An integrated construction planning system using object-oriented product and process modelling

An interactive planning system approach poses challenges to the efficient integration of the design and construction planning process. Current research is focused on organizational knowledge processing in building design and construction, such as the representation of object-oriented planning models and constraint management incorporating design, engineering and construction planning through several planning stages. Since building construction involves cooperation among designers, engineers and project managers, comprehensive organizational planning and management tools are relevant. The integrated construction planning system (ICPS) aims to cover a wide range of knowledge processing based on formalization and representation of building and construction systems. To realize the integrated construction planning system, appropriate modelling techniques need to be introduced. This paper presents the results of research on several issues such as formalization and representation of interactive design and construction planning processes, methods for incorporating project information, knowledge and constraints and the concept of applying an object-oriented paradigm to interactive building and construction system planning. A prototype system is also presented which integrates building space planning, building system planning, construction system planning, construction activity planning and construction site layout planning.     

Design knowledge modeling and software implementation for building code compliance checking

Design knowledge formalization and design information modeling are critical issues in the development of building design support systems such as automated building code checking systems. This paper presents an object-based building modeling approach and its J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) implementation in a distributed system to facilitate the automated online code-checking process. It examines the issues of object-based representation of code provisions Industry Foundation Class (IFC)-compliant object model for building designs; Java-based rule inference and IFC-based geometric reasoning; and software prototype implementation on the J2EE platform. Application scenarios and online services of the prototype demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach and the system for building design conformance checking in a distributed environment.     

An interoperability workbench for design analysis integration

Past design analysis integration efforts have addressed the need to achieve seamless data integration between design and analysis software applications. These efforts have been dominated by an interoperability focus. Recently, it has been recognized that these solutions suffer from several limitations. For one, they assume a ‘perfect world’ in which all information is structured and all mappings between design and analysis representations exist on a generic level. Secondly, most interoperability solutions have a data focus, whereas true design analysis integration requires a “language” to express both analysis requests and the answers that are generated by experts responding to these requests. An intrinsic part of this language is the logic of the design analysis process. Hence, the integration effort requires a strong process rather than data focus. The Design Analysis Integration (DAI)-Initiative aims to steer towards new solutions for design analysis integration that may overcome the limitations of current data-centric interoperability approaches. This paper reports on the first phase of the development, which has produced a first-generation ‘workbench’ prototype for managing a process driven design analysis dialogue. The workbench is meant to enable a more robust use of existing building models such as IFC for the mapping to simulation tools. The paper presents the underlying theories, prototype development, and findings from the research and concludes with a discussion of future work, targeting extension and benchmarking of the current prototype.     

Use of TBM muck as construction material

Tunnel boring machines (TBMís) are widely used in tunnel construction in rock. The rock chips (muck) produced are rarely used for construction applications, however, because the suitability of the material is not well understood. Yet the cuttings appear to be of approximately the correct average size for some applications. If they are suitable in other respects, cost savings can be realized in tunnel construction, where aggregate is a common requirement. A review of standard construction aggregate specifications indicates that hardrock TBM much would be suitable for several construction applications with a minimum of processing: road pavement and structural concrete. Processing options also are discussed for cases where the raw TBM muck is nearly, but not quite, suitable. A 0.65 metric ton (1420 lb) cutting sample generated by a laboratory tunnel boring machine operating in a welded tuff is analyzed for suitability for different construction applications. In addition, numerous tunneling projects that use or have studied TBM waste for construction purposes are described.     

洛伦兹几何的算法生成与空间表达

随着计算机技术的发展．算法几何成为数学领域研究的一个热点,同时．传统的以欧几里得几何形式为基础的建筑设计因为各种原因逐渐不能满足所有的建筑对几何的要求。本文选择洛伦兹（10renz）这一几何原型．通过论述其生成和表达的完整过程展示原型选择、工具应用、参数调节和结果表达的各个环节,探索用算法几何的手段突破旧有几何系统瓶颈的方法。     

基于POE研究的校园开放空间改造性规划——以北京大学为例

使用状况评价（POE）是系统描述和评价建成环境的实证性研究方法。它关注空间和环境的使用效能和利用方式，并为规划设计项目提供科学依据。我国正处于高校校园建设高峰时期，POE研究可以被视为灵活、交互式的设计反馈过程，它使得未来的校园建设能够更好地满足使用者需求。以北京大学为例，从户外公共空间行为活动、动态交通、绿地使用适宜性等几方面对校园环境进行POE研究，并在此基础上提出规划改造策略与建议，为创造充满活力、“以人为本”的校园开放空间体系提供依据。     

钢结构半刚性端板连接弯矩-转角曲线简化计算方法

结合已有研究成果及国外规范的建议,对应用于多层钢框架中的半刚性端板连接梁柱节点提出了标准构造建议,并针对此类端板连接提出了相应的弯矩—转角(M-φ)曲线形式及简化计算方法。通过将计算结果与相关试验结果对比,证明了该方法能够较好地计算端板连接的弯矩—转角(M-φ)全曲线,特别是能够非常准确地计算端板连接在节点弯矩小于节点抗弯承载力设计值时的节点转角,从而能够很好地满足结构设计的要求;且该方法计算过程简单,可操作性较强,方便实际应用,为我国钢结构设计规范关于半刚性端板连接的设计计算方法提供了有益补充。     

西北河谷型小城镇空间发展生态适宜性评价因子研究——以环千湖生态经济带为例

生态适宜性是衡量区域生态安全以及其社会经济可持续发展的重要指标,生态因子是规划、建设、控制和评估生态适宜性的重要手段和工具。本文通过对环千湖生态经济带的概念解读,以生态适宜性权衡作为环湖生态经济带发展的基本逻辑和发展框架,依照环湖经济带空间发展的生态功能划分,即在圈层结构的空间格局下,选取"获取性强"、"应用性强"、"针对性强、""代表性强"的相应圈层生态适宜性因子,形成生态型因子、恢复型因子、生态产业型因子为核心的生态因子评价体系,对环千湖湿地的生态经济带的建设发展控制提供研究依据。     

某高层建筑考虑地形影响的风荷载增大系数取值分析

针对一海岛上的重要高层建筑,根据目前国际上主流国家荷载规范的相关规定,对考虑地形影响的风压/风速增大系数取值进行了深入比较和分析。同时,参照日本新颁布的荷载规范分析了地形变化对阵风系数的影响。通过分析和讨论可以看出国际上主流国家的荷载规范在考虑地形影响时风荷载增大系数的取值方面与中国规范的差别及其发展方向,同时为工程主体结构和围护结构的抗风设计中风荷载的取值提供了较为可信的参考。     

国外结构可靠性理论的应用与发展

20世纪 70年代 ,结构可靠性理论有了长足发展 ,许多国家开始研究在结构设计规范中的应用 ,特别是国际标准ISO 2 3 94的颁布和欧洲规范由试行规范逐步转变为正式规范 ,使结构可靠性理论的应用进入一个新的时期。本文根据大量的文献资料 ,从涉及结构可靠性的国际机构、国外规范中可靠性理论的应用、与可靠性有关的其他领域的研究及结构可靠度培训和教育四个方面论述了国外结构可靠性理论的应用和发展     

Experimental investigation of cold-formed lean duplex stainless steel beam-columns

This paper describes a test program on cold-formed lean duplex stainless steel members in combined compression and minor axis bending. The test specimens were cold-rolled from flat strips of lean duplex stainless steel grade EN 1.4162. In this study, square and rectangular hollow sections were compressed at different eccentricities, in order to obtain a beam-column interaction curve for each series of tests. Initial overall geometric imperfections of the members were measured prior to testing. The ultimate loads and the failure modes of each specimen were obtained. The observed failure modes include local buckling, flexural buckling and interaction of local and flexural buckling. The test strengths obtained from this study and other available data were compared with the design strengths predicted by the American Specification, Australian/New Zealand Standard and European Code for stainless steel structures. It should be noted that these specifications do not cover the material of lean duplex stainless steel. Therefore, the suitability of the beam-column design rules in these specifications for lean duplex stainless steel is assessed in this study. Generally, these specifications are capable of predicting the beam-column strengths of the lean duplex stainless steel test specimens, and the design rules in the specifications are considered to be reliable. It is observed that the European Code generally provides quite conservative predictions for the beam-column specimens compared to the American Specification and Australian/New Zealand Standard predictions.     

Object-Oriented Approach in Design for Lift Installation of Offshore Structures

Abstract: A consistent representation of offshore structures and barges that is appropriate for computer processing is essential for the development of an efficient design system for offshore heavy lift installation. This paper outlines the representation of conceptual and physical entities in the preliminary design for lift installation through an object-oriented approach. The spatial and topologic abstractions of physical entities are illustrated. These abstractions, together with the locational dependency concept for an assembly, form the backbone for geometric reasoning in the top-down approach for lift installation design. An object-oriented prototype system for lift evaluation, C-LIFT, using the knowledge-based development tool kit ART_*Enterprise is described. A liftability study involving the installation of offshore modules and the associated lift sequence is then presented to illustrate the advantages of this approach.     

香港大学钻孔过程数字监测仪在土钉加固斜坡工程中的应用

介绍了一台新型的能够自动、客观和连续不断地记录和监测钻孔过程的钻孔过程数字监测仪(DPM)。钻孔过程可由一些随时间变化的钻孔参数来表述,这些参数包括钻杆和钻头的位置、位移和转动,以及钻机对钻头施加的各种动力载荷。此便携式监测仪可快速地安装到钻探机或钻孔机上,并且已经在香港防止山泥倾泻的斜坡加固工程中得到应用。通过实例讨论阐述了在风化岩土斜坡中安装土钉的钻孔过程实测结果。这些实测结果是从香港斜坡防护常用的土钉钻孔过程中得到的。这些实测结果表明钻孔过程参数随时间的动态监测可为工程质量管理和控制以及岩土工程设计和检验提供丰富、有利的真实数据和资料。     

现代室内装饰设计的原则及其发展趋势研究

阐述了室内设计到室内装饰的演变过程,提出了现代室内装饰要遵循使用功能、精神、文化品位、美学、现代、符合地区特点和民族风格的要求,同时还对室内装修的未来趋势进行了分析,为现代人进行室内装饰设计提供了参考。     

Structuring Knowledge and Data Bases in Expert Systems for Integrated Structural Design

The integrated structural design includes preliminary design, structural analysis, and the final detailed design. A knowledge-based expert system for integrated structural design requires both symbolic processing of heuristics and experiential knowledge and numerical processing of algorithmic computations. In addition, such a coupled expert system must use existing data bases as well as a large variety of data created during a consultation with the system. Thus, considering their complex interaction, effective integration of symbolic processing, numerical processing, and data base management becomes a major concern in the development of expert systems for integrated structural design. This paper addresses this integration problem by presenting a prototype system, called FRAMEX, for design of a class of steel structures—regular multistory steel buildings. The basis of steel design is the recently developed Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification.     

Adapting cellular automata to support the architectural design process

This paper investigates the support of generative architectural design processes using cellular automata systems with a high level of involvement of human designers. Previous applications of cellular automata to architectural design have oftentimes been characterised by their limited generative capacity for top–down developmental control and for pragmatic rule-breaking as they are easily offered by human designers. This paper explores different options for modifying and extending classical cellular automata systems to support architectural form finding. It discusses the potential of cellular automata as generative design tools with respect to the questions: In which part of a design development, during which periods during a design process and in what roles do cellular automata promise desirable results from a practical standpoint? In response to these questions, a theoretical framework for the integration of cellular automata into the design process is presented. An implementation of a dialogue-based cellular automata-supported design process model is outlined and evaluated by remodelling an existing architectural design project.     

Reliability-based optimum design of reinforced concrete girders

A practical optimization approach to the design of reinforced concrete girders for highway bridges is presented. The approach is entirely based on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standard specifications for highway bridges. All behavior and side constraints specified in the AASHTO bridge code are considered in the optimum design process. Two optimization formulations are presented. The first uses load and resistance design factors (LRFD) and the second one is entirely based on a reliability approach. In these formulations, the independent and dependent variables are identified, and the constraints are formulated in both the AASHTO-LRFD format and the AASHTO-reliability-based format. The solutions for both formulations are obtained by using a nonlinear optimization software. Numerical examples illustrate the application of the proposed approach to the design of reinforced concrete T-girders. Sensitivity analyses are also performed for finding the effects of various parameters including steel to concrete cost ratio and allowable reliability level on the optimum solution.     

建筑防火性能化设计中火灾场景的设定

性能化防火设计方法的应用为我国建筑防火设计领域中的有关难题提供了较为科学合理的解决方案，同时也对设计者提出了更高的要求。设计者对设计过程、方法以及工具有一个比较深入全面地认识，是保证建筑防火设计安全合理的基本前提之一。通过对建筑防火性能化设计的火灾场景问题进行探讨，以求科学地认识和理解性能化防火设计方法，促进性能化防火设计方法在在我国建筑防火设计领域的健康发展。     

城市地下空间导识系统的视觉代码研究

城市地下空间开发利用已越来越受到社会的重视,在结构复杂的地下空间中,定位定向困难问题成了急需解决的主要问题。以地下空间导识系统为研究对象,针对传统的导识系统形式研究的局限性,提出应用视觉代码设计的概念,通过个案研究法研究视觉代码设计对结构复杂的地下空间导识系统的完善和补充,结果表明:通过文字代码、图形代码、色彩代码、造型代码的设置,可以完善地下空间导识系统的完整性和科学性。通过对视觉代码设计的使用,可以促进地下空间的活跃,帮助使用者迅速识别,极大地提高了地下空间的效率。     

ICAtect-II: a framework for the integration of building design tools

The development of a system capable of integrating a range of building design tools poses many challenges. Our framework for integrating design tools provides a structured approach, allowing individual parts to be developed independently. In this paper, we describe the overall framework and suggest a method for modeling and implementing each portion of the framework. Furthermore, we illustrate how such a system can integrate several design tools and be realized as a functional design system.