襟翼相对长度对翼型流场结构影响

以NACA0018为基准翼型,采用Fluent数值模拟的方法,对比研究了襟翼相对长度和翼缝相对宽度对翼型流场结构及升、阻力特性的影响;文章分别选取了襟翼相对长度分别为0.2、0.3和0.4和翼缝相对为1.0%,分析襟翼相对长度对翼型气动性能的影响。数值结果表明:由于襟翼对翼型周围主涡发展和变化的影响,不仅改善了翼型的失速特性,同时也提高了翼型的气动性能。襟翼翼型的失速攻角在此次研究范围内均大于基准翼型,在攻角小于失速攻角时,襟翼翼型的升力系数均小于基准翼型,阻力系数均高于基准翼型,但升力系数的最大值均高于基准翼型;随着襟翼相对长度增大,翼型临界攻角逐渐减小;在攻角接近翼型失速攻角时,升力系数先增大后减小;襟翼长度相同时,随着翼缝相对宽度的增大,升力系数逐渐减小。     

影响风力发电机翼型气动性能的因素研究

翼型气动性能的优劣影响着风力发电机的发电效率,研究影响叶片翼型气动性能的因素具有重要意义。本文采用数值方法计算了文献中NACA0012翼型在Re=10^6时的气动性能参数并与试验值比较,验证了数值方法的正确性。通过对相对厚度、相对弯度、雷诺数等影响翼型气动特性的参数进行研究,结果表明:相对厚度小的翼型在小攻角范围可以获得更好的气动性能;当攻角大于失速角12°后,相对厚度大的翼型的气动性能更佳。在0°~20°攻角范围内,相对弯度和雷诺数越大,翼型的气动性能越好。     

气动弹片对翼型气动及噪声特性的影响

在NACA0018翼型吸力面布置固定气动弹片后,比较了原始翼型和弹片翼型的气动性能及噪声特性。采用数值模拟方法,在6°～24°范围内计算攻角气动弹片对翼型气动性能及噪声特性的影响,并分析了其流动控制机理。结果表明：气动弹片在大攻角下的效果较好,升力系数可提高37.11%,且可减缓流动分离向前缘发展,提高气流下洗能力;攻角较大时,气动弹片可以减小翼型在接收点处的噪声总声压级的4.23%,且翼型噪声总声压级在指向性分布上呈现偶极子特性。     

翼型厚度对风力机叶片翼型气动特性的影响

建立了预测翼型气动特性的理论模型并进行了数值计算,研究了翼型厚度对风力机叶片翼型的气动特性影响,给出了翼型厚度对翼型的升力系数、阻力系数、升阻比和流场、压力系数的影响。研究结果表明,对于同一弯度不同厚度的NACA系列翼型,在较小攻角时,较小厚度翼型可获得较大的升阻比,在大攻角时,增加厚度翼型可以提高翼型的升阻比,扩宽大升阻比范围,而且较大厚度翼型的分离点前移速度较缓慢,涡分布范围较小。     

Constrained and non-constrained aerodynamic optimization using the adjoint equations approach

In this research, the continuous adjoint method is applied to optimize an airfoil in subsonic and transonic flows. An inverse design problem is solved to evaluate the ability of the optimization algorithm and then, two types of optimizations, constrained and non-constrained, are investigated in a drag minimization problem. In the non-constrained drag minimization problem, the optimization is performed in a fixed angle of attack with neither geometric nor aerodynamic constraint, but in the constrained drag minimization problem, the optimization is performed in a fixed lift coefficient. Comparison of the results of these two optimizations shows the effects of the constraint on the optimization trend and the optimized geometry. Moreover, imposing the aerodynamic constraint increased the computational costs of the adjoint method. In constrained and non-constrained drag minimization problems, the surface points are adopted as design variables to show the performance of the adjoint equations approach in problems with numerous design variables.     

一种理想风机叶片翼型的设计方法

对理想风机的气动参数进行了设计。通过绘制升阻比曲线和升力系数曲线,对该翼型的弦长、攻角和风轮半径等进行了计算。同时应用Matlab与Profili软件分析翼型在不同攻角下的叶背和叶盆曲线上的升力和阻力的变化情况,并通过Profili软件的翼型受力分析功能,对设计出的翼型进行对比分析,验证了设计的准确性。     

雷诺数对低速对称翼型气动性能的影响

基于CFD软件,采用k-ωSST湍流模型,研究了不同雷诺数对低速对称翼型NACA0012、NACA0015和NACA0018气动性能的影响,以及同一雷诺数下翼型相对厚度对翼型气动性能的影响。比较了翼型NACA0012、NACA0015和NACA0018的升力系数和阻力系数的计算值与试验值,得出了和试验值最接近的翼型,总结了对称翼型升力系数、阻力系数和升阻比的变化规律,确定了对称翼型最佳攻角。结果显示,低速对称翼型相对厚度越大,气动性能越好;雷诺数越小,黏性越大,越先发生边界层分离;翼型NAcA0018的计算值和试验值最接近;翼型NAcA0018的最佳攻角为10°。     

波浪型结节改形风机翼型的气动性能研究

采用大涡模拟湍流模型对前后缘波浪型结节改形风机翼型在雷偌数5×104下不同攻角的流动控制机理进行了数值研究。研究表明:相比于标准直翼型NACA0012,改形风机翼型在失速区得到了更平缓的升力曲线。在小攻角(α<12°)工况下,改形翼型的升力系数稍小,然而当攻角(α>12°)时,其升力系数明显提高,最高可达37%。改形翼型由于其前后缘沿展向呈正弦波浪型变化,在不同截面处的呈现出明显不同的尾迹结构,从而导致其表面自由剪切层发生扭曲。这种三维涡在其产生、发展以及推移过程中的相互作用,使得其三维尾迹涡结构在失速区能得到很好的控制,从而达到延迟流动分离及减小失速影响的目的。深入研究前后缘波浪型结节改形风机翼型尾迹结构的流动分布及物理特性等,对于揭示前后缘结节改形风机翼型流动控制机理具有非常重要的意义。     

合成射流控制参数对大攻角下翼型气动性能的影响

通过数值模拟的方法,对合成射流控制NACA 0012大攻角下翼型流动分离的参数进行了研究.结果表明:对于射流出口宽度为翼型弦长的0.5％,翼型在18°～24°攻角下的流场,当合成射流作用在翼型头部1％弦长位置,吹气速度比为1,无量纲激励频率在1 附近时,可以达到较好的改善翼型整体气动性能的效果.通过对翼型表面压强系数分...     

粗糙度对风力机专用翼型气动性能影响

针对风力机专用翼型FFA-W3-211进行数值模拟,深入系统探讨了粗糙度对该翼型气动性能的影响。采用剪切应力输运k-omega湍流模型进行CFD计算;于翼型表面均匀分布不同粗糙度,求出该翼型敏感粗糙度;同时,研究了在该翼型吸力面和压力面不同位置布置敏感粗糙度时,粗糙带位置对翼型升力系数和阻力系数的影响,分别求出吸力面和压力面的敏感粗糙带位置,与软件XFOIL算出转捩点位置进行对比,分析粗糙度对该翼型气动性能的影响。计算结果对风力机专用翼型的设计与开发具有一定的理论价值。     

板型及机翼型对旋轴流通风机气动性能测试及比较

采用模型性能试验方法,对板型及机翼型叶片的对旋轴流通风机的气动性能进行了比较,通过测量这两种叶型的风机在不同叶片安装角下的流量、全压及轴功率,得到了叶片型线及安装角对风机气动性能的影响规律。试验结果表明机翼型叶片在全压效率、稳定运行范围及高效运行范围比相应的板型叶片具有优越性;在设计工况附近,机翼型风机的第一级叶轮安装角对气动性能的影响较大,而板型风机的第二级叶轮安装角对气动性能影响较大。     

合成射流对钝尾缘翼型气动特性的影响

研究吸力面存在合成射流的情况下,钝尾缘翼型TR-4000-2000流场结构的变化及其升阻力系数等气动特性参数的变化趋势。在相同射流入口速度条件下,采用计算流体力学软件Fluent对相同来流速度不同攻角情况下翼型流场进行非定常数值模拟计算,分析射流前后翼型升阻力系数变化及翼型表面压力的波动状况;在此基础上,对不同射流频率和不同射流速度情况下翼型流场进行模拟计算,寻求最佳射流参数。结果表明,由于射流及尾缘涡的相互作用导致翼型的升阻力特性不断变化,钝尾缘翼型吸力面合成射流有明显的增升减阻效果,在15°攻角时尤为明显,升力系数提高约40%,阻力系数减小约25%。在量纲一射流速度和量纲一射流频率均为1时,射流对翼型的增升减阻效果最佳。     

低雷诺数旋翼翼型设计及气动仿真

研究了低雷诺数下薄圆弧旋翼的翼型,考虑其对高气动性能、高结构强度和便于制造和轻量化的要求,提出一种具有上凸结构的薄圆弧翼型。通过在翼型上表面增加凸起结构,增加部分弦长的翼型厚度并安装加强筋来提高翼型延展向的结构强度;设计出了最大厚度为4.3%、圆弧均匀厚度为2.5%、最大弯度为5.5%和均匀弯度为4.5%的薄圆弧翼型。采用基于二维定常、不可压缩Navier-Stoke方程的数值仿真方法计算了该翼型在雷诺数为40,000~100,000,迎角为-4°~12°下的气动性能,并获得了该翼型上下表面的压力系数分布线和速度矢量图。采用该翼型制作了直径为40cm,质量为15g,桨距为15.7cm的碳纤维旋翼;在悬停状态下完成了它的升力和结构强度试验。实验结果显示其性能满足使用要求。目前,研制的旋翼已成功地应用于某型多旋翼飞行器。     

风力机专用翼型综合优化设计方法

为了得到拥有优良气动特性且低噪声水平的风力机专用翼型的轮廓线,提出了翼型多工况点多目标综合优化设计方法。该方法应用Bezier曲线对翼型的轮廓线进行参数化表达,并推导出由翼型离散数据点反求Bezier曲线控制点的一般方程。基于翼型噪声预测半经验模型,采用XFOIL计算翼型的气动性能,结合遗传优化算法得到优化翼型。以美国NREL风力机翼型S834为初始翼型,对多工况多目标权重分配方案进行综合设计。研究表明,相对于初始翼型,优化翼型在主攻角范围具有更好的气动性能和声学性能。     

Experimental study of effects of circular-cross-section riblets on the aerodynamic performance of Risø airfoil at transient flow regime

New drag reduction methods have received much attention due to the importance of drag reduction in airplanes and wind turbines. One of the ways for drag reduction is the use of riblets. We investigated the effects of riblets on the aerodynamic performance of the Risø airfoil quantitatively. By installing a load cell and using the one-sided force measurement method, the drag and lift coefficients of the Risø airfoil were measured in two modes: With and without riblets at three different arrangements. The shape of riblets is a circularcross- section and the ratio of riblets’ diameter to the airfoil chord is equal to 0.005. The tests were carried out in transient flow regime (Two Reynolds numbers of 2.02×10⁵ and 1.4×10⁵), and at attack angles from 0 to 20 degrees. The results indicate that the extent of the riblets effect on the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil depends on the angle of attack, Reynolds number, and arrangement of the riblets on the airfoil. The maximum drag reduction at the Reynolds numbers of 2.02×10⁵ and 1.4×10⁵ is about 29.7 % and 54 %, respectively, that occurs at an attack angle of 7 degrees for both two Reynolds numbers.     

Effect of the Gurney flap on a NACA 23012 airfoil

A numerical investigation was performed to determine the effect of the Gurney flap on a NACA 23012 airfoil. A Navier-Stokes code, RAMPANT, was used to calculate the flow field about the airfoil. Fully-turbulent results were obtained using the standardk-ε two-equation turbulence model. The numerical solutions showed that the Gurney flap increased both lift and drag. These results suggested that the Gurney flap served to increase the effective camber of the airfoil. The Gurney flap provided a significant increase in the lift-to-drag ratio relatively at low angle of attack and for high lift coefficient. It turned out that 0.6% chord size of flap was the best. The numerical results exhibited detailed flow structures at the trailing edge and provided a possible explanation for the increased aerodynamic performance.     

Investigation on aerodynamics and active flow control of a vertical axis wind turbine with flapped airfoil

A 2D unsteady numerical simulation with dynamic and sliding meshing techniques was conducted to solve the flow around a threeblade Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). The circular wakes, strip-like wakes and the shedding vortex structures interact with each other result in an extremely unstable performance. An airfoil with a trailing edge flap, based on the NACA0012 airfoil, has been designed for VAWT to improve flow field around the turbine. Strategy of flap control is applied to regulate the flap angle. The results show that the flapped airfoil has an positive effect on damping trailing edge wake separation, deferring dynamic stall and reducing the oscillating amplitude. The circular wake vortices change into strip vortices during the pitch-up interval of the airfoils. Examination of the flow details around the rotating airfoil indicates that flap control improves the dynamic stall by diminishing the trend of flow separation. Airfoil stall separation has been suppressed since the range of nominal angle of attack is narrowed down by an oscillating flap. Vortices with large intensity over rotational region are reduced by 90 %. The lift coefficient hysteresis loop of flapped airfoil acts as an O type, which represents a more stable unsteady performance. With flap control, the peak of power coefficient has increased by 10 % relative to the full blade VAWT. Obviously, the proposed flapped airfoil design combined with the active flow control significantly has shown the potential to eliminate dynamic stall and improve the aerodynamic performance and operation stability of VAWT.     

翼型厚度对风力机翼型气动特性的影响

在Re=3×106下,基于k-w SST两方程湍流模型对两种不同厚度的NREL风力机专用翼型进行了数值模拟,重点研究了-5°～15°攻角下不同厚度对翼型气动特性的影响规律。非定常计算结果表明:不同厚度对翼型气动性能影响显著,在某一小攻角范围,较小厚度值可获得较大升阻比,在大攻角翼型发生失速时,较大厚度值可提高翼型的升阻比,拓宽高升阻比的攻角范围,有效改善翼型的分离流动特性。     

Investigation of load prediction on the Mexico rotor using the technique of determination of the angle of attack

Blade element moment(BEM) is a widely used technique for prediction of wind turbine aerodynamics performance,the reliability of airfoil data is an important factor to improve the prediction accuracy of aerodynamic loads and power using a BEM code.The method of determination of angle of attack on rotor blades developed by SHEN,et al is successfully used to extract airfoil data from experimental characteristics on the MEXICO(Model experiments in controlled conditions) rotor.Detailed surface pressure and particle image velocimetry(PIV) flow fields at different rotor azimuth positions are examined to determine the sectional airfoil data.The present technique uses simultaneously both PIV data and blade pressure data that include the actual flow conditions(for example,tunnel effects),therefore it is more advantageous than other techniques which only use the blade loading(pressure data).The extracted airfoil data are put into a BEM code,and the calculated axial and tangential forces are compared to both computations using BEM with Glauert’s and SHEN’s tip loss correction models and experimental data.The comparisons show that the present method of determination of angle of attack is correct,and the re-calculated forces have good agreements with the experiment.     

雷诺数对风力机专用翼型气动性能影响的研究

雷诺数是影响翼型气动特性的主要参数之一,当雷诺数在5×10~5～1×10~7范围内变化时,基于N-S控制方程,对S827翼型在攻角α为-14°～45°范围内变化时的气动特性进行数值计算,研究了雷诺数对该翼型的升力特性、阻力特性、最大升力系数、最大升阻比、流动分离特性、失速特性等气动特性的影响.