焊接接头,基体焊缝力学性能和复层焊缝抗腐蚀性能均不能满足要求.     

双相不锈钢及其焊接接头腐蚀研究进展

双相不锈钢耐点蚀、耐晶间腐蚀和耐氯化物应力腐蚀性能优良,是优良的海洋用金属材料,但其焊接接头常成为薄弱区而发生腐蚀问题.从材料因素综述了双相不锈钢腐蚀研究的进展.首先,总结了合金元素和热处理对双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响.合金元素分配及其引起的二次相析出及产生的元素贫化区、铁素体/奥氏体相比例的变化决定双相不锈钢的耐腐蚀...     

Cr含量对低合金耐蚀管线钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响

采用钨极氩孤弧焊(TIG)对Cr含量为1wt%～5wt%的低合金耐蚀管线钢进行焊接,研究Cr含量对焊接接头组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着低合金耐蚀管线钢中Cr含量提高,粗晶热影响区晶粒尺寸变大,熔合区组织不均匀,易出现淬硬组织。随Cr含量提高,焊接接头的硬度呈上升趋势,冲击韧性呈下降趋势,尤其当Cr含量达5wt%时,硬度的提高和冲击韧性的下降尤为明显。低合金耐蚀管线钢的Cr含量不超过3wt%时,可得到硬度适中、韧性较高的焊接接头。     

热输入对超薄443铁素体不锈钢组织性能的影响

针对443铁索体不锈钢焊接接头存在粗晶组织与性能脆化等问题进行研究,采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了不同焊接方法焊后接头组织和性能的变化.采用钨极氩弧焊(TIG)、脉冲钨极氩弧焊(P-TIG)和脉冲激光焊(P-LBW)三种焊接方法进行焊接,分析了不同热输入对超薄443铁素体不锈钢焊接接头微观组织、拉伸性能和杯突性能的影响规律.结果表明,焊接热输入是影响该铁素体不锈钢焊接接头组织和性能的重要因素,采用脉冲焊接方法来细化组织可以有效提高焊接接头综合性能.     

Microstructure and Properties of TIG/FSW Welded Joints of a New Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy

A new Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy with low Sc content was welded by tungsten inert gas (TIG) and friction stir welding (FSW) techniques. The microstructure and properties of those two welded joints were investigated by property tests and microstructural observations. The results show that the new Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy has desirable welding property. The ultimate tensile strength and welding coefficient of the TIG joint reach 405 MPa and 76.7%, respectively, and in FSW joint those property values reach 490 MPa and 92.6%, respectively. The studied base metal has a deformed fibrous subgrains structure, many nano-scaled Al₃(Sc,Zr) particles, and very fine aging precipitates. In the TIG joint, the fusion zone consists of coarsened dendritic grains and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) has fibrous micro-scaled subgrains. The FSW welded joint is characterized by a weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and HAZ. Due to plastic deformation around the rotating pin and anti-recrystallized effectiveness of Al₃(Sc,Zr) particles, the weld nugget zone has a very fine subgrain structure. The TMAZ experiences some dissolution of aging precipitates. Coarsening of aging precipitates was observed in the HAZ. The better mechanical properties of the FSW joint are derived from a fine subgrain structure and homogeneous chemical compositions.     

厚板钛合金窄间隙TIG焊接头组织与性能

采用氩弧焊的方法在窄间隙条件下,采用TIG填丝多层焊的方式实现了TC4厚板钛合金的优质连接．结果表明,通过优化焊接参数和合理的惰性气体保护方案设计,保证了接头的完整性与可靠性．通过宏观和微观金相分析,发现窄间隙焊接条件下晶粒生长遵循联生结晶生长规律;由于受到焊接热循环的作用,致使接头显微结构随着冷却速度变化呈现不同的组织结构;窄间隙TIG焊接头因啮合强化而使得接头强度得到提高,焊缝的平均强度达到母材的90％以上．     

Al-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr合金板材搅拌摩擦焊和氩弧焊焊接接头的对比

研究Al-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr合金的焊接工艺和焊接接头组织和性能。采用搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）和氩弧焊（TIG）2种焊接工艺对该合金的热轧和冷轧-退火2种使用态板材进行焊接。采用比较研究的方法测定和研究焊接接头的力学性能和显微组织,利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜研究焊缝的显微组织和力学性能之间的关系。结果表明,与基材相比,Al-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr合金的热轧和冷轧-退火板材的FSW和TIG焊接接头的强度均下降,但FSW焊接系数高于TIG焊接系数。这是因为FSW焊接接头焊核区亚结构强化的丧失和Al3（Sc,Zr）的析出强化作用的极少量丧失,而TIG焊焊接接头的软化主要原因是其形变强化的完全丧失和Al3（Sc,Zr）的析出强化作用的大部分丧失,且搅拌摩擦焊焊核区晶粒比TIG焊的焊缝区晶粒更细小。     

Microstructure analysis and mechanical characteristics of tungsten inert gas and metal inert gas welded AA6082-T6 tubular joint: A comparative study

The present study is aimed to compare the microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of AA6082 in T6 condition of tubular joints fabricated by tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) and metal inert gas welding (MIG) processes. The effect of welding processes was analysed based on optical microscopy image, tensile testing, and Vickers micro-hardness measurements. The results showed that the tensile strengths of the TIG-welded joints were better than those of the MIG-welded joints, due to the contribution of fine equiaxed grains formation with narrower spacing arms. In terms of joint efficiency, the TIG process produced more reliable strength, which was about 25% higher compared to the MIG-joint. A significant decay of hardness was recorded in the adjacent of the weld bead zone, shown in both joints, related to phase transformation, induced by high temperatures experienced by material. A very low hardness, which was about 1.08 GPa, was recorded in the MIG-welded specimens. The extent of the heat-affected-zone (HAZ) in the MIG-welded joints was slightly wider than those of the TIG-welded specimens, which corresponded with a higher heat input per unit length.     

Tungsten Inert Gas and Friction Stir Welding Characteristics of 4-mm-Thick 2219-T87 Plates at Room Temperature and −196 °C

2219-T87 aluminum alloy is widely used for fabricating liquid rocket propellant storage tank, due to its admirable cryogenic property. Welding is the dominant joining method in the manufacturing process of aerospace components. In this study, the tungsten inert gas welding and friction stir welding (FSW) characteristics of 4-mm-thick 2219-T87 alloy plate at room temperature (25 °C) and deep cryogenic temperature (?196 °C) were investigated by property measurements and microscopy methods. The studied 2219 base alloy exhibits a low strength plane anisotropy and excellent room temperature and cryogenic mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength values of TIG and FSW welding joints can reach 265 and 353 MPa at room temperature, and 342 and 438 MPa at ?196 °C, respectively. The base metal consists of elongated deformed grains and many nano-scaled θ (Al₂Cu) aging precipitates. Fusion zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the TIG joint are characterized by coarsening dendritic grains and equiaxed recrystallized grains, respectively. The FSW-welded joint consists of the weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and HAZ. In the weld nugget zone, a micro-scaled sub-grain structure is the main microstructure characteristic. The TMAZ and HAZ are both characterized by coarsened aging precipitates and elongated deformed grains. The excellent FSW welding properties are attributed to the preservation of the working structures and homogenous chemical compositions.     

Microstructure and porosity analysis in ultrasonic assisted TIG welding of 2014 aluminum alloy

The ultrasonic assisted tungsten inert gas (U-TIG)welding is a newly developed arc welding method,which is aimed at improving the weld quality and efficiency.TIG welding and U-TIG welding of 2014 aluminum alloy with 5 mm thickness were experimentally carried out in this paper.The microstructure and porosity of welded joints were analyzed.Compared with conventional TIG welding,the columnar crystals are changed into equiaxed crystals at the centre of weld zone and the grain of fusion zone in U-TIG welding is refined and equiaxed.The porosities of joint decrease after the ultrasonic was applied on the arc.The mechanism of crystal grain refiaement is discussed in this paper and the reasons of porosity decrease in U-TIG welded joint may be due to the effect of acoustic streaming and cavitation,which need further research.     

Influence of interpass temperature on the properties of duplex stainless steel during welding by submerged arc welding process

Duplex stainless steels are materials that present high corrosion resistance with high values of mechanical strength, therefore motivating their use in various components in the offshore industry. However, there are major challenges in the welding of these materials in terms of the productivity and quality of the joint produced, considering its extensive use for components of small thickness, such as umbilicals, to those of large thickness, such as salt water injection pipelines. In relation to pipes of small thickness, the gas tungsten arc welding process is successfully used. In thick-walled pipes, the automatic process of submerged arc welding (SAW) has been recently implemented in lines of pre-assembled piping, and this has considerably increased the productivity of the joints produced, though, a great deal of time is required to perform a new weld pass, due to the fact that the maximum interpass temperature needs to be lower than 150 °C. This work presents the results of characterization and the evaluation of corrosion resistance of a welded joint corresponding to DSS UNS S31803, with a wall thickness of 21.4 mm, welded by the gas metal arc welding process in the root and SAW process in the filling and cap passes, employing an interpass temperature between 150 and 290 °C. The results of the characterization of the mechanical properties, chemical composition and corrosion resistance in different regions of the welded joint were compared with those obtained for the base metal of the pipe, as well as with the minimum values required by the project standards. Therefore, this study has made an evaluation of the influence of the interpass temperature in the properties of the joints produced, motivated by a possible increase in productivity in pipe welding.     

TIG焊Al3Zr/A356复合材料的显微组织特征和耐腐蚀性能

通过原位反应法制备了增强相含量为3%(质量分数，下同)的Al₃Zr/A356铝基复合材料(AMCs)。通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪和显微硬度测试，研究了不同钨极氩弧(TIG)焊焊接参数下焊接接头的显微组织和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明，当焊接电流为140 A时，焊缝成形最好，没有气孔或裂纹等焊接缺陷。焊接过程中生成细小的Al₃Ti增强颗粒，呈球形和短棒状，并分散在基体中。焊接接头的硬度高于基体金属的硬度，增强颗粒的强化效果明显。随着在3.5%NaCl溶液中的浸泡时间延长，焊缝的点蚀程度增加，且大多发生在晶界和强化相周围。微区电化学实验结果表明，当焊接电流为140 A时，腐蚀电位波动小，腐蚀倾向低，耐腐蚀性能最好。     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of pure nickel PAW and PAW-TIG welded joints

A plasma arc welding( PAW)-tungsten inert gas( TIG) hybrid welding process is proposed. And this paper investigated the microstructure and properties of pure nickel N6 joints by PAW-TIG hybrid welding. Compared with the conventional PAW method,the characteristic of PAW-TIG welding process is that there is no interaction between the two arcs.The addition of TIG can enhance the intrinsic high-efficiency peculiarity and the stability of the keyhole status of PAW. The joints made using PAW and PAW-TIG,respectively,were subjected to microstructural evaluations and tensile testing so as to analyze the effect of TIG arc energy on the microstructure and mechanical properties of these joints. The results of this investigation indicate that significant grain coarsening was observed in the weld metal( WM) and heat affected zone( HAZ)and it is found that the extent of grain coarsening increased with the addition of TIG arc. And the microstructure in hybrid joint,with wider weld width and the smooth surface,is coarser than in PAW joint. Furthermore,the microhardness and ultimate tensile strength( UTS) of hybrid joint is slightly lower than that of PAW joint. The fractograph observation shows that the fracturing mechanism of PAW joints ductile,while the hybrid welding joints exists as brittle-ductile fracture mode. The outcome of this work shows that in the condition of same deposited rate,TIG arc post-weld heat treatment can improve the welding efficiency and welding speed. The proposed PAW-TIG hybrid welding process is demonstrated to be suitable for welding nickel and its alloys in industry application.     

5083铝合金TIG焊接头组织与性能分析

采用TIG焊方法,以ER5356焊丝作为填充材料,对板厚为12 mm的5083铝合金进行了焊接试验研究.结果表明,在文中推荐的焊接参数条件下,可以获得优良的焊接接头,满足美国船级社(ABS)、中国船级社(CCS)的标准要求.对显微组织观察发现,焊缝组织细小均匀,主要为α-Al和β-Al₃Mg₂相,热影响区组织相比焊缝区有一定的粗化,母材为沿轧制方向的纤维状组织.对力学性能测试分析,焊接接头的抗拉强度达到母材强度的90%以上,并具有良好的抗冷弯性能.     

Mechanical and corrosion properties of 445J2 ultra pure ferritic stainless steel joint

The microstructure, mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of 445J2 ultra pure ferritic stainless steel thin plate joints conducted by the pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (PCGTAW) were discussed in this paper. In order to avoid weld defects, the appropriate welding process was adjusted. The joints were subjected to optical microscopy, transverse static tensile, plastic deformation, intergranular corrosion and electrochemistry corrosion tests. The results indicated that the weld zone (WZ) is characterized with columnar grains and equiaxed grains and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) shows coarse ferrite grains due to the rapid solidification of thin plate welding. The PCGTAW joint exhibited acceptable mechanical properties and equivalent corrosion resistance properties as the base metal.     

Pulse TIG Welding of Two Al-Mg-Si Alloys

This article reports the influence of pulse tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding parameters on the microstructure, hardness and tensile strength of weld joints of two Al-(0.5-0.8%)Si-(0.5-0.6%)Mg alloy (T4) produced by using three pulse frequencies (25, 33, and 50 Hz) and two duty cycles (40 and 50%). It has been observed that the mechanical properties (hardness and tensile strength) are sensitive to microstructure of weld metal, which is appreciably affected by the pulse parameters. Low frequency produced higher strength and hardness than high pulse frequency under identical welding conditions. Weld metal and HAZ were found stronger than the base metal. SEM study showed that the fracture of weldment was mostly brittle type.