不凝气体对蒸汽射流冷凝影响的数值研究

通过二维轴对称数值模型研究了空气等不凝性气体对蒸汽射流与过冷水直接接触冷凝行为和传热特性的影响。采用CFX中的欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,结合热相变模型计算蒸汽的冷凝量、组分传递模型计算混合气体中组分的变化量;喷嘴出口的气体质量流量为300 kg/(m²·s),不凝气体含量在15%以内。结果表明,不凝气体阻碍了蒸汽与过冷水直接接触,形成热阻,恶化了冷凝传热,且热阻随不凝气体含量增加而增加;冷凝速率随不凝气体含量增加而减小;射流区长度随不凝气体含量增加而增加;不凝气体的存在,使水蒸气不能被完全冷凝,而剩余水蒸气的含量与初始不凝气体含量无关。     

含不凝气体蒸汽泡直接接触冷凝

通过可视化实验研究了含空气蒸汽泡的冷凝行为和传热特性,气泡中蒸汽质量含量在0.5～0.8之间.在两种不同的过冷水温度下,混合气体气泡分别由直径1.5 mm和3 mm的喷嘴以不同的速度喷入静止的过冷水空间中.通过高速摄像机记录气泡冷凝过程,通过气泡体积变化状况计算气泡热力学参数,进而计算气泡的冷凝传热系数.结果表明,气泡在冷凝过程中不断变形,且在冷凝开始时,气泡出现中空现象;冷水温度越低,冷凝传热系数越低;气泡体积越大,冷凝传热系数越低;喷嘴直径对冷凝传热影响不明显;不凝气体的加入恶化了冷凝传热.对实验中65个气泡传热系数的数值进行了拟合,获得了传热系数关联式.     

含不凝气体蒸汽波节管内凝结特性研究

通过数值模拟,研究了波节结构、空气含量及Reynolds数Re对含空气的水蒸气波节管内凝结特性的影响,并与圆形换热管内的情况进行了对比。模拟结果表明：空气含量增加,波节管壁面平均传热系数减小;波节管内流体流动和换热过程均呈现振荡波动;波节高度增加,壁面平均传热系数先增加后降低,在波节高度0.032 m达到峰值,而摩擦系数一直增加;波节间距减小,波节宽度增加,壁面平均传热系数及摩擦系数均增大;波节高度对波节管内流动和换热影响均大于波节宽度和波节间距。     

不凝气体对溴化锂制冷机的影响及防治

对溴化锂制冷机而言,不凝气体指空气、氢等。不凝气体主要以外部渗入、材料腐蚀和溶液注入的方式产生。不凝气体会导致溴化锂制冷机管材腐蚀、冷凝器热交换效率降低、吸收器热交换效率降低、制冷效率下降、溶液结晶等。防治不凝气体的产生,需加强调试时的气密性试验、运行时的气密性检查、长期停机后的气密性管理和真空度的保持等措施。     

不凝结气体对蒸汽喷射器性能影响的数值模拟

以空气作为掺混在蒸汽中的不凝结气体,基于Fluent对蒸汽喷射器内蒸汽和过冷水的直接接触凝结现象进行了CFD数值模拟。研究发现：随着空气质量分数的增加,混合段内的轴向压力升高,凝结冲击的位置向出口方向移动,凝结冲击的强度降低,蒸汽对过冷水的引射作用减弱;蒸汽入口压力增大,混合段和扩压段内的轴向压力降低,对过冷水的引射作用增强。     

气体生产中冷凝冷却器的设计计算

介绍了气体净化装置的冷凝冷却器详细设计计算、试用情况及设备设计注意事项。准确地解决了生产中的设备选择困难，得到用户的好评。其传热机理比较复杂。     

含氮气的甲烷蒸汽冷凝过程的数值模拟

为求解竖直壁面上含氮气的甲烷蒸汽冷凝流动传热传质规律,基于扩散理论建立了数值计算模型。利用Volume of Fluid (VOF)方法追踪气液界面,根据气液界面质量守恒方程自定义用户函数求解相变过程中的质量与能量源相,对氮气w(N_2)=0%、0.869%、1.733%、3.441%、8.417%、11.616%、16.249%以及壁面过冷度为5 K、10 K、15 K和20 K的工况进行了模拟计算。结果表明,氮气的存在使得甲烷蒸汽的冷凝传热系数显著下降(过冷度为10 K时,3.441%的氮气导致传热系数下降约70%);在计算工况下,液膜厚度相比于混合气体层的厚度小两个数量级,蒸汽穿过混合气体层的扩散热阻是整个传热过程的主要热阻。     

废气锅炉蒸汽中溶解气和不凝气体的检测方法

针对废气锅炉及换热设备的腐蚀情况,制定了废气锅炉蒸汽中溶解气和不凝气体的检测方法.     

不凝气体对控温型环路热管热性能的影响

为研究不凝气体对于控温型环路热管热性能的影响,文中制备了一套高性能不锈钢-氨环路热管,通过采用一种不凝气体定量掺杂的方法,对控温型环路热管分别注入了体积分数1%,2.3%,6%和10%的不凝气体。通过实验对比分析了掺杂不同不凝气体体积分数的环路热管与无不凝气体的环路热管的不同的启动特性、控温特性及传热特性。实验结果表明:不凝气体的存在增大了蒸发器与储液器之间的温差,降低了控温的精度和稳定性,随着不凝气体体积分数的增加,环路热管的启动时间增加,系统的热导降低,在更大功率区间内处于可变热导模式。分析实验结果得出了环路热管运行温度与不凝气体体积分数的关系曲线,在工程应用上具有一定的参考价值。     

不凝气对水喷射冷凝器内传质过程影响的实验研究

在密封的水喷射抽气冷凝系统中,分别利用含不凝气体和不含不凝气体的水作为工作液体,在同样的初始抽气压力和工作液体初始温度下,对相同量的蒸汽进行冷凝,记录不同流量下吸入室的真空度变化,分别得出了两种工作液体的极限液汽比,并根据实验数据计算出两种工况下的传质系数。实验结果表明,在封闭系统内使用无不凝气体的工作液体可提高蒸汽的冷凝效果,其传质系数的提高与气膜厚度呈线性关系,通过对实验数据的线性回归得出其关系为:κ=9.719δ+1。     

Numerical investigation of influence of non-condensable gas on steam jet condensation

The influence of non-condensable gas on the direct contact condensing behavior and heat transfer characteristics of steam jet in subcooled water is investigated by two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model. Based on Euler-Euler two-fluid model in CFX, the steam condensation is calculated with thermal phase change model. The composition variation of steam-air mixture is realized using species transport equation for the gas phase. The gas mass flow at nozzle outlet is 300 kg/(m²·s), and non-condensable gas is within 15%. The results show that non-condensable gas obstructs the direct contact between steam and subcooled water, forming the thermal resistance and deteriorating the condensation heat transfer. The thermal resistance and the length of jet region increase with the increase of non-condensable gas. While the condensation rate decreases with the increase of non-condensable gas. The presence of non-condensable gas prevents vapor from being condensed completely, and the remaining vapor is independent of the original non-condensable gas.     

滴状冷凝强化含不凝气的蒸气冷凝传热机制

为了深入考察滴状冷凝强化混合蒸气冷凝传热传质过程的作用机制,在竖直表面上设计了完全滴状（DWC）、没有液滴向下脱落运动的条形分割滴膜共存（DFC）和膜状（FWC）3种冷凝形态的实验表面。对纯蒸气及含不凝气蒸气的冷凝传热过程进行了分析和实验研究,结果表明纯蒸气滴状冷凝与滴膜共存冷凝传热特性相近;而对含不凝气的冷凝,滴膜共存表面与膜状冷凝表面的传热特性相近;不凝气摩尔分数分别为0.9%、4.8%时,滴状冷凝较其他两种形态下的冷凝传热系数提高了30%～80%。其主要原因是由于混合蒸气冷凝传热阻力主要由气相边界层控制,滴膜共存冷凝并没有使气相的扩散传质过程得到强化,而完全滴状冷凝与设计的滴膜共存冷凝的区别在于后者仅存在小液滴的合并运动而没有大液滴向下脱落和对表面冲刷过程。根据二者实验结果的分析,认为滴状冷凝的大液滴脱落运动是影响气相传质的主要因素,大液滴脱落过程对气相边界层的扰动和剪切作用强化了气液界面传热传质特性。     

Heat transfer coefficient for condensation of steam on freely formed falling liquid jets

This article presents the research results of direct contact condensation of steam on freely formed falling liquid jets. After the comparison of experimental data and open literature correlations it was concluded that published correlations does not provide accurate coverage of experimental data. A new correlation was established in the following form © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2579–2584, 2016     

微纳结构超疏水表面参数影响含不凝气蒸汽冷凝传热的理论分析

超疏水表面结构参数对滴状冷凝传热性能、液滴生长和分布均会产生影响。首先利用竖直壁面液滴的受力平衡确定了不凝气条件下蒸汽冷凝过程中液滴的脱落半径,随后建立了含不凝气蒸汽滴状冷凝的传热模型,研究了不同不凝气浓度和过冷度下超疏水表面微柱的柱间距对滴状冷凝传热性能的影响,得到了使超疏水表面冷凝传热性能达到最佳的柱间距值,并对其随不凝气浓度和过冷度的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明在所研究的过冷度范围内,当不凝气浓度较低时（<20%）,最佳柱间距随不凝气浓度升高而增大;而当不凝气浓度高于20%时,最佳柱间距随不凝气浓度升高而减小。为驱动含不凝气蒸汽冷凝传热性能的超疏水微纳结构参数的优化提供了必要的基础数据。     

Experimental study on sonic steam jet condensation in quiescent subcooled water

Condensation heat transfer of sonic steam jet in subcooled water was investigated experimentally over a wide range of steam mass flux and water temperature. Four different steam plume shapes were observed in present test conditions, and condensation regime map was given based on steam mass flux and water temperature. Maximum expansion ratio and dimensionless penetration length of the steam jet were also obtained in the ranges of 1.04-2.20 and 2.86-14.60, respectively. Then the semi-empirical correlations were given to predict the expansion ratio and penetration length, the results showed good agreement between the predictions and experiments. Moreover, temperature fields in the steam plume and surrounding water were measured. Axial temperature distributions represented the four typical steam plumes, and variation of the axial temperature confirmed existence of expansion and compression waves. Finally, surface renewal model was adopted to predict condensation heat transfer coefficients, which were in the range of 0.98-1.45 MW/m² K and mainly dependent on the physical property and steam plume shape, including expansion angle, expansion ratio and penetration length.     

中等过冷度下含不凝性气体蒸汽冷凝传热特性

通过对竖直圆管外表面含不凝性气体蒸汽在中等壁面过冷度条件下的冷凝传热实验研究,分析了混合气体压力0.4～0.6 MPa、空气含量0.07～0.52以及壁面过冷度13～25℃时,蒸汽的冷凝换热特性,给出了冷凝传热过程中的经验关联式,并对氦气的存在及其对换热过程的影响进行了初步分析。结果表明：在混合气体压力及不凝性气体含量不变的条件下,壁面过冷度的降低利于冷凝传热系数的增长;所得到的经验关联式在低过冷度条件下能较好地对换热过程进行预测,且其与实验值的误差在±15%以内;实验条件下未发生氦气分层现象,相同不凝性气体质量分数条件下,氦气的存在会使冷凝传热系数降低约20%。     

从超音速蒸汽喷嘴到过冷水直接接触冷凝的数值模拟(英文)

The phenomenon of direct-contact condensation,used in steam driven jet injectors,nuclear reactor emergency core cooling systems and direct-contact heat exchangers,was investigated computationally by introducing a thermal equilibrium model for direct-contact condensation of steam in subcooled water.The condensation model presented was a two resistance model which takes care of the heat transfer process on both sides of the interface and uses a variable steam bubble diameter.The injection of supersonic steam jet in subcooled water tank was simulated using the Euler-Euler multiphase flow model of Fluent 6.3 code with the condensation model incorporated. The findings of the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulations were compared with the published experimental data and fairly good agreement was observed between the two,thus validating the condensation model.The results of CFD simulations for dimensionless penetration length of steam plume varies from 2.73-7.33,while the condensation heat transfer coefficient varies from 0.75-0.917 MW·(m 2 ·K) -1 for water temperature in the range of 293-343 K.