X射线背光成像诊断的球面晶体分析器研究

在激光约束聚变和箍缩聚爆实验中,为了分析内爆 靶丸推进层的运动过程和评估激光辐射驱动的对称性和均匀性, 需要得到靶丸内爆单色X射线二维空间分辨信息。为了诊断内爆高温等离子体X射线二维空间 信息,利用晶体布喇格衍射 原理研制了新型的成像系统。系统的核心元件为球面晶体分析器,球面晶体为云母球面晶体 ,弯曲半径为143.3mm。在中 国工程物理研究院进行了单色X射线背光成像实验,磷屏成像板获得了清晰的Cr靶单色X射线 二维网格图像。通过对实验 所得背光图像分析,云母球面晶体成像系统得到的空间分辨率为86 μm。实验结果表明,云母球面晶体可以应用于等离子体X射线的背光成像诊断研究。     

基于石英球面弯曲晶体的X射线成像研究

为了诊断惯性约束聚变的聚爆靶的尺寸、形状、分布和均匀性等情况,利用X射线布拉格衍射理论,搭建了基于球面弯曲晶体的X射线背光成像系统。其核心元件是α-石英球面弯晶,α-石英晶体性质稳定,结构完整,反射率和分辨率高。弯曲晶体尺寸为65mm×20mm,弯曲半径为143.3mm。利用该背光成像系统进行了单色X射线背光成像实验。成像物体为3×3阵列的正方形不锈钢网格,利用接收装置磷屏成像板,得到清晰的Cr KαX射线背光源二维空间分辨,在9.6mm×28.7mm的视场范围内,其像的空间分辨率大约为83.3μm。实验结果表明α-石英球面弯曲晶体适合于X射线的背光诊断研究。     

球面弯晶实现X射线单能成像的研究

基于Bragg衍射原理,研制了一种对激光等离子体进行二维成像的球面晶体分析器。采用球面弯曲石英晶体作为分析器,X射线IP板作为成像器件。采用Cr靶X射线辐射金属网格（目标）,网格的网孔尺寸为200μm×200μm。通过球面弯晶对Cr靶Kα谱线的衍射,得到网格的二维单色衍射图像。实验结果表明,球面弯晶分析器具有较高的光谱...     

球面晶体分析器在等离子体X射线诊断中的应用

为了诊断高温等离子体X射线,利用晶体布喇格衍射原理研制了新型的球面晶体分析器,α-石英为衍射晶体,球面的半径为250 mm.对球面晶体分析器分别进行静态X射线衍射实验和Z箍缩聚爆实验,富士磷屏(IP)成像板和感光胶片分别得到了清晰的Cu等离子体和Ti等离子体谱线.对实验所得谱线进行分析,石英球面晶体分析器光谱分辨力好于...     

基于级联卷积神经网络的疲劳检测

为了诊断热核聚变等离子体状态,研制了用于热 斑区等离子体诊断用的新型X射线光谱仪,能够同 时探测X射线光谱与聚爆靶图像信息。光谱检测功能由4块椭圆晶体分析器实现,材料分别 为α-石英(1010)、 α-石英(2023)、α-石英(1011)和Si(111),几乎能够覆盖2~20 keV能带范围内的X射线特 征光谱。光谱检测 结构为光源位于椭圆的一个焦点,其辐射光谱经过椭圆反射聚焦于椭圆另一焦点,由X射线 成像板(IP)接收。图 像检测功能由分幅相机匹配小孔阵列成像完成,理想状态能够得到20 幅不同时间的聚爆靶图像。在谱仪与 聚爆靶之间的调整台上设置厚为60μm的Be膜,以保护针孔与晶体避 免聚爆溅射碎片破坏。在中物院“神光- Ⅱ”升级装置上进行了打靶实验,获取了X射线光谱与聚爆靶图像信号。分析了光谱及图像 信息,并针对光谱 仪漏光问题改进了光谱仪结构,最后在神光-Ⅲ原型装置上进行了验证实验并获得比较理想 的图像信号,信噪比(SNR)数据达到15dB。     

激光等离子体X射线背光源诊断研究

为诊断激光驱动金属靶产生X射线背光源的性能,利用椭圆聚焦特性,研制了一种背光椭圆晶体谱仪。谱仪的色散分析元件为云母(002)晶体,椭圆弯晶的焦距为1350mm,离心率为0.9586。激光束以30°角斜入射背光薄靶,且与椭圆弯晶长轴方向垂直。背光椭圆弯晶谱仪的布拉格入射角为50°~67°,衍射探测角为100°~120°,探测的波长为0.14~0.16nm,采用X射线CCD相机接收信号。利用神光Ⅱ激光装置7#和8#激光器同时聚焦轰击10μm厚的Cu平面背光薄靶,CCD成功获取了Cu等离子体X射线的类氦和Kα谱线。经解谱发现谱线有明显基底,用最小二乘法差值去噪处理后,实测谱线分辨率(λ/Δλ)大于700。     

纳秒激光驱动的数千电子伏特X射线背光面源特性

数千电子伏特(Multi-keV)量级的X射线背光成像是高能密度等离子体物理实验中常用的一种诊断技术。在神光II激光装置上,研究了纳秒激光驱动钛4.7keV波段及氯2.7keV波段背光面源的性能。研究结果表明,氯背光能谱以类He线及类H线为主,其中2.7keV波段的类He-α线最强;在当前神光II激光加载能力下,氯背光面源相对强度超过钛背光面源一个量级,因此,可选用氯He-α线的X光探针进行背光诊断。     

用于等离子体诊断的新型X射线谱仪

为了诊断热核聚变等离子体状态,研制了用于热 斑区等离子体诊断用的新型X射线谱仪,能够同 时探测X射线光谱与聚爆靶图像信息。光谱检测功能由4块椭圆晶体分析器实现,分别覆盖2~20keV能带范围不同能带的X射;图像检测功能由分幅相机匹配小孔 阵列成像完成,理想状态能够得到20幅不同时间的聚爆靶图像。在中 物院“神光- Ⅱ”升级装置上进行了打靶实验,获取了X射线光谱与聚爆靶图像信号。分析了光谱及图像 信息,并针对光谱 仪漏光问题改进了谱仪结构。在神光-Ⅲ原型装置上进行了验证实验,获得比较理想的 图像信号,信噪比(SNR)数据达到30。     

类锂离子软X射线激光实验研究

在上海光机所6路激光装置上成功地进行了软X射线激光增益实验,利用自制的一维空间分辨掠入射光栅光谱仪研究了1mm厚平板靶激光等离子体中铝和硅的类锂离子的自发发射放大(ASE)性能.实验表明,Al~(10+)离子的5f-3d跃迁(波长10.57nm)的时间积分发射强度随线状等离子体的长度非线性增长,相应的增益系数为2.3±0.7cm~(-1),最大增益长度乘积约为2; 空间分辨光谱显示增益最大的区域离靶面约440μm.     

用激光等离子体作光源的反射式X光显微镜

根据多层膜反射镜原理建立的X射线光学系统可获得微细物体放大成像的分辨率为0.2μm(波长为20nm时)。这个系统由激光等离子体光源、X射线聚光镜、20~x倍施瓦兹希尔德物镜、滤光片组和探测器组成。所使用的高质量的X光光学零件和精密调整光学系统,可获得在全通光口径下的分辨率为0.2μm,用二倍频Nd激光器,脉冲能量为0.5J,在一个脉冲间隔1.5ns时间内获得曝光是足够的。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks