明渠水流阻力系数计算公式分析与比较

按不同流态及流区对明渠水流阻力系数的计算公式进行了归纳和总结。以实测资料为依据,利用不同的阻力系数计算公式按明渠均匀流理论分别计算了实际输水明渠的过流能力,并将计算流量与实测流量进行对比,其相对误差在-7.9%～2.68%之间。其中,以紊流粗糙区的指数型公式和对数型公式的相对误差为小（-2.0%～2.68%）。在粗糙系数一定的条件下,不同阻力计算公式求得的阻力系数相差不大。从工程实用和计算方便的角度考虑,指数型公式较其它形式有更好的适应性,其计算的精确性往往取决于粗糙n的选择,用阻力平方区的公式计算过渡粗糙区的流量仍有较好的结果。     

含植物河道等效床面阻力试验研究

植物广泛存在于滩地和河槽中,可有效改善水环境,但同时也增加了水流阻力。通常采用不同材料的棍状物或仿生植物模拟实际植物进行试验研究,将植物阻力附加于床面上与原床面阻力一起构成等效床面阻力,因模拟实际植物的不相似导致含植物河道等效床面阻力的研究不够完善。本文提出了对实际植物分区施加实际流速条件进行试验的思路,即按河道现场调研的植物密度布置,沿横向和垂向对河道横断面分区,对实际植物区域施加实际流速条件,试验研究分区水体中的植物阻力,最后换算得到表征等效床面阻力的等效床面糙率。以独流减河上游河道为对象,选用乔木、灌木和芦苇三种典型植物,考虑河道横断面不同分区的流速条件进行了试验,结果表明,当遭遇100年一遇洪水时,乔木种植区域的等效床面糙率为0.060～0.066,灌木种植区域的等效床面糙率为0.083～0.099,芦苇种植区域的等效床面糙率为0.698～0.989。研究成果可为防洪计算和水环境治理提供理论支持。     

Lambert W-function Solution for Uniform Flow Depth Problem

Using the logarithmic law of resistance under the rivers' uniform flow involves implicit governing equations in the normal depth. Therefore, many authors have developed approximate solutions for determining the normal depths for wide rectangular and cosine-shaped sections. This paper presents new, more accurate direct solutions for predicting the normal depths of these sections using the Lambert W-Function and doubly infinite expanded series. The equations are expressed in dimensionless roughness and viscosity, which are functions of five physical parameters: flow discharge, roughness, kinematic viscosity, channel width, and angle of repose of the bed material. The novelty of this paper is as follows: (1) the proposed equations are in the form of fast converging power series, (2) the normal depth equations are developed for the rough and smooth flow regimes, and the transition region between them, and (3) the maximum relative error of the proposed solutions range from 0.01% to 0.8%, compared with 2% to 14% for the existing solutions.

     

论河渠边界和水流阻力的计算

本文分析了水力半径分割法的合理性及存在问题，提出了符合实质的分割原则，导出边界切应力分布公式和三维流速的分布及阻力公式，分析表明：影响边界阻力等因素有断面形状参数，糙率分布及水流运动强度，研究中包含了这些影响因素，所得公式适应性强，并经试验资料验证。     

Characteristics of Flow Resistance in Open Channels With Non-Submerged Rigid Vegetation

The flow resistance factors of non-submerged rigid vegetation in open channels were analyzed. The formulas of drag coefficient CD and equivalent Manning＇s roughness coefficient na were derived by analyzing the force of the flow of non-submerged rigid vegetation in open channel. The flow characteristics and mechanism of non-submerged rigid vegetation in open channel were studied through flume experiments.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BED FORMS AND FLOW RESISTANCE OF LIGHT－WEIGHT MATERIALS WITH DIFFERENT DENSITIES

ＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＡＬＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＢＥＤＦＯＲＭＳＡＮＤＦＬＯＷＲＥＳＩＳＴＡＮＣＥＯＦＬＩＧＨＴ－ＷＥＩＧＨＴＭＡＴＥＲＩＡＬＳＷＩＴＨＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＴＤＥＮＳＩＴＩＥＳ￥ＤｕａｎＧｕｏ－ｈｏｎｇ；ＷａｎｇＧｕｉ－ｘｉａｎ（Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆＨｙ...     

矩形明渠边界平均剪切应力变化规律研究

针对棱柱型矩形明渠的特点 ,在分析均匀流运动机理的基础上 ,认为水流可以分为河床作用部分和岸壁作用部分 ,各部分分别作均匀流运动。在分析水体能量消耗的物理模式的基础上 ,提出了面积分割的补充关系。对于河床和岸壁糙率相同的情况 ,利用静力平衡条件和水流连续方程 ,可推得水流槽底、岸壁剪应力的计算关系式。对关系式的讨论表明 ,公式结构合理 ,能反映明渠水流的特点。对已有水槽试验资料进行的分析表明本文提出的计算关系式较好地描述水流的实际情况 ,比已有的公式更简便可靠。     

明渠挟沙水流中悬移质的床面平衡浓度

本文通过泥沙颗粒运动的概率密度输运方程，推导出床面附近运动的泥沙颗粒的概率密度函数及相应的泥沙颗粒向上运动和向下运动的通量，建立了计算明渠挟沙水流悬移质床面平衡浓度的关系式。通过与试验资料及经验公式的比较对本文建立的关系式进行了检验，结果表明本文所得计算公式与实际符合较好，可用于悬沙床面平衡浓度的计算。     

Longitudinal variations of hydraulic characteristics of overland flow with different roughness简

The evolution of the overland flow velocity along the distance downslope on smooth and granular beds in different cases is investigated by means of the electrolyte tracer via flume experiments.The results demonstrate that a non-uniform flow regime and a uniform flow regime exist in the development process of the overland flow.Owing to the different attributes of beds’roughness,the position of those zones with different flow regimes varies correspondingly:(1)the overland flow on granular beds enters into the uniform regime much sooner,additionally,the roll waves tend to appear because of the presence of the proper flow resistance imparted by the roughness(coarse sands),and large slopes(20o and 25o)which makes the flow velocities and depths to undulate spatially.Furthermore,the flow resistance of the overland flows with different roughness elements,that is the non-sands,the fine sands and the coarse sands,is calculated.A quadratic interpolation method of the third order accuracy is employed in the calculation of the longitudinal flow resistance.The results show that it is rational to use the bed slope to approximate the hydraulic energy slope over a relative small roughness(the present roughness),however on the other hand,if the mean flow velocities and depths rather than the local parameters are used to calculate the flow resistance,a considerable error will be induced within the non-uniform regime of the overland flows,including the acceleration zone and the roll-wave zone.     

LAW OF BOUNDARY SHEAR IN OPEN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS WITHUNIFORM ROUGHNESS

In accordance with the characteristics of the rectangular prismatic channel, the flow in the channel was divided into two parts, the bed part and the wall part. On the basis of general principles of mechanics, the area relation between the bed part and the wall part was worked out. A formula for determining the shear acting on the bed and the walls in rectangular channels was derived, which has a simple form and is only related to the ratio of the breadth to the depth.The difference between the calculated value with the presented formula and the data published was illustrated to be less than that with other formulas, which shows that the formula is reasonable and can model the flow in the rectangular prismatic channel with higher accuracy and reliability.     

含植物河道曼宁阻力系数的研究

含植物河道的水流阻力不仅仅来源于边壁,传统的曼宁公式不能够直接用来计算这种河道的糙率。本文基于水流阻力等效原则,首次提出了一系列等效水力参数的概念,建立了等效综合曼宁糙率系数和等效植物附加曼宁系数的计算公式,并给出了能否使用水深代替水力半径的判别参数。使用刚性圆柱棒进行水槽试验,对植物在非淹没和淹没条件下的曼宁系数进行了计算和比较。试验结果验证了理论分析提出的关于判别参数的结论,并且表明使用水深计算的糙率在植物非淹没条件下可以用来表示植物引起的附加阻力。本文提出的等效综合曼宁糙率系数计算公式包含了植物的物理特性,因此具有普遍的应用价值,可以用来进行实际工程中糙率的计算。     

冲积河流推移质输沙最优河道形态影响因素理论分析

为从理论上确定水沙动力、阻力和边界条件对冲积河流推移质输沙最优河道形态和最小比降的影响,基于 水力半径分割方法将河床整体糙率划分为河岸糙率和河底糙率;采用河道形态自动调整变分方法,以等腰梯形为 河道过水断面,推导推移质输沙率与河道形态的关系,分析河岸与河底相对糙率、河岸坡角、流量、输沙率、中值 粒径和河底糙率对最优河道形态和最小比降的影响。结果表明：最优河道形态和最小比降随河岸与河底相对糙 率的增大而减小,随河岸坡角的增大而增大。流量或者河底糙率的增加将使最小比降减小,同时造成最优河道形 态趋向窄深。输沙率或者中值粒径的增加将使最小比降增大,但两者对最优河道形态演变的影响不同,输沙率增 大将使最优河道形态向宽浅发展,而中值粒径增加将使最优河道形态向窄深发展。     

山区河流推移质运动的野外试验研究

山区河流推移质运动与河床结构发育程度之间紧密联系,认识这种联系有助于揭示山区河流的推移质输沙规律。通过专门设计制作的推移质运动观测-视频采集系统和河床结构发育程度测量装置,对河床结构发育良好、部分发育及无河床结构(平整床面)三种典型床面条件的山区河流推移质颗粒运动进行了观测分析,并初步研究了推移质运动和河床结构发育程度的制约关系。试验发现,河床结构发育良好时,推移质输沙率很低,推移质输沙主要通过跃移运动实现;河床结构部分发育时,颗粒跃移强度上升,并逐渐有颗粒突破结构束缚,在床面滚动(间或滑动);无河床结构条件下,滚动(间或滑动)和跃移输沙均为推移质输沙的重要方式;如果水沙浓度达到一定值,可能发生层移质运动,滚动(滑动)输沙超越跃移输沙成为推移质输沙的主要方式。宏观上看,山区河流推移质输沙和河床结构发育程度之间相互制约。对同一河段,当水流功率不变时,推移质输沙率和河床结构发育程度之间在对数坐标下基本呈线性负相关关系。     

河岸与河底相对粗糙度对河道平衡形态的影响研究

边界条件对河流地貌形态具有重要影响,基于河道边界阻力水力半径分割方法,利用变分方法研究河岸与河底相对粗糙度对冲积河流平衡河道形态的影响.结果表明,河岸与河底相对粗糙度对河流达到平衡时的最大输沙率有一定的影响,但对河道平衡形态的影响非常显著.在临界和平均水力几何形态关系式中,随着河岸与河底相对粗糙度的增大,河宽关系式的系...     

Multi-parametric sensitivity analysis of CCHE2D for channel flow simulations in Nile River

Multi-Parametric Sensitivity Analysis (MPSA) is proposed to determine the relative importance of the different empirical parameters controlling flow field. CCHE2D which is one of the famous public unsteady-flow simulation software is applied to simulate the flow field at Elbogdady reach, at the south of Luxor staff gauge, 712.80 km upstream of Roda’s staff gauge on the Nile River. The main purpose of the paper is to apply the model in the considered river reach and to assess the capabilities of CCHE2D. Moreover, the paper presents findings of the authors in determining the model’s sensitivity analysis. Multi-Parametric Sensitivity Analysis results show that flow field in Nile River is controlled mainly by the bed roughness coefficient. In addition, the empirical formula of Van Rijn (1984) is found to be more efficient to calculate bed roughness.     

计算弯道环流的通用公式

针对罗索夫斯基弯道环流公式推导过程中存在的问题，在其模型方程中，增加底床不可滑动条件，耦合求解得到了弯道环流公式和水面横比降公式，并应用数值逼近方法，对弯道环流公式进行了简化，以便于弯道环流的理论计算和工程应用。通过对光滑和粗糙床面条件下弯道环流实验资料的验证，并与罗索夫斯基公式、Odgaard公式、张红武公式进行了比较，表明本文公式与实际值最为符合。因此，本文得到的弯道环流公式，形式较为简洁，易于计算，而且适合不同粗糙度的床面，是计算弯道环流的通用公式。     

Einstein推移质公式的改进研究

很多学者对Ｅｉｎｓｔｅｉｎ推移公式建立过程中的冲刷概率，泥沙无因次单步运行蹁和泥沙交换时间等方面进行了深入研究与改进，并得到了改进后的推移质输沙率公式。     

Experimental and theoretical study of density jumps on smooth and rough beds

Hydraulic jumps in density currents are technically referred to density jumps. These jumps significantly influence the dynamic and quality characteristics of the gravity currents. The density jump is studied theoretically and experimentally in this study by considering the bed roughness. Experiments were performed in a rectangular laboratory flume (0.4 m width; 0.9 m depth; 8.3 m length). Four rough beds comprised of closely packed gravel particles glued onto the horizontal part of the bed were examined. For both smooth and rough beds, a simple relationship was obtained for estimating the conjugate depth ratio as a function of the relative roughness and the upstream densimetric Froude number. The conjugate depth ratio was found to decrease with increasing relative roughness. The results also indicated that, if the entrainment ratio is specified, the minimum value of the upstream densimetric Froude number increases with increasing relative bed roughness. An equation for calculating the maximum possible value of the relative roughness was also determined. The spatial development of the density current for smooth beds was analysed in both super‐critical and sub‐critical flow regimes. Good similarity collapses of velocity and concentration profiles were obtained for the super‐critical section just upstream of the jump. The concentration distributions located just downstream of the jump, however, exhibited a large scattering of measured data, especially near the bed. It was found that this scattering decreases with the distance from the end of the jump. The results of the experimental runs also indicated that, at a distance about nine times the post‐jump current thickness from the end of the jump, the non‐dimensional vertical profile of mean velocity has a shape similar to that at the pre‐jump section. A new reliable relationship was also proposed for calculating the local velocity inside both the wall and jet regions.     

梯形明渠边界平均剪切应力计算方法

梯形断面是渠道设计中广泛采用的一种断面形式,边界剪切应力分布规律是研究水流结构及阻力特性的重要因素。经过理论推导,建立了梯形明渠床面与边壁平均剪切应力相对值随过水断面宽深比的计算表达式,并与多家试验资料进行了比较,结果表明两者变化趋势基本一致。针对梯形明渠不同边坡角下的水力最优断面,分析了其床面、边壁平均剪切应力的变化规律,发现随着边坡角的减小,床面平均剪切应力相对值变化不大,而边壁平均剪切应力相对值呈现出减小的趋势。     

地震作用下重力式码头地基液化及变形

我国现行码头抗震设计规范采用的单水准抗震设计方法,不能反映不同地震烈度时的抗震性能.采用有限差分软件FLAC 3D,对重力式码头的地震响应和地基状况进行了分析计算,研究重力式码头在不同强度地震作用下地基的超孔隙水压力、超孔压比和码头位移,并用国际航运协会码头结构抗震设计指南所规定的性能设计准则进行了评判.计算表明,在强度较小地震作用下,所分析的重力式码头结构和地基的破坏程度较小,不影响结构的正常使用.在较强地震作用下,沉箱底部置换砂超孔压比增幅较小,置换砂并未液化;码头陆侧回填土层超孔压比增幅较大,回填土层在加速度峰值增加到0.2g后,在不同位置发生液化,沉箱水平及竖向位移在加速度峰值出现后急剧增大,最终导致重力式码头结构发生不同程度的破坏.