熔渗法制备C/C-Cu复合材料的力学性能

以炭纤维(Cf)针刺整体毡为预制体,分别采用化学气相渗透(Chemical vapor deposition,CVI)和浸渍炭化(Impregnation and carbonization,I/C)制备不同密度和基体炭的C/C坯体;通过添加Ti元素改善熔融Cu与C/C坯体的润湿性.采用真空熔渗法制备C/C-Cu复合材料.对复合材料的力学性能及其与坯体之间的关系进行研究,并与常用滑板材料的力学性能进行比较.结果表明:随着坯体密度的增加,复合材料的抗弯强度下降,而坯体密度为1.4 g/cm3的复合材料的冲击韧性达到最大值.与用I/C坯体制备的复合材料相比,用CVI坯体制备的复合材料具有更高的强度和韧性,其弯曲曲线呈“假塑性”断裂特征,断裂时纤维从热解炭层或熔渗金属相中拔出,熔渗金属相呈“韧窝状”的塑性断裂形貌.冲击断裂时,复合材料倾向于沿TiC/熔渗金属界面断裂.C/C-Cu复合材料的抗弯强度为180～300 MPa、冲击韧性高于3.5 J/cm2,优于常用滑动电接触材料的性能,是一种极具潜力的新型滑动电接触材料.     

原位生长纳米炭纤维增强C/C复合材料的弯曲破坏过程(英文)

采用催化化学气相沉积法制备原位生长纳米炭纤维(CNFs)改性单向C/C复合材料。通过分析弯曲破坏过程,研究原位生长CNFs对C/C复合材料弯曲性能的影响。结果表明,CNFs的存在明显改变了载荷-位移曲线的线形,在开始的弹性变形阶段出现一个台阶,随后出现类似塑性材料的锯齿状屈服特性曲线。CNF-C/C复合材料的破坏模式由单根纤维的拔出转变为纤维束的断裂。由中织构热解炭(Py C)、CNFs和高织构Py C形成的复杂界面阻碍了裂纹的扩展,改变了裂纹的扩展方向从而导致C/C复合材料具有较高的弯曲强度和模量。     

结构类似的炭材料和C/C复合材料的滑动摩擦磨损行为

制备粗糙层热解炭(RL)和光滑层热解炭(SL)基体的C/C复合材料,测试该C/C复合材料与40Cr钢配副时的摩擦磨损行为,并对磨损表面进行SEM观察.对比研究高强石墨和光滑层结构的块状热解炭在相同条件下的滑动摩擦磨损行为.结果表明:PAN炭纤维改善C/C复合材料的摩擦磨损行为;在实验载荷范围内,与高强度石墨材料相比,含RL炭C/C复合材料的摩擦因数降低0.08～0.12;体积磨损量增幅降低;与热解炭试样相比,具有SL炭C/C复合材料的摩擦因数降低0.02～0.05,体积磨损量低0.2 mm~3左右;随着时间的延长,大部分C/C复合材料的摩擦因数基本相对稳定或呈小幅下降,而石墨、热解炭块的摩擦因数均呈不同幅度的上升;具有RL炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面膜厚度随载荷增加而降低,具有SL炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面较粗糙;高强石墨能形成较完整致密的摩擦膜,但磨粒磨损严重,磨屑易在摩擦膜边缘形成层状堆积;热解炭块摩擦表面磨屑堆积松散,有较多的孔洞以及热解炭层整体剥落的形貌.     

准三维C/C复合材料的层间剪切性能及其断裂机理

以炭纤维针刺毡为预制体, 采用化学气相浸渗(CVI)法或结合液相法制备了热解炭、树脂炭和沥青炭基质的准三维C/C复合材料, 研究了这些材料的层间剪切性能及其断裂机理. 结果表明: CVI基质炭比沥青基质炭更有利于C/C复合材料的层间剪切性能的提高; 剪切强度随密度增高而增大, 致密度越高, 基体支撑越强, 同时微裂纹和孔隙度就越低, 断裂裂纹不易形成或扩展, 强度性能就越好; 纯沥青基质炭试样为"突发"的脆性断裂方式, 其他基质炭试样表现为韧性断裂方式.     

不同基体炭C/C复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

以炭纤维针刺毡为预制体,采用化学气相沉积法(CVI)和结合液相浸渍树脂或沥青法制备了热解炭为粗糙层与光滑层结构的准三维C/C复合材料,并研究了这些材料在0.6 MPa的模拟刹车压力下的摩擦磨损性能与磨损机理.研究表明:基体炭为粗糙层热解炭与树脂炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面能形成较厚且连续的自润滑摩擦膜,摩擦稳定性最好,摩擦因数适中,氧化磨损小,磨损机理主要为膜的部分脱落、氧化磨损与相对较小的磨粒磨损;基体炭为光滑层热解炭与树脂炭或沥青炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面形成的摩擦膜较薄且不连续,摩擦稳定性差,摩擦磨损较大,磨损机制主要为膜的部分脱落、磨粒磨损与更严重的氧化磨损;随着密度的升高,C/C复合材料摩擦稳定性增加,摩擦因数增加,磨损降低;基体炭为单一沥青炭的C/C复合材料,由于没有热解炭对纤维的保护,纤维断裂多,线性磨损尤其大,磨损机理主要为大量的磨粒磨损与氧化磨损.     

多孔体制备工艺对C/C-SiC复合材料弯曲性能的影响

以针刺整体炭毡为坯体,采用CVD和树脂浸渍／炭化混合法增密制备了4种C／C多孔体,然后熔硅浸渗C／C多孔体制备了C／C-SiC复合材料;研究了不同炭涂层、高温热处理对C／C-SiC复合材料弯曲强度和断裂方式的影响。结果表明：热解炭涂层可减少制备过程中炭纤维的损伤,具有适中的界面结合强度,使复合材料的弯曲强度达到161．5MPa,表现出良好的“假塑性”;适当选择高温热处理工艺可制备弯曲性能较高,具有一定“假塑性”的C／C-SiC复合材料。     

载气对CVI C/C材料密度和热解炭结构分布的影响

采用定向流动热梯度CVI工艺,以丙烯作炭源气,以针刺炭纤维整体毡作预制体分别研究了加氢气和氮气作载气对C/C复合材料密度和热解炭结构分布的影响。结果表明,载气对热梯度CVI C/C材料密度和热解炭结构沿径向分布的均匀性有重要影响。当其它工艺条件相同时,经过400 h的沉积,采用N2作载气时所得炭盘的平均体密度为1.54 g/cm3,炭盘密度沿径向分布的偏差Δρ为0.24 g/cm3,在炭盘的外侧易形成SL结构热解炭;而采用H2作载气时,可以得到平均体密度为1.67 g/cm3、热解炭结构分布高度均匀的全RL结构PyC基C/C复合材料,且炭盘密度沿径向分布的偏差Δρ仅为0.11 g/cm3,密度分布均匀性提高一倍以上。不管是采用N2还是H2作载气,炭盘的密度沿周向分布都十分均匀(Δρ≤0.02 g/cm3),且炭盘的较低密度部位均位于中间偏内侧。     

热处理纤维增强碳基复合材料的力学性能和抗氧化性能

以不同温度热处理纤维为增强体,以酚醛树脂为碳基体先驱体,利用先驱体浸渍裂解(PIP)工艺制备碳纤维增强碳基(C/C)复合材料。微观形貌观察发现纤维热处理能够改变C/C多孔体(经过一次裂解后)的孔隙尺寸和分布模式。力学性能测试发现,随着热处理温度提高,C/C复合材料的力学性能不断提高,对纤维进行1200℃热处理后,C/C弯曲强度和层间剪切强度分别提高了1.58倍和1.21倍,同时失效模式由脆性断裂转变为假塑性断裂。抗氧化性能研究发现,600℃热处理纤维增强材料的抗氧化性能提升,而更高温度的纤维热处理导致材料抗氧化性能下降。C/C复合材料性能变化的主要原因是热处理降低纤维表面的反应活性,使得C/C获得结合适宜的纤维/基体界面。     

石墨化处理对三维针刺C/C复合材料力学性能的影响

以T700碳纤维三维针刺整体毡为预制体,利用高压液相浸渍-碳化周期循环致密工艺制备三维针刺中间相沥青基C/C复合材料.用XRD、SEM及力学性能测试研究了三维针刺C/C复合材料的微观结构与弯曲断裂机制.结果表明:随着浸渍-碳化次数的增加,三维针刺C/C复合材料的密度、抗弯强度和杨氏模量逐渐增大,石墨化处理使三维针刺C/C复合材料的石墨层间距减小,石墨化度提高.经2800 ℃石墨化处理后,三维针刺C/C复合材料中纤维与基体间界面结合减弱,复合材料的抗弯强度减小并表现出韧性断裂特征.     

添加BN对光滑层热解炭结构的C/C复合材料摩擦性能的影响

通过粉末层铺法向全网胎炭纤维预制体中添加六方氮化硼粉末和化学气相沉积热解炭增密制备C/C-BN复合材料。在MM 1000摩擦试验机上对其摩擦磨损性能进行测试,并对摩擦表面进行光学形貌观察以及对材料的组织结构和磨屑进行SEM形貌观察。结果表明:与C/C复合材料相比,C/C-BN复合材料的线性磨损率降低了40%,质量磨损率降低了70%;摩擦表面中的六方BN在摩擦过程中始终保持稳定,BN的存在使光滑层热解炭结构的C/C复合材料的摩擦因数曲线变得平稳、波动小并且对刹车压力响应迅速,摩擦表面上形成了一层薄的摩擦膜。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of 3D fine-woven punctured C/C composites with PyC/SiC/TaC interphases

The 3D fine-woven punctured C/C-(P_yC/SiC/TaC) composites, composed of P_yC/SiC/TaC interphases and pyrocarbon (PyC) matrix, were synthesized by isothermal chemical vapor infiltration (ICVI) methods. The alternating layers and the structure of these composites were examined by polarized light microscopy (PLM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is found that the P_yC matrix has rough laminar (RL) structure, the TaC layer has NaCl-type cubic structure, and the SiC layer has few wurtzite type 10H-SiC besides β-SiC structure. The effects of fiber coating and the bulk density on the tensile and flexural properties of composites along X or Y and Z direction were investigated. It is shown that fiber coated 3D woven punctured C/C composites have good tensile and flexural strength, and the maximum of flexural strength is 375 MPa in X or Y direction at density of 1.89 g/cm³, which is about three times higher than that of samples without TaC/SiC fiber coating. The flexural strength and bending strength increase with increasing the density of the composites. The analysis of fracture surfaces reveals that fibers and fiber bundles are pulled out in composites, indicating that the composite exhibits a non-linear failure behavior through propagation and deflection of the cracks.     

RMI法制备穿刺C/C-SiC复合材料的微结构及烧蚀性能研究

以无纬布/网胎0°/90°叠层穿刺预制体为增强体,采用化学气相渗(Chemical vapor infiltration,CVI)、树脂浸渍碳化(Polymer infiltration carbonization,PIC)与反应熔渗(Reactive melt infiltration,RMI)复合工艺制备穿刺C/C-SiC复合材料,研究其微观组织及在C₂H₂-O₂焰中的烧蚀行为。结果表明：无纬布、穿刺纤维束由CVI+PIC制备的碳基体填充而形成致密C/C区域,RMI生成的SiC主要位于网胎层中,其含量37.3wt%。复合材料表面因过量硅化而形成了SiC富集层。烧蚀距离20mm、O₂:C₂H₂=2:1时,烧蚀600s后材料X-Y、Z向线烧蚀率分别为：0.8×10^_-4 mm/s、3.6×10^_-4 mm/s,比PIP工艺制备C/C-SiC材料烧蚀率小一个数量级。烧蚀面SiC富集层保护及被动氧化作用是材料具有优异抗氧化烧蚀性能的主要原因。随烧蚀距离由20mm向10mm减小,复合材料烧蚀率先缓慢变化后快速增大,烧蚀率快速增长阶段复合材料发生主动氧化烧蚀。     

Flexural destructive process of unidirectional carbon/carbon composites reinforced with in situ grown carbon nanofibers

Unidirectional carbon/carbon (C/C) composites modified with in situ grown carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared by catalysis chemical vapor deposition. The effect of in situ grown CNFs on the flexural properties of the C/C composites was investigated by detailed analyses of destructive process. The results show that there is a sharp increase in the flexural load-displacement curve in the axial direction of the CNF-C/C composites, followed by a serrated yielding phenomenon similar to the plastic materials. The failure mode of the C/C composites modified with in situ grown CNFs is changed from the pull-out of single fiber to the breaking of fiber bundles. The existence of interfacial layer composed by middle-textured pyrocarbon, CNFs and high-textured pyrocarbon can block the crack propagation and change the propagation direction of the main crack, which leads to the higher flexural strength and modulus of C/C composites.     

Effect of stress level on fatigue behavior of 2D C/C composites

Laminated carbon fiber clothes were infiltrated to prepare carbon fiber reinforced pyrolytic carbon (C/C) using isothermal chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). The bending fatigue behavior of the infiltrated C/C composites was tested under two different stress levels. The residual strength and modulus of all fatigued samples were tested to investigate the effect of maximum stress level on fatigue behavior of C/C composites. The microstructure and damage mechanism were also investigated. The results showed that the residual strength and modulus of fatigued samples were improved. High stress level is more effective to increase the modulus. And for the increase of flexural strength, high stress level is more effective only in low cycles. The fatigue loading weakens the bonding between the matrix and fiber, and then affects the damage propagation pathway, and increases the energy consumption. So the properties of C/C composites are improved.     

针刺预制体成型参数与C/C复合材料多目标力学性能响应模型研究

基于响应曲面法,采用Design-expert系统研究了预制体针刺成型参数与C/C复合材料多目标性能的相关性,构建了响应曲面数学模型。分析结果表明,针刺C/C复合材料的拉伸强度、剪切强度、压缩强度、增强预制体体密度、拉伸强度与剪切强度比值各响应模型的显著性水平P均小于0.05,且各复相关系数平方和均大于0.82,模拟值与实测值吻合程度较高,可应用于针刺C/C复合材料各项目标性能的设计与预测。当针刺密度为12.18针/cm₂、针刺深度11.68mm、网胎面密度90.55g/m₂时,增强预制体体密度可达0.42g/cm₃,针刺C/C复合材料的综合力学性能最佳,其拉伸强度为116.49MPa、弯曲强度21.84MPa、剪切强度19.41MPa、压缩强度160.88MPa。     

热梯度CVI C/C材料的结构与性能

以炭纤维整体毡为预制体，采用热梯度CVI工艺制备了两种不同结构基体炭的C／C材料，即RL结构和SL结构材料。采用光学金相仪，X射线衍射仪，硬度计，激光导热仪等设备研究了沉积态和热处理态C／C材料的显微结构及热物理性能。对比研究了两种结构材料的力学性能及摩擦摩损性能。结果表明：当密度超过一定值后，密度对C／C材料的力学性能和摩擦性能的影响远不如CVD炭结构的影响大；不管是沉积态还是热处理态，RL结构材料的刹车性能曲线明显优于SL结构材料的刹车性能曲线，这意味着CVD炭的微观结构不同是造成C／C材料摩擦性能差异的根本原因。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of C/C composite joint brazed with Ni-based filler

The novel Ni-based brazing filler was used to join C/C composites. When brazing temperature increased from 1080 to 1100 °C, the wetting angle decreased from 23° to 14°, and the brazing filler had good wettability on the surface of C/C composites. The brazing seam of the brazed joint consisted of Ni(s,s) and Cr₃C₂ phases. As brazing temperature increased, lots of Cr₃C₂ phases were generated at the bonding interface, and the thick reaction layer was formed. When brazing temperature was 1120 °C, the shear strength of C/C joint reached the maximum value of 31.5 MPa. The fracture path extended in the C/C matrix close to the bonding interface.     

Effect of C/SiC Volume Ratios on Mechanical and Oxidation Behaviors of Cf/C-SiC Composites Fabricated by Chemical Vapor Infiltration Technique

C/SiC volume ratios in carbon fiber-reinforced carbon-silicon carbide (C_f/C-SiC) composites may influence greatly mechanical and oxidation properties of the composites, but have not been well investigated yet. Herein, C_f/C-SiC composites with different C/SiC volume ratios were fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) technique through alternating the thickness of a pyrocarbon (PyC) interlayer. The composites with C/SiC volume ratios of 0.37 and 0.84 exhibited the better comprehensive mechanical properties. The CS0.37 showed the highest flexural strength of 340.6 MPa, and CS0.84 had the maximum tensile strength of 139.1 MPa. The excellent mechanical properties were closely related to the relatively low C/SiC volume ratios and porosities, optimum interfacial bonding and reduced matrix micro-cracks. The composite with a low C/SiC volume ratio of 0.10 showed the best anti-oxidation performance due to its high SiC content. The oxidation mechanisms at 1100 °C and 1400 °C were discussed by considering the effect of the C/SiC volume ratios, pores and matrix micro-cracks, oxidation of carbon phase and SiC.