生物表面活性剂的合成(二)

(接上期)如前所述,糖脂是一类非常重要的非离子型生物表面活性剂,具有优良的表面性能。例如,多糖脂Emulsan的乳化性能非常好,能使原油和水的乳化液保持稳定,这对重油运输和油水乳化后作为燃料以节省能源有着重要意义。若以传统的化学方法     

生物表面活性剂及其在环境工程中的应用

生物表面活性剂是由微生物产生的一类具有表面活性的生物化合物。相对于化学合成的表面活性剂,生物表面活性剂对生态系统安全无毒,且可生物降解,因而其应用前景非常广阔,并有可能成为化学合成表面活性剂的替代品或升级换代品。本文介绍了生物表面活性剂的结构性能、分类及其微生物来源和发展前景,着重介绍了它在环境工程中的应用。     

复合表面电刷镀修复

本文论述了电刷镀技术的原理和它在复合表面修复中的应用。镀铬的铸铁表面，当使用一定时期后产生了不均匀的磨损。我们对修复这类电化学特性差别大的复合表面进行了研究，并取得了成功。     

废弃油脂在表面活性剂制备中的应用

详细综述了废弃油脂在洗涤用表面活性剂、轻纺用表面活性剂以及其他类型表面活性剂制备中的应用,并对其在表面活性剂制备应用中的意义进行了阐述。     

氟表面活性剂在表面处理中的应用

简要介绍了氟表面活性剂的特点,通过氟]表面活性剂应用于酸洗缓蚀剂,防腐抑制剂和电镀添加剂等方面的实例,比较详细的介绍了氟表面活性剂在表面处理行业中的应用,同时也显示出氟表面活性剂的独特性,它在表面处理过程中应用会越来越多,有着广阔的应用前景。     

表面蒸发式空冷器的应用

介绍了表面蒸发式空冷器在抚顺石油二厂北蒸馏装置中的应用情况,及其工作原理、特点,它作为一种新型高效换热器的优越性,并列举了一些实例.     

表面活性剂在石油化工设备清洗中的应用

简述了表面活性剂的结构特点、性质特征及石化装置中的污垢状况及特征,并列举了表面活性剂在化工设备清洗中的大量工业应用实例,指出了化工设备清洗剂中表面活性剂的应用特点及今后表面活性剂的发展方向。     

表面活性剂在植物活性成分提取中的应用

综述了表面活性剂在植物活性成分提取中的应用。主要介绍了表面活性剂在辅助提取、微乳体系提取、浊点萃取植物活性成分中的应用及其作用原理和特点,并对表面活性剂在提取植物活性成分中的应用前景进行了展望。     

表面活性剂在食品工业中的应用与发展

介绍了食品工业中表面活性剂的主要作用及应用,对表面活性剂在食品制作中的应用作了简要论述,并对表面活性剂的应用前景及发展进行了展望。     

表面活性剂在电化学分析中的应用

简介了近年来表面活性剂在电化学分析(包括离子选择性电极和极谱伏安分析)中的应用,并展望了表面活性剂在电化学分析中的应用前景。     

高能气体压裂技术和油层物性关系的研究

叙述了高能气体压裂技术作用原理及其在油田的现场应用情况，分析了油层物性对压裂效果的影响，提出了针对不同情况的油层物性选择不同施工工艺，为选井选层提供参考。     

油气包裹体研究进展及其在油气成藏中的应用

油气包裹体是矿物形成过程中捕获的成矿溶液的代表,近年来已成为石油地质研究的重要手段,对于研究油源对比、油气运移、油气成藏和原油成熟度等具有十分重要的意义,油气包裹体理论以及油气包裹体测试方法的改进直接影响着油藏地球化学、成藏动力学的研究.系统论述了近年来油气包裹体理论及测试技术的进展,在此基础上讨论了油气包裹体在油气成藏中的主要应用,最后指出了油气包裹体应用时应注意的几个关键问题.     

茶油的精制方法及应用

茶油具有“东方橄榄油”的美称,其物理化学性质与橄榄油相似,其脂肪酸组成和甘油三酯结构与橄榄油相同,还含有橄榄油所没有的特定生理活性物质如山茶苷、山茶皂苷、茶多酚等性质,具有丰富的营养价值和应用价值。本文主要介绍了茶油的精制方法、应用及其发展前景。     

碳化法处理石油废碱渣研究进展

石油碱渣中含有大量的残余碱、硫化物以及酚类和环烷酸等污染物,故不能直接排入污水厂。碳化法是利用废气中的二氧化碳来处理石油碱渣,是一种高效且成本低廉的石油碱渣处理方法。本文综述了碳化法处理石油废碱渣技术的研究现状,分析了影响石油碱渣处理效果的工艺因素以及技术因素,指出了碳化法处理石油碱渣的应用前景。     

洗油组分的提取、应用及前景

介绍了目前提取洗油组分的主要工艺过程及洗油中各组分的应用情况,指出我国应加强洗油加工利用的研究和其产品的开发应用:首先必需建设大型洗油加工装置,采用多种加工工艺,提取煤焦油特有的组分;其次提高洗油加工产品的纯度,获得高附加值的产品。     

硼酸在润滑油添加剂领域的应用现状

硼元素引入润滑油添加剂中可改善和提高油品的抗磨性能以及热稳定性能等。硼元素是通过硼酸与碱性化合物反应而引入添加剂分子上的，因而，硼酸已逐步成为润滑油添加剂的重要原料之一。介绍了硼酸在润滑油添加剂中的应用现状，包括含硼清净剂、含硼分散剂、含硼极压抗磨剂、含硼防锈剂。主要介绍了世界各大石油公司生产含硼润滑油添加剂的商品牌号、合成方法等。指出随着中国汽车工业的发展，环保、节能法规的不断出台与执行力度的加大，含硼等环保、节能型润滑油添加剂将得到广泛的使用，其中硼化丁二酰亚胺市场潜力巨大。     

The production of synthetic crude oil from oil sand by application of the lurgi-ruhrgas-process

Synthetic crude oil can be produced from oil sand by application of the Lurgi-Ruhrgas process which is characterized by the circulation of fine-grained heat carriers. The process is described and information given on its commercial application to date, which relates to the cracking of hydrocarbons to olefins and the carbonization of fine-grained coal. Reference is made to distillation tests on approx. 45 tons of raw oil sand. The yield of oil in commercial plants is expected to be approx. 95% by weight. Studies and computations show that beneficiated oil sand used as feedstock has advantages over raw oil sand. It is suggested that in a commercial plant beneficiation and LR distillation should be combined. Based on the present state of Technology LR units for an output of about 8,000 - 12,000 bbl/day of crude oil could be built. The approximate capital and operating costs of such a unit are indicated. In closing, reference is made to further possible applications of the LR process.     

Detergency study of the synergism between oily and particulate soil on polyester/cotton fabric

The removal of multiphase, multicomponent soils from fibrous substrates depends upon the nature of the soil mixture, the order of application, wash temperature, and type of detergent formulation. By studying these factors, we investigated the synergism between residual oil (triolein) and particulate soil (clay) on a durable press polyester/cotton fabric after laundering with four different detergents at wash temperatures of 27 and 49 C. To probe the interaction between clay and oil, fabric specimens were soiled with clay only, triolein only, clay followed by an application of triolein, and triolein followed by an application of clay. Four detergent formulations were used to launder the soiled fabrics, including one unbuilt liquid and three powdered detergents with different builder systems. The amount of residual oil (triolein) was determined by radiotracer technique, and the quantities of clay were determined by measuring aluminum by neutron activation. Reflectance measurements were used to calculate fabric whiteness. The soil distributions on and within the textile structure were obtained by scanning electron microscopy using backscattered electron images, secondary electron images and X-ray mapping. Osmium tetroxide was used to tag the oil, while silicon was the elemental tag for clay in the microscopic analysis. Results of the four factors studied can be summarized as follows. (i) In agreement with observations by previous researchers, a mixture of clay and oil is more difficult to remove than either the oil or the clay applied singly. It appears that oil acts as a matrix to bind clay, forming a composite soil. (ii) The specimens that were soiled first with oil and then clay had more soil removed by laundering than the specimens soiled with clay and then oil. Detergency was limited by the encapsulation of clay by the oil and adsorbtion of oil by the clay. (iii) The built powdered detergents were temperature sensitive, while the unbuilt liquid detergent was not. (iv) The built powdered detergents removed more soil (oily and clay) than the unbuilt liquid detergent.     

Maleinatkautschuk in ölhaltigen Anstrichmitteln

Maleinated Rubber in Paints Containing Oil The addition products of maleic acid anhydride with natural rubber are tested for their compatibility with drying oils. Slightly polymerized maleinated oils were chosen as the oil part. It was found that the combination of maleinated rubber with maleinated linseed stand oil, for example, has considerably shorter drying time than the oil product alone. The film properties like through drying, elasticity and water resistance are remarkably improved. It has been pointed out that the application of the combined unesterified maleinated rubber-oil products as water soluble or water dispersible binders will be possible.     

焦化蜡油抽出重芳烃的综合利用

对辽经公司蜡油抽提装置的副产物抽出重芳烃进行分析测试,在金属填料的减压蒸馏塔内,在不同温度下对抽出重芳烃进行分馏实验,得到了具有较高芳烃质量的分割组分,经分析、设计、调配、实际应用试验等过程,研究了该组分在橡胶软化剂领域的应用。