双相不锈钢及其焊接接头腐蚀研究进展

双相不锈钢耐点蚀、耐晶间腐蚀和耐氯化物应力腐蚀性能优良,是优良的海洋用金属材料,但其焊接接头常成为薄弱区而发生腐蚀问题.从材料因素综述了双相不锈钢腐蚀研究的进展.首先,总结了合金元素和热处理对双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响.合金元素分配及其引起的二次相析出及产生的元素贫化区、铁素体/奥氏体相比例的变化决定双相不锈钢的耐腐蚀...     

双相不锈钢焊接接头的耐腐蚀性能

根据母材临界点蚀温度(CPT)的试验结果,利用小试样的腐蚀实验方法研究了奥氏体-铁素体双相不锈钢焊接接头的耐点蚀性能.结果表明,手工电弧焊工艺过程对双相不锈钢材料的耐点蚀性能具有显著的影响,点蚀优先发生在焊缝金属或焊接热影响区中.双相不锈钢材料的耐点蚀性能与材料本身奥氏体和铁素体相比例有关.腐蚀试样的表面状态(粗糙程度)对母材金属的耐点蚀性能有明显的影响.表面越粗糙,耐点蚀性能越差,临界点蚀温度越低.     

焊接方法对双相不锈钢焊接接头耐蚀性的影响

采用气体保护钨极氩弧焊（GTAW）、焊条电弧焊（SMAW）和埋弧焊（SAW）对2205双相不锈钢进行焊接,采用光学显微镜对接头组织进行观察,采用数点法计算铁素体相的含量,测定接头的耐点蚀和耐CO2应力腐蚀性能,研究焊接方法对接头耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,焊接方法影响焊缝组织形态及铁素体含量。GTAW焊缝由不规则的条状组织和两相交织分布的块状组织组成,而SMAW和SAW焊缝为方位不一的条状组织和少量的块状组织。GTAW和SMAW焊缝的铁素体含量为35％～55％,而SAW的不足20％。接头的耐蚀性与铁素体相比例密切相关,GTAW、SMAW和SAW的耐蚀性依次降低。从铁素体相比例和耐蚀性角度考虑,GTAW和SMAW能够获得满意的焊接接头。     

Effect of Austenitic and Austeno-Ferritic Electrodes on 2205 Duplex and 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel Dissimilar Welds

This study addresses the effect of different types of austenitic and austeno-ferritic electrodes (E309L, E309LMo and E2209) on the relationship between weldability, microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of shielded metal arc welded duplex/austenitic (2205/316L) stainless steel dissimilar joints using the combined techniques of optical, scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive spectrometer and electrochemical. The results indicated that the change in electrode composition led to microstructural variations in the welds with the development of different complex phases such as vermicular ferrite, lathy ferrite, widmanstatten and intragranular austenite. Mechanical properties of welded joints were diverged based on compositions and solidification modes; it was observed that ferritic mode solidified weld dominated property wise. However, the pitting corrosion resistance of all welds showed different behavior in chloride solution; moreover, weld with E2209 was superior, whereas E309L exhibited lower resistance. Higher degree of sensitization was observed in E2209 weld, while lesser in E309L weld. Optimum ferrite content was achieved in all welds.     

热输入对SAF2507超级双相不锈钢焊接接头显微组织及硬度的影响

采用显微观察、化学成分分析、硬度测定、EBSD分析的方法,研究了TIG焊接热输入对1.2 mm厚的SAF2507超级双相不锈钢焊接接头显微组织和硬度的影响机理.结果表明,在焊缝中,随着热输入由110 J/mm增加至156 J/mm,铁素体晶粒尺寸由90μm增至200μm,晶粒的粗化减少了奥氏体的形核位置,同时热输入的增...     

UNS S32750超级双相不锈钢激光焊接头微观组织与耐蚀性能

以UNS S32750超级双相不锈钢为研究对象,采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、电子探针显微分析仪对激光焊接头微观组织和元素分布进行表征,采用临界点蚀温度测试方法研究激光功率对激光焊接头点蚀行为的影响规律.结果表明,提高激光功率可显著增加焊缝中奥氏体含量,并且在一定程度上抑制Cr₂N析出.此外,激光焊焊缝具有比母材更低的耐点蚀性能.但随着激光功率的增加,焊缝中耐蚀的奥氏体含量增加,同时降低了Cr₂N析出倾向,因此其耐点蚀性能也逐渐增强.与双相钢母材相比,激光焊焊缝中Cr,Ni,Mo等合金元素在铁素体与奥氏体中的分配差异性显著减小,而N原子的分配差异性增加,因此焊缝中铁素体具有比奥氏体更低的耐点蚀指数,进而优先被选择性腐蚀.对于双相钢母材,点蚀主要发生在δ/γ相界和夹杂处,而激光焊焊缝的点蚀主要以铁素体内大量析出的Cr₂N作为点蚀萌生位置,并向弱相铁素体内快速发展.     

921A钢激光-MAG复合焊接头组织及性能

针对6 mm厚的921A钢板,采用激光-MAG复合焊接工艺进行对接焊试验,并对焊接接头的显微组织、硬度、拉伸性能、耐腐蚀性能等进行了分析。结果表明,采用激光-MAG复合焊工艺可获得成形连续美观的焊接接头,无未熔合、裂纹、气孔等缺陷;焊缝组织为针状铁素体、少量沿晶界析出的先共析铁素体及长条状贝氏体,热影响区组织为马氏体;焊接接头的拉伸性能和冲击性能均符合国家标准要求,焊缝强度高于母材,但塑韧性低于母材。峰值硬度在热影响区,为315 HV,焊缝硬度约为280 HV,符合最高硬度不得超过410 HV的规定。焊缝耐电化学腐蚀性能最强,母材次之,热影响区最低;激光和MAG电弧2种热源共同作用区域的组织分布更加均匀,硬度及耐腐蚀性能较激光单独作用区域有了明显改善。创新点： 采用激光-MAG复合焊实现了6 mm厚度921A钢板无缺陷对接焊的一次焊接成形。焊缝晶粒更加细化,分布更加均匀;焊缝抗拉强度、硬度、电化学腐蚀性能均高于母材,冲击吸收能量满足船级社要求。     

Assessment of Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance of Activated Tungsten Inert Gas-Welded Duplex Stainless Steel Joints

The stress corrosion cracking behavior of duplex stainless steel (DSS) weld joint largely depends on the ferrite-austenite phase microstructure balance. This phase balance is decided by the welding process used, heat input, welding conditions and the weld metal chemistry. In this investigation, the influence of activated tungsten inert gas (ATIG) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding processes on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of DSS joints was evaluated and compared. Boiling magnesium chloride (45 wt.%) environment maintained at 155 °C was used. The microstructure and ferrite content of different weld zones are correlated with the outcome of sustained load, SCC test. Irrespective of the welding processes used, SCC resistance of weld joints was inferior to that of the base metal. However, ATIG weld joint exhibited superior resistance to SCC than the TIG weld joint. The crack initiation and final failure were in the weld metal for the ATIG weld joint; they were in the heat-affected zone for the TIG weld joint.     

低合金高强钢激光电弧复合焊热模拟热影响区组织与冲击韧性

研制了一种Mn-Si-Ni-Cr系实心焊丝,用于新型船用440 MPa级低合金高强度(HSLA)钢焊接,采用热输入11.5,16.5和21.5 kJ/cm对该钢材进行了熔化极活性气体保护电弧焊,并使用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜等设备重点研究了热输入对焊缝组织及性能的影响. 结果表明,随着热输入的增大,焊缝组织先以粒状贝氏体和板条贝氏体为主转变为以针状铁素体为主,再转变为以针状铁素体、侧板条铁素体和先共析铁素体为主,而且焊缝中M-A组元含量、直径大于 1 μm的夹杂物占比和夹杂物的平均直径均逐渐增大;随着热输入的增大,焊缝硬度不断减小,焊缝、熔合线和熔合线 + 2 mm处的冲击韧性均先增大后减小,同时焊缝的耐腐蚀性能也先增大后减小;3种焊接接头的板拉伸弯曲试样均在母材处断裂,弯曲试样均完好.     

SUS304/Q235B双金属冶金复合螺旋管激光-CMT复合焊+埋弧焊接头组织及性能

采用激光-CMT复合焊+埋弧焊的焊接工艺对SUS304/Q235B双金属冶金复合螺旋管进行了生产试制,利用OM,EDS研究了复合管焊缝微观组织特征及合金元素分布,同时检验了焊接接头的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,焊缝合金成分合理,合金元素稀释率低。内焊焊缝(CMT区域)微观组织为奥氏体+铁素体+碳化物析出相,内焊焊缝(LBW区域)微观组织为奥氏体+铁素体+马氏体,Q235B基层焊缝微观组织为铁素体+珠光体;焊接接头抗拉强度平均值为451 MPa,-10 ℃下焊缝及热影响区的冲击吸收能量平均值分别为167 J和236 J,焊接接头面弯、背弯180°拉伸面无裂纹(弯轴直径45 mm),焊缝硬度最高值为285 HV10;晶间腐蚀试验后,管体与焊缝弯曲180°拉伸面无裂纹(弯轴直径4 mm)。SUS304/Q235B双金属冶金复合螺旋管激光-CMT复合焊+埋弧焊接头的各项性能均符合相关标准的要求,能够满足饮用水输送工程的应用需求。创新点： 区别于传统螺旋焊管的双面埋弧焊,采用了激光-CMT复合焊(内焊)+埋弧焊(外焊)的工艺对SUS304/Q235B双金属冶金复合螺旋管进行焊接,形成了“Y+V”形的焊接接头形貌,减小了内、外焊缝的重合量,有效地控制了不锈钢复层一侧焊缝合金元素的稀释及碳钢基层一侧焊缝合金元素的过量裹入,避免了内、外焊缝高硬相的产生,提升了焊接接头的综合性能。     

磁场作用下2205双相不锈钢焊缝成形与组织特征

采用摆动电弧GTAW对2205双相不锈钢进行了自熔焊接.研究了不同励磁电流下焊缝截面的特征以及其对焊缝组织的影响.结果表明,摆动电弧可以促进接头的熔合,但随着励磁电流增加,熔合效果逐渐变差.摆动电弧可促进2205双相不锈钢焊缝中奥氏体的析出并可使铁素体得到细化,在励磁电流1 A下,效果最佳.奥氏体含量的增加缓解了由于相比例失衡所致的硬度值升高,使得焊缝硬度更加接近母材.     

焊接速度对复合板激光对接接头腐蚀性能的影响

对DSS2205/X65爆炸焊接成形的双金属复合板进行激光穿透对接焊试验,观察了不同的焊接速度下接头的金相显微组织,通过能谱法分析合金元素在焊接接头中的分布,测试了焊接接头复层一侧的动电位极化曲线.结果表明,焊接接头中金相组织沿厚度方向上出现了明显的分层特征;焊缝上部和下部的合金元素发生了相对较小的流动交换;焊接接头复层的极化曲线表明,焊接速度为1.2,1.5,1.8 m/min时接头复层表现出了更好的耐腐蚀性能,而它们的抗点蚀能力随着焊接速度的增大而增大.     

敏化处理对2209双相不锈钢堆焊层点蚀行为的影响

采用摆动电弧GTAW对2205双相不锈钢进行了自熔焊接.研究了不同励磁电流下焊缝截面的特征以及其对焊缝组织的影响.结果表明,摆动电弧可以促进接头的熔合,但随着励磁电流增加,熔合效果逐渐变差.摆动电弧可促进2205双相不锈钢焊缝中奥氏体的析出并可使铁素体得到细化,在励磁电流1 A下,效果最佳.奥氏体含量的增加缓解了由于相比例失衡所致的硬度值升高,使得焊缝硬度更加接近母材.     

Electrochemical corrosion behavior and microstructural characteristics of electron beam welded UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel

Different electrochemical techniques were used to study the corrosion behavior of UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) welded autogenously using a single-pass by electron beam welding process, supplemented by microstructural characterization. Furthermore, a comparative study was also performed between multipass gas tungsten arc (GTA)-welded and EB-welded DSS for their microstructure and corrosion behavior. The differences in weld thermal cycle and chemical composition influenced the fusion zone microstructure of both the welds and eventually their corrosion properties. The general corrosion resistance of the EB weld was lower than the base metal and higher than the GTA weld despite its weld zone being characterized by a relatively unbalanced phase ratio (α/γ) in comparison to the GTA weld. However, the EB weld showed relatively higher susceptibility to pitting corrosion than the base metal and GTA weld due to its poor repassivation characteristics and poor resistance to pit growth.     

2205双相不锈钢焊接接头微区耐点蚀性能分析

采用光学显微镜观察了2205双相不锈钢焊接接头的组织形貌,采用自制的微电化学测试系统测量了母材、焊缝和HAZ的微区循环伏安曲线.结果表明,2205双相不锈钢焊接接头的组织为铁素体＋奥氏体,焊缝中铁素体含量约为48%,与母材相当,HAZ中铁素体平均含量高于50%;在3.5%的NaCl溶液中2205双相不锈钢焊接接头焊缝微...     

2205DSS焊接腐蚀的研究现状与前景

    介绍了2205DSS常见的焊接性能及焊接工艺,阐述了焊接工艺与焊接参数对焊接接头腐蚀的影响.综合分析认为,改进焊接工艺与焊接参数将是提高2205DSS焊接接头耐腐蚀水平的重要手段,在以后的研究中,应更加深入的研究其对2205DSS焊接腐蚀的影响,以对现有焊接工艺与焊接参数进行有效改进.     

2205型双相不锈钢带极电渣堆焊材料的研制

研制出2205型双相不锈钢带极电渣堆焊材料,H2205焊带及其匹配焊剂SJ26B,解决了工程上采用2209型双相不锈钢带极堆焊材料熔敷金属铁素体含量很难达到40％的难题。采用该套材料进行带极电渣堆焊试验,结果表明：堆焊工艺性能极佳,冶金性能优异,熔敷金属力学性能、耐蚀性能优良,熔敷金属铁素体含量为40％-60％,满足工程实际需要。     

Welding Heat Input Influence on UNS S82441 Lean Duplex Stainless Steel Corrosion Resistance Assessed by Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique (SVET)

The precipitation of the intermetallic phases can impair mechanical and corrosion properties. In the case of lean duplex stainless steels, they present solidification mode as primary ferrite, with austenite precipitation in the solid state, during cooling. This means the heat-affected zone balanced microstructure can be changed during the welding by the cooling rate, which is associated to the welding heat input, the thickness of the plate and the physical properties of the material. This work intends to present the influence of welding heat input on the corrosion resistance of UNS S82441 lean duplex stainless steel. The gas metal arc welding process was used to make the weld beads, using ER2209 as filler metal, which characterizes a dissimilar welded joint. The corrosion resistance of these specimens was analyzed through scanning vibrating electrode technique. It was observed that welding heat input variation distinctly influences corrosion in different zones of the weld beads over the specimen exposure time. The weld bead under intermediate welding heat input showed the highest corrosion rate and the one under the highest welding heat input, the lowest corrosion rate intensity.     

热输入对316L焊接接头在液态LBE中的空泡腐蚀影响

研究不同热输入下316L 焊接接头和母材在550 ℃液态铅铋合金中的空泡腐蚀行为。试验结束后,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对空蚀80 h 后的试样进行表面形貌和粗糙度分析。研究表明,316L不锈钢焊缝在液态Pb-Bi 中的抗空蚀能力取决于奥氏体晶粒的大小,焊接热输入增大,奥氏体晶粒长大,焊缝的抗空蚀能力变差。在空蚀时间相同的情况下,316L 母材的抗空蚀能力优于焊缝。     

高氮奥氏体焊丝焊接超高强钢接头组织和性能

为解决超高强钢焊接冷裂纹问题,采用强度低于母材的高氮奥氏体丝材进行GMAW工艺试验,研究在不同坡口角度下超高强钢焊接接头组织性能. 结果表明,采用该焊丝获得的接头焊缝成形良好,焊缝截面未见裂纹缺陷. 熔合线附近组织主要为针状和板条状马氏体,焊缝组织主要为奥氏体及被奥氏体基体所包围的铁素体树枝晶. 熔合线附近马氏体区硬度平均值为530 HV;焊缝区硬度平均值为275 HV. 相对于60°坡口接头,90°坡口接头熔合线附近马氏体组织硬度更高. 90°坡口接头的抗拉强度平均达到850 MPa,最高达887 MPa,而60°坡口接头抗拉强度平均仅为690 MPa.