双向充液变薄拉深试验及理论分析

提出了种称为双向充液变薄拉深的工艺方法,从理论上推导出变薄成形极限计算式,并采用三种毛坯进行了双向充液变薄拉深度试验。当液压达１２０ＭＰａ时,车削软铝毛坯的极限变薄拉深系数由０．５减小到０．３;二次拉深毛坯的极限变薄拉深系数由０．６减小到０．４５;二次拉深化退火毛坯的极限变薄拉深系数由０．６减小到０．４。     

防锈铝的充液拉深

根据模具几何特征，通过建立流体力学模型描述液体对板料单元的动态影响，结合有限元数值模拟技术对塑性差、难成形材料防锈铝LF6的充液拉深进行数值模拟，并进行实验研究，得到了防锈铝充液拉深合理工艺参数。结果表明，充液拉深流体压力作用与板料成形相结合进行数值模拟分析的方法是正确的，采用充液拉深工艺可以有效提高塑性差、难成形材料LF6的成形极限，拉深比可达到2．4。     

缓冲器缸筒成形工艺

针对缓冲器缸筒产品结构特点及性能要求,结合热冲压（挤盂＋热变薄拉深）及冷变薄拉深成形工艺的特点,对缓冲器缸筒成形工艺方案,热冲压（挤盂＋热变薄拉深）毛坯的形状和尺寸,热冲压（挤盂＋热变薄拉深）及冷变薄拉深成形工艺等关键技术问题进行了研究。试验结果表明采用热冲压（挤盂＋热变薄拉深）和冷变薄拉深相结合的工艺方法对缓冲器缸筒进行成形加工高效而经济,比传统热冲压后机械加工的成形工艺原材料利用率提高25％左右,同时所生产的产品尺寸稳定,力学性能一致性好。     

变薄拉深

变薄拉深通常是拉深工序或冷挤成形(impact extrusion)工序后进行的一种旨在实现极薄壁杯形件的成形工序。也可用此方法实现极薄壁管件的成形。变薄拉深是在室温下进行的。适用的材料有铜、铝、钢等金属。啤酒罐(铝)、子弹壳(铜)等都是它的典型产品。它们的变薄程度都达到90％。 1.工艺分析图1所示是深拉深后零件图。     

不等壁厚带台阶锥形件冲压成形工艺与模具设计

分析了不等壁厚带台阶锥形件的冲压成形工艺,介绍了有色金属变薄拉深毛坯直径计算方法,采用合适的润滑剂及润滑方法和确定合理的模具间隙,经过多次拉深、变薄拉深和锥部拉深,成形出了表面质量理想的不等壁厚带台阶锥形件。     

一种有效提高拉深成形性能的方法

提出了一种能有效减小拉深件最大厚度变薄量，提高拉深成形极限及拉深件质量的夹紧式拉深模具结构，并已用于实际生产中。叙述了该模具结构特点及其工作原理，对有关工艺参数的影响进行了实验研究，并对实验结果进行了分析。     

多道次变薄拉深机理分析

以多道次变薄拉深的刚塑性有限元法力学模型为基础，进一步阐明其变形机理。研究发现除后拉力效应外，变薄区出口速度减小也是提高多道次变薄拉深成形极限的一个原因。     

厚壁筒形件拉深筒壁变薄环的产生与消除

以汽车发动机制动室缸体拉深成形为例，分析了厚壁筒形件拉深时筒壁产生变薄环的原因，介绍了采用变薄拉深工艺将其消除的方法。该方法对内壁质量要求较高的筒形件成形具有普遍的实用意义。     

壁厚变薄直径缩小空心件的变薄拉深

通过薄壁、变壁厚、厚底、大高度的空心零件成形,介绍了变薄拉深工艺的特点,分析了壁厚变薄、直径缩小的变薄拉深变形过程,给出了变形程度的表示方法——加工率,提出了该类变薄拉深的工艺参数计算方法,可为同类型零件变薄拉深工艺计算提供参考。     

圆筒形件充液拉深皱曲和破裂极限的研究

从充液拉深时零件变形的应力应变状态出发,根据普通拉深成形起皱和破裂的控制和预测,导出了圆筒形件充液拉深防皱曲和防破裂压边力的极限判据,作为其皱曲与破裂极限的预报及控制.同时还给出了圆筒形件充液拉深成形安全区域图,由此可以确定圆筒形件充液拉深成形的极限拉深系数和最小拉深系数,适用于无凸缘圆筒形件拉深、带凸缘圆筒形件拉深和刚性凸模的胀形.另外分析了在4组压边力的条件下液压力对零件成形的影响,为工艺参数确定、模具设计和设备选择提供依据.     

变薄拉深力的测试

变薄拉深时筒坯内外侧与凸、凹模接触面存在两个方向相反的摩擦力，其摩擦参量是力学计算和润滑剂选择的重要依据。按文献[1]提出通过变薄拉深力和冲头顶推力确定两个摩擦因子的力学原理，设计出测试系统，其顶推力传感器设计巧妙，有独到之处。采用本测试系统确定的摩擦因子应用于文献[2]变薄拉深力及凹模出口应力计算，与试验值吻合。     

Optimization of ironing processes by means of DOE and FEA

The range of possible applications of ironing processes reaches from the production of cylindrical pressure tanks, shock absorber pipes, battery and beverage cans to the production of flacons for the cosmetics industry. One goal of the finite element analyses of ironing processes is to gain knowledge about process limits regarding maximized forming capacity and optimized surface quality. The ironing process is characterized by parameters like friction, geometry of the ironing ring and anisotropic material behavior. Due to the high complexity of this process, it is complicated to detect these effects on the basis of experimental investigations only. Therefore, one of the aims of this study is to identify relevant process parameters by means of systematic numerical analyses. The design of experiments was utilized to create a model of the ironing process. By means of this model it was possible to reduce the punch load and to minimize the tensile stresses in the first stage of the analyzed ironing process.     

Evaluation of stamping lubricants at various temperature levels using the ironing test

Lubricants are employed in stamping operations in order to (a) improve the material flow into the die cavity, (b) reduce wear and galling in the die and (c) obtain good surface finish of the part. Process conditions such as high temperatures and pressures could cause the lubricant to fail, thus resulting in galling or tearing of the part, damage to the tooling, and lost production. Therefore, selection of an appropriate lubricant based on the process conditions is important in the stamping industry. Several benchmark tests emulating stamping operations have been developed and are used to evaluate the performance of candidate lubricants. The major drawback of most of these tests is their inability to emulate high contact pressures and sliding velocities, which are crucial parameters for lubricity, especially in the case of high-speed progressive or transfer die operations involving ironing. Moreover, most of these tests are conducted at room temperature, while in reality; the process temperature can reach as high as 200 °C. The ironing tribotest developed at the Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing (ERC/NSM) induces high contact pressures and temperatures, thus emulating the conditions in a production environment. Application of the test to screen candidate lubricants for stamping operations involving the ironing process is discussed in this paper.     

筒形件变薄拉深力的上限解

利用连续速度场解析了筒形件变薄拉深过程拉深力，并获得其上限解析解，通过相同条件下该解析解与实验结果比较表明，两者吻合较好。     

在曲柄压机上变薄拉深有限元模拟与试验研究

通过对轴承环进行拉深工艺分析，找到了影响变薄拉深工艺的各种因素，论证了轴承环进行变薄拉深的可行性与优越性。采用有限元软件Dynaforrn及Deforrn对其进行数值模拟，获得了优化的工艺参数并得到生产实际检验。     

变薄拉深过程的数值模拟

利用上限元法对变薄拉深过程进行了数值模拟。在考虑加工硬化的基础上分析了凹模、芯轴与制件之间的摩擦因子以及变形比对变薄拉深工艺过程的影响。     

Ironability of a three-layered polymer coated steel: Part 1: Experimental investigation

Food and beverage containers are common in Western society, with over one billion beverage containers produced annually in the United States alone. One of the environmental concerns associated with the manufacture of these products is the production of volatile organic compounds during the coating of the can interior with a protective polymer. This issue can be resolved by using pre-laminated steels as a base stock, so long as the polymer coating is robust and can survive the can making operation. Recognizing that ironing is the most demanding metal forming operation in can making, a series of formability tests were conducted on novel laminated polymer-coated steel specimens using an ironing simulator. It was found that the laminate-coated steels could display good ironability with tin-free steel substrates. The surface quality was evaluated and related to process parameters, of which the ironing angle was determined as the most important factor. With proper tooling and layer design, polymer laminate base stocks have been demonstrated to be suitable for drawn and ironed containers.     

Development of simulation code for calculating residual stress distribution in D-I cans produced by both-sided ironing process

A code of FEM for an elastic and plastic material has been developed to calculate a residual stress distribution in D-I can by both-sided ironing. It is possible for the code to simulate a forming process of deep drawing from a sheet to a can, an ironing process of both-sided of the can wall, and a deformation of the whole of the can under perfect unloading when the can is removed from an equipment of deep drawing and ironing. From these simulations, quite different and contrary distributions of residual stress are obtained according to mutual positions of dies for the ironing, which are considered to expand the wall of can as an ellipsoidal shape or shrink it to a hyperbolic shape.     

高强钛合金缩径挤压成形机理分析

采用刚塑性有限元法对高强度钛合金缩径挤压过程进行模拟,获得了成形过程中的网格变化图和标记点的金属流动速度变化图;通过对各标记点速度变化的分析,发现坯料表面金属相对于中心金属的流动速度变化是端面凹陷形成的根本原因;在此基础上探讨了凹模锥面的形状和摩擦阻力对缩径挤压的影响.     

工艺参数对减径挤压的影响

影响减径挤压的工艺参数主要包括凹模锥角、定径带长度、摩擦系数、高径比等。采用有限元模拟技术模拟了不同工艺参数条件下的减径挤压变形过程。以内缩量为评价标准,分析了这些工艺参数对减径挤压的影响规律。