Deposition Features of Ti Coating Using Irregular Powders in Cold Spray

The investigation on the deposition features of irregular Ti powders coated on Al and stainless steel (SS) substrates was conducted in this study. Ti coating was experimentally produced at different gas inlet temperatures, and then detailed analysis on the critical velocity, coating microstructure, porosity, and microhardness was performed. As an assistant method, numerical simulation was also adopted to study the deformation features of single-irregular Ti particle during the cold spray process. The results reveal that the critical velocity of Ti particle on Al substrate is higher than that on SS substrate due to the different substrate hardness. The coating porosity is shown to be decreasing as the inlet temperature increases and independent to the substrate material. Similar phenomenon is also noticed for coating microstructure, but the changing trend is reverse in this case. Finally, the most important finding is that an additional torque imposed on the irregular particle is generated during the deposition process, which tends to detach the bonded particle from the substrate surface.     

Deposition of multicomponent coatings by Cold Spray

Cold Spray multicomponent coatings are deposited by a new powder injection method that consists of separate injection of each component of the powder mixture into a different zone of the carrier gas stream. Temperature and velocity of 10-40 µm-sized aluminium and copper particles at the nozzle outlet are calculated. It is shown that these values depend considerably on the location of the point where the powder was injected into the gas stream. The method is experimentally validated by producing a composite aluminium-copper coating.     

Cold Spray Deposition of Ni and WC-Reinforced Ni Matrix Composite Coatings

Ni-WC composites are ideal protective coatings against wear and are often fabricated using laser cladding and thermal spray processes, but the high temperatures of these processes result in decarburization, which deteriorates the performance of the coating. Cold spray has the potential to deposit Ni-WC composite coatings and retain the composition of the initial WC feedstock. However, the insignificant plastic deformation of hard WC particles makes it difficult to build up a high WC content coating by cold spray. By using three different WC powder sizes, the effect of feedstock powder size on WC retention was tested. To improve WC retention, a WC/Ni composite powder in mixture with Ni was also sprayed. Microstructural characterization, including the deformed structure of Ni splats, retention, distribution, and fragmentation of WC, was performed by scanning electron microscopy. An improvement in WC retention was achieved using finer WC particles. Significant improvement in WC particles retention was achieved using WC/Ni composite powder, with the WC content in the coating being close to that of the feedstock.     

Cold Spray Deposition of Copper Electrodes on Silicon and Glass Substrates

Copper lines with widths varying from 150 to 1500 μm were deposited onto crystalline silicon wafers and soda-lime glass plates by cold spraying copper particles with 1 μm average diameter through a mask. This direct deposition method yielded high-aspect-ratio electrodes with minimum shadowing effects and maximum electrode-to-silicon contact area. The copper lines had triangular cross sections with aspect ratios (height/width) ranging from 0.1 to 1.1, depending on the number of spray gun passes. Copper particles were densely packed with increasing the width of the masking slit. This study presents the potential use of the cold spray technology in printing lines as front electrodes in solar cell applications.     

TiB2-SiC粉末喷雾造粒及其等离子喷涂沉积机理研究

利用喷雾干燥对TiB_2-SiC复合粉末进行造粒,研究了浆料固含量、粘结剂含量及SiC含量对喷雾干燥粉体颗粒形貌等的影响。采用大气等离子喷涂技术,以抛光的石墨为基体,在不同预热温度和不同喷距下对TiB_2-SiC粉末进行粒子收集,研究不同工艺参数对TiB_2-SiC粒子铺展形貌的影响,并制备了TiB_2-SiC涂层。结果表明:当浆料固含量为50%,粘结剂含量为5%,SiC含量为10%时,喷雾造粒获得球形度高、流动性好的TiB_2-SiC粉末;随着基体预热温度的升高,喷距的增大,扁平粒子的溅射逐渐减弱,形成规则的圆盘状粒子;在等离子焰流作用下,TiB_2-SiC粒子熔化加速并与基体发生碰撞,熔融粒子扁平化,急速冷却凝固,不断堆叠、搭接为宏观涂层。     

Effect of Ceramic Particle Velocity on Cold Spray Deposition of Metal-Ceramic Coatings

In this paper, metal-ceramic coatings are cold sprayed taking into account the spray parameters of both metal and ceramic particles. The effect of the ceramic particle velocity on the process of metal-ceramic coating formation and the coating properties is analyzed. Copper and aluminum powders are used as metal components. Two fractions of aluminum oxide and silicon carbide are sprayed in the tests. The ceramic particle velocity is varied by the particle injection into different zones of the gas flow: the subsonic and supersonic parts of the nozzle and the free jet after the nozzle exit. The experiments demonstrated the importance of the ceramic particle velocity for the stability of the process: Ceramic particles accelerated to a high enough velocity penetrate into the coating, while low-velocity ceramic particles rebound from its surface.     

Critical Deposition Condition of CoNiCrAlY Cold Spray Based on Particle Deformation Behavior

Previous research has demonstrated deposition of MCrAlY coating via the cold spray process; however, the deposition mechanism of cold spraying has not been clearly explained—only empirically described by impact velocity. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the critical deposit condition. Microscale experimental measurements of individual particle deposit dimensions were incorporated with numerical simulation to investigate particle deformation behavior. Dimensional parameters were determined from scanning electron microscopy analysis of focused ion beam-fabricated cross sections of deposited particles to describe the deposition threshold. From Johnson-Cook finite element method simulation results, there is a direct correlation between the dimensional parameters and the impact velocity. Therefore, the critical velocity can describe the deposition threshold. Moreover, the maximum equivalent plastic strain is also strongly dependent on the impact velocity. Thus, the threshold condition required for particle deposition can instead be represented by the equivalent plastic strain of the particle and substrate. For particle-substrate combinations of similar materials, the substrate is more difficult to deform. Thus, this study establishes that the dominant factor of particle deposition in the cold spray process is the maximum equivalent plastic strain of the substrate, which occurs during impact and deformation.     

The Effects of Successive Impacts and Cold Welds on the Deposition Onset of Cold Spray Coatings

In this study, the impact and deposition behavior of nickel particles onto relatively soft 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and copper substrates in a kinetic spray process was investigated by comparing individual particle impact with full coating deposition. The results indicated that the deposition onset of nickel coatings on the two substrates follows different deposition mechanisms depending on corresponding deformability of the impact couples (substrate and particle). Nickel particles were hardly attached onto the relatively soft 6061-T6 substrate in case of individual impact, but the deposition onset of full coating took place depending on embedding, tamping of successive impact and metallurgical “cold welds” of viscous metal at impact interface when the impinging particles’ velocity was relatively low. In case of Ni-Cu impact, the bonding formed at the peripheral impact interface dominated the deposition onset of nickel coating due to the comparable deformability of the impact couples (Ni and Cu).     

Cold Spray Coating Deposition Mechanism on the Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymer Substrates

Cold spraying is a successful and promising coating technique for many engineering applications due to its high-rate and high-dense coating development abilities. Nevertheless, their practical use in polymer substrate is still in the fledgling phase. There are very few articles about the cold spray coating on polymers; however, the interaction of metallic particle with the polymer substrate is poorly understood, and thus a thick coating has not successfully been developed on the polymer substrate. In order to rationalize as full as possible the entire behavior of the high velocity particle with the polymer substrate, we used thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer materials as substrates. The particle behaviors with the substrate were observed under various gas pressure and temperature, and with various particles feed rate. The result showed that the particle behaviors were unique with respect to the substrate. Also it was clearly understood that the metal particles not experienced any plastic deformation due to the soft nature of the polymer substrates. The particles attached to the thermoplastic substrate either through adhesive bonding and/or mechanical inter locking, whereas only pure localized fracture observed on the thermosetting substrate and thus no particles attached firmly on the substrate.     

冷喷涂TC4涂层临界沉积速度计算及制备涂层性能研究

目的研究冷喷涂TC4涂层的临界沉积速度及粒子温度对临界沉积速度的影响规律,并研究气体压强对沉积涂层性能的影响规律。方法理论研究上,采用有限元LS-DYNA软件中的Johnson-Cook塑性模型,选取3D164计算单元建立模型,研究粒子在不同温度和不同速度下碰撞基体后的形貌特征,确定粒子沉积临界速度。试验研究上,采用N_2作为冷喷涂驱动气体,在TC4合金上制备TC4涂层,然后采用SEM、Image J图像分析软件、硬度计等分析已沉积涂层的孔隙率和硬度等性能。结果 25、400、500、600℃温度下,计算表明10μm的TC4合金粒子在TC4基板上的临界沉积速度分别为730、465、392、361 m/s,即随粒子温度升高,粒子临界沉积速度降低,粒子沉积成涂层更容易。采用冷喷涂工艺在TC4基板上沉积TC4涂层,在N_2温度600℃、气体压力3 MPa的条件下,制备的TC4涂层厚度约1000μm,与TC4钛合金基体结合紧密,涂层孔隙率约为6.46%。结论气体温度升高,粒子临界沉积速度降低;气体压强变大,制备的涂层厚度就大且更加致密。     

A Method to Predict the Thickness of Poorly-Bonded Material Along Spray and Spray-Layer Boundaries in Cold Spray Deposition

Multi-traverse CS provides a unique means for the production of thick coatings and bulk materials from powders. However, the material along spray and spray-layer boundaries is often poorly bonded as it is laid by the leading and trailing peripheries of the spray that carry powder particles with insufficient kinetic energy. For the same reason, the splats in the very first layer deposited on the substrate may not be bonded well either. A mathematical spray model was developed based on an axisymmetric Gaussian mass flow rate distribution and a stepped deposition yield to predict the thickness of such poorly-bonded layers in multi-traverse CS deposition. The predicted thickness of poorly-bonded layers in a multi-traverse Cu coating falls in the range of experimental values. The model also predicts that the material that contains poorly bonded splats could exceed 20% of the total volume of the coating.     

喷涂机器人油漆沉积率优化建模与仿真

油漆沉积率模型是自动编程工艺参数选取的重要依据,为了建立符合实际工况的漆膜模型,采用喷涂机器人喷涂时椭圆型雾锥的实验数据,将贝叶斯归一化神经网络法和遗传算法分别用于漆膜模型的拟合。经过对比分析,采用2种算法得出模型都具有较高的精度,但遗传算法收敛速度更快,并可得出油漆沉积率方程的具体表达式,更适合油漆沉积率建模。     

Hydroxyapatite-Coated Magnesium-Based Biodegradable Alloy: Cold Spray Deposition and Simulated Body Fluid Studies

A simple modified cold spray process in which the substrate of AZ51 alloys were preheated to 400 °C and sprayed with hydroxyapatite (HAP) using high pressure cold air nozzle spray was designed to get biocompatible coatings of the order of 20-30 μm thickness. The coatings had an average modulus of 9 GPa. The biodegradation behavior of HAP-coated samples was tested by studying with simulated body fluid (SBF). The coating was characterized by FESEM microanalysis. ICPOES analysis was carried out for the SBF solution to know the change in ion concentrations. Control samples showed no aluminum corrosion but heavy Mg corrosion. On the HAP-coated alloy samples, HAP coatings started dissolving after 1 day but showed signs of regeneration after 10 days of holding. All through the testing period while the HAP coating got eroded, the surface of the sample got deposited with different apatite-like compounds and the phase changed with course from DCPD to β-TCP and β-TCMP. The HAP-coated samples clearly improved the biodegradability of Mg alloy, attributed to the dissolution and re-precipitation of apatite showed by the coatings as compared to the control samples.     

冷喷涂固态颗粒沉积中颗粒间结合形成机制研究进展

就目前主流的冷喷涂颗粒结合形成机理进行了系统总结和评述,为冷喷涂沉积体性能的调控和后续研究提供借鉴。分别就经典的颗粒界面绝热剪切失稳结合机理,颗粒界面应力波释放诱导材料射流形成结合机理,以及高速碰撞诱导颗粒表面氧化膜破碎、新鲜金属接触结合机理的基本概念、原理、特点进行了概括总结。通过大量系统文献的调研,指出现有理论目前存在的相悖和不足之处,并简要分析了现有颗粒间结合形成理论对冷喷涂沉积体质量调控方面的指导意义。最后基于现有研究的不足,对冷喷涂颗粒界面结合机制方面的研究进行了展望。     

Cold Spray Deposition of Freestanding Inconel Samples and Comparative Analysis with Selective Laser Melting

Cold spray offers the possibility of obtaining almost zero-porosity buildups with no theoretical limit to the thickness. Moreover, cold spray can eliminate particle melting, evaporation, crystallization, grain growth, unwanted oxidation, undesirable phases and thermally induced tensile residual stresses. Such characteristics can boost its potential to be used as an additive manufacturing technique. Indeed, deposition via cold spray is recently finding its path toward fabrication of freeform components since it can address the common challenges of powder-bed additive manufacturing techniques including major size constraints, deposition rate limitations and high process temperature. Herein, we prepared nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 samples with cold spray technique and compared them with similar samples fabricated by selective laser melting method. The samples fabricated using both methods were characterized in terms of mechanical strength, microstructural and porosity characteristics, Vickers microhardness and residual stresses distribution. Different heat treatment cycles were applied to the cold-sprayed samples in order to enhance their mechanical characteristics. The obtained data confirm that cold spray technique can be used as a complementary additive manufacturing method for fabrication of high-quality freestanding components where higher deposition rate, larger final size and lower fabrication temperatures are desired.     

Estimating the Effect of Helium and Nitrogen Mixing on Deposition Efficiency in Cold Spray

Cold spray is a developing technology that is increasingly finding applications for coating of similar and dissimilar metals, repairing geometric tolerance defects to extend expensive part life and additive manufacturing across a variety of industries. Expensive helium is used to accelerate the particles to higher velocities in order to achieve the highest deposit strengths and to spray hard-to-deposit materials. Minimal information is available in the literature studying the effects of He-N₂ mixing on coating deposition efficiency, and how He can potentially be conserved by gas mixing. In this study, a one-dimensional simulation method is presented for estimating the deposition efficiency of aluminum coatings, where He-N₂ mixture ratios are varied. The simulation estimations are experimentally validated through velocity measurements and single particle impact tests for Al6061.     

冷喷涂技术

冷喷涂技术是近年来发展迅速的工业表面喷涂新技术.本文介绍了冷喷涂技术的原理、系统构成与冷喷涂的特点,以及影响冷喷涂主要工艺参数、粒子沉积行为与涂层性能等研究现状.并结合国内外的发展现状对冷喷涂技术的应用前景进行了展望.     

冷喷涂技术

冷喷涂技术是近年来发展迅速的工业表面喷涂新技术。本文介绍了冷喷涂技术的原理、系统构成与冷喷涂的特点,以及影响冷喷涂主要工艺参数、粒子沉积行为与涂层性能等研究现状。并结合国内外的发展现状对冷喷涂技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

B4C/Ni Composite Coatings Prepared by Cold Spray of Blended or CVD-Coated Powders

In this work, the microstructures of B₄C/Ni coatings by cold spray with blends or chemical vapor deposited (CVD) Ni-coated powders were investigated and compared. Powder blends with Ni powder and fine or coarse B₄C powders were prepared for various B₄C content ranging from 54 to 87?vol.% (equal to 25-65?wt.%). Three CVD Ni-coated B₄C powder batches were also synthesized with various B₄C content using the fine B₄C as core particles. Ni-coated powders and both types of cold sprayed coating microstructures with blends or coated powders were investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Further quantitative image analysis was carried out on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images to measure the B₄C content within the coating regarding the influence of the nominal content in the feedstock for each coating type. Both types exhibited fine fragments and unfragmented B₄C, but coatings with CVD-coated powders had many more unfragmented particles. Moreover, the higher levels for both B₄C (44.0?±?4.1?vol.%) and coating microhardness (429?±?41 HV_0.5) were obtained in case of the CVD-coated powders. However, it was assessed that the highest microhardness was not obtained for the highest B₄C content. This questionable result is discussed with regard to the fully original composite microstructure obtained from CVD Ni-coated B₄C powder.     

In-Situ Agglomeration and De-agglomeration by Milling of Nano-Engineered Lubricant Particulate Composites for Cold Spray Deposition

Nano-engineered self-lubricating particles comprised of hexagonal-boron-nitride powder (hBN) encapsulated in nickel have been developed for cold spray coating of aluminum components. The nickel encapsulant consists of several nano-sized layers, which are deposited on the hBN particles by electroless plating. In the cold spray deposition, the nickel becomes the matrix in which hBN acts as the lubricant. The coating demonstrated a very promising performance by reducing the coefficient of friction by almost 50% and increasing the wear resistance more than tenfold. The coatings also exhibited higher bond strength, which was directly related to the hardenability of the particles. During the encapsulation process, the hBN particles agglomerate and form large clusters. De-agglomeration has been studied through low- and high-energy ball milling to create more uniform and consistent particle sizes and to improve the cold spray deposition efficiency. The unmilled and milled particles were characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, BET, and hardness tests. It was found that in low-energy ball milling, the clusters were compacted to a noticeable extent. However, the high-energy ball milling resulted in breakup of agglomerations and destroyed the nickel encapsulant.