The sulfonation of castor oil with sulfur trioxide

Castor oil can be sulfonated directly with SO₃ in commercially available continuous and batch equipment. The product has good color, excellent water solubility and improved acid stability. The process has the following advantages. It is more direct and considerably faster than the present process. It requires fewer man hours and, therefore, is more economical. Conditions can be varied to give a wide range of products having different solubility characteristics and combined SO₃ content. Since the reaction, batch or continuous, is stoichiometric, no waste products are formed, thus eliminating any pollution problems.     

三氧化硫磺化技术改造中一些技术问题的探讨

介绍了国内三氧化硫磺化技术和磺化装置中的新技术的应用,从工艺、设备、仪表和自动控制等方面阐述了一些最近的技术成果。指出了三氧化硫磺化技术改造中一些技术问题的成功和失败的经验。     

液体三氧化硫磺化技术研究开发

叙述了用液体三氧化硫作为磺化助剂的磺化技术,同时指出了该项技术的优缺点。对液体三氧化硫磺化技术的特点进行了概述。     

我国三氧化硫磺化技术的发展概况

介绍了我国SO3磺化和硫酸化的生产技术发展概况,指出了国内SO3磺化技术的发展水平已接近世界先进水平,逐步形成了磺化和硫酸化产品的专业生产企业,并向大型化和集团化发展。通过不断地研发新产品,已使磺化产品从单一生产烷基苯磺酸与洗衣粉生产装置配套到生产各类磺化和硫酸化产品以满足日化和洗涤剂行业的需要。目前SO3磺化技术的发展正进行脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐（MES）产业化开发,同时也在进行油脂磺化、石油磺化等工业用产品磺化的研究和开发工作。     

我国三氧化硫磺化生产装置的最新发展

简要介绍了国内正在运转的三氧化硫磺化装置的发展状况。分别就生产规模、生产装置的集中化发展及其地区分布情况进行了分析。     

我国三氧化硫磺化技术的最新进展

介绍了我国SO3磺化技术的发展过程、现状及未来发展趋势。由于国产大型磺化反应器的成功研制促使了我国SO3磺化装置向大型化发展,磺化与硫酸化产品的市场化又促使磺化产品生产企业向规模化和集团化变化。今后磺化产品市场的竞争将更趋激烈,磺化与硫酸化新产品尚待进一步开发。     

液体三氧化硫磺化剂的性质及安全技术

介绍了液体三氧化硫的物理和化学性质,并进一步对其贮存容器、使用、安全性以及应急措施进行了详细地说明。     

我国三氧化硫磺化装置现状及发展趋势

对我国三氧化硫磺化技术的研究开发进行了回顾。从引进三氧化硫磺化装置和国产三氧化硫磺化装置两方面论述了我国三氧化硫磺化装置的现状,提出了我国三氧化硫磺化装置发展的趋势。     

0.5t/h三氧化硫磺化装置的改进

介绍了0.5t/h三氧化硫磺化装置的工艺流程,比较了与传统三氧化硫磺化装置的主要差异。采用除湿机组替代了传统的空气干燥系统;改进了电加热预热装置;改进了静电除雾装置。该套磺化装置能满足多品种、小批量磺化产品的生产需求。     

气相三氧化硫甲苯磺化工艺及喷射环流反应器

主要介绍了气相三氧化硫甲苯磺化新工艺及喷射环流磺化反应器的结构。     

The role of free fatty acids on antioxidant effectiveness in unsaturated oils

1. In purified, unsaturated esters and triglycerides NDGA is a superior antioxidant to EMQ at all levels of unsaturation.
2. In long-chain unsaturated fatty acids EMQ is a superior antioxidant to NDGA.
3. The addition of free fatty acids to triglycerides, even in amounts as small as 0.05%, modifies the comparative effectiveness of antioxidants. The effect on the antioxidant activity of NDGA is more marked than is that on the activity of EMQ.
4. The effect of free fatty acid on relative antioxidant activity is demonstrable with long- and shortchain, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
5. Comparisons are given of the effect of the addition of free fatty acids on various antioxidants in various substrates.
6. The effectiveness of tocopherols in triglycerides is decreased by the addition of free fatty acid. Similarly the induction period of several vegetable oils is reduced when free fatty acids are added.

     

Structural and chemical changes in ftorlon fibre on sulfonation with gaseous sulfur trioxide

Conclusions It has been shown that, on treatment of Ftorlon fibre with gaseous sulfur trioxide, a replacement of methylene groups hydrogens in the vinylidene fluoride by sulfonic acid groups takes place; thereupon dehydrofluorination and oxidation of the copolymer take place simultaneously.The intensity of oxidation-destructive processes rises as the SO₃ concentration is increased, or as the duration and temperature of the treatment is increased.The total exchange capacity of the chemisorbents obtained is determined by the presence of sulfonic acid and carboxyl groups.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 50–52, September–October, 1988.     

Rate of color formation in sulfonation of dodecylbenzene with gaseous sulfur trioxide

An experimental method has been developed to study the color formation in sulfonation of dodecylbenzene with gaseous sulfur trioxide. The rate of color formation in dodecylbenzene sulfonation, measured as the light absorbance at 420 nm, has been studied under various conditions, and the results have been correlated to a mathematical model.     

Effect of ATP on the microsomal desaturation of unsaturated fatty acids

The effect of ATP on the microsomal desaturation of linoleic acid to γ-linolenic acid was studied in a system in vitro with the following results: (1) preincubation of rat liver microsomes with ATP alone in N₂ or in the presence of CoA and Mg⁺⁺ followed by subsequent incubation with 1-¹⁴C-linoleic acid plus NADH in O₂ resulted in enhancement of 1-¹⁴C-linoleic acid desaturation when compared with control samples in which no preincubation was performed; (2) the preincubation of the microsomes with ATP, Mg⁺⁺ and CoA in the presence of 1-¹⁴C-linoleic acid decreased the desaturation of the labeled acid to γ-linolenic acid upon subsequent incubation with NADH, as a consequence of incorporation of the acid into the microsomal lipids; (3) the increase of linoleic acid desaturation depended on the ATP concentration during preincubation and followed a sigmoidal curve. It was specific for ATP, and neither GTP, CTP, ADP nor AMP produced a similar effec. However, GTP or CTP could replace ATP as a cofactor in the microsomal desaturation of free linoleic acid to γ-linolenic, suggesting that directly or indirectly they may activate conversion of the free acid to linoleyl-CoA; (4) preincubation of microsomes with ATP activated the acylation of CoA. However, this activation showed no quantitative correlation with enhancement of the desaturation reaction; (5) addition of ATP also stimulated conversion of linoleyl-CoA to γ-linolenic acid. This enhancement was not related to inhibition of the linoleyl-CoA hydrolase; (6) however, in spite of these results, preincubation with ATP did not increase the initial velocity of linoleic acid or linoleyl-CoA desaturation; (7) preincubation of microsomes with ATP also increased the 6-desaturation of oleic acid and α-linolenic acid but did not increase the 9-desaturation of plamitic and stearic acid.     

Hydroformylation of unsaturated fatty acids

When hydroformylation of unsaturated fatty materials is done with rhodium-triphenyl phosphine (or phosphite) catalysts, a number of advantages become apparent compared to cobalt carbonyl-catalyzed reactions. With rhodium, the reaction can be carried out (a) at pressures as low as 200 psi, (b) at each double bond location in a polyunsaturated fatty acid, and (c) in high yield and conversion. Solubilized catalyst can be recovered from distillation residue and readsorbed on spent catalyst support by thermal treatment in a rotary kiln. The reconstituted catalyst is more active than the original catalyst and can be recycled indefinitely at a relatively low cost. Recently developed supports for “homogeneous” catalysis may make catalyst recovery even more effective. Acetalation, oxidation with air to polycarboxylic acids and catalytic hydrogenation to hydroxymethyl compounds can be done easily and in high yield on mono-, di- and triformyl derivatives alike. Other reactions investigated for monoformyl fatty esters include reductive amination to form aminomethyl derivatives and Tollen’s condensation with formaldehyde to form geminal,bis-hydroxymethyl compounds. although the Northern Center has carried out some basic investigations on the hydroformylation reaction and on the chemistry of the hydroformylated products, there is a great deal more that can be done with regard to synthesis of new compounds and development of new applications.     

Polymerization of unsaturated fatty acids

Summary A method is proposed for the preparation of polybasic fat acids or “dimer” acids directly from fatty acids which is readily adaptable to commercial use. The presence of moisture maintained in the reaction vessel by steam pressure substantially prevents decomposition and decarboxylation of the fatty acids. By this method a larger percentage of dibasic acids, as compared to tribasic acids, is produced than by the previously described methods. The method of high temperature polymerization of fatty acids in the presence of moisture is also used to remove polyunsaturated fatty acids from commercial oleic acid. Presented at 20th fall meeting, American Oil Chemists’ Society, Chicago, Ill., Oct. 30–Nov. 1, 1946.     

Homogeneously catalysed hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty alcohols

The use of copper and cadmium oxides or soaps as catalysts for the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty alcohols has been investigated. It is shown that copper soaps homogeneously activate hydrogen. When copper and cadmium oxides are used as catalysts, they react with the acid under formation of a homogeneous soap solution. A continuous reaction system for the preparation of unsaturated fatty alcohols by hydrogenation under the influence of copper and cadmium soaps is described.     

Kolbe-electrolysis of unsaturated carboxylic acids[1]

Reaction conditions for improved dimer yields in the Kolbe-electrolysis of β,γ-unsaturated carboxylic acids are examined. With vinylacetic acid (1) the passivation could not be lowered by decreasing neutralization, changing the anode from platinum to graphite and the solvent to methanol: pyridine, by adding p-toluenesulfonate and formate as spacers or hydroquinone as inhibitor; 1,5-hexadiene was not detectable. Shielding the double bond reduced the passivation but still yielded no dimer; shifting the double bond into γ,δ-position afforded with 2-cyclohexenylacetic acid (8) 8% dimer. When however 1 was neutralized with (C₄H₉)₃N or 8 with (C₂H₅)₃N at lower passivation 31% dimer was obtained.     

三氧化硫磺化技术中节能减排研究进展及方向

概述了SO3磺化技术的现状及存在的问题,分析了现有的SO3磺化技术中的节能减排技术,进而提出推进我国SO3磺化技术中节能减排的建议和研究方向。