脉冲CO2激光熔覆K403合金层工艺研究

在K403合金的基体上,采用脉冲CO2激光器熔覆Stellite合金,研究了脉冲激光峰值功率、扫描速度、脉冲频率和宽度对熔覆层的形状特征和熔合质量的影响。研究结果表明,随着脉冲激光的峰值功率、脉冲宽度、脉冲频率增加,或扫描速度降低,熔覆层的宽度、熔化深度和稀释率增加。采用高峰值功率脉冲激光熔覆可以获得无热裂纹且结合完整的界面。     

工艺参数对压片预置式激光熔覆涂层微观质量的影响

针对现有粉末预置方法的不足,提出了一种新的粉末预置方法--压片预置法.采用该方法在基体表面上实现了粉末绿色预置,采用不同工艺参数在横流CO2激光器上扫描预置层制备了激光熔覆涂层.使用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观测了涂层的界面结合情况、稀释率和微观组织,分析了工艺参数对压片预置式激光熔覆涂层微观质量的影响.结果表明:在预置涂层厚度一定的情况下,大的光斑直径有利于基体能量的吸收,从而有利于涂层与基体形成冶金结合;当光斑直径相同时,高能低速有利于涂层与基体结合性能的提高.熔覆层的稀释率以1000W/mm为界随功率密度的增大先增后减,但当功率密度大于1000W/mm时能量有效利用率偏低.此外,随着功率密度的减小,熔覆表层枝晶组织呈现出"胞化"特征.因此,对于压片预置式激光熔覆,应尽可能采用大光斑小功率低扫描速度的工艺参数.     

激光熔覆工艺参数对MoFeCrTiWAlNb高熔点高熵合金涂层组织和性能的影响

为了提高工具铜的重复使用寿命,通过激光熔覆技术在高速钢表面成功制备了MoFeCrTiWAlNb高熔点高熵合金涂层,利用金相显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM/EDS)、显微硬度计等设备,探究了激光功率、激光扫描速率对高熵合金涂层显微组织和硬度的影响规律.结果 表明:当激光功率较小时,熔覆层较浅,熔覆层表面出现起球、孔洞等缺陷;随着激光功率的增加,涂层表面形貌更加平整均匀,涂层显微组织由胞状枝晶和颗粒状组织组成,涂层显微硬度先增加后减小.随着激光扫描速率的增加,熔覆层成型质量变差,但涂层组织更加细小均匀,涂层显微硬度逐渐提高.较优的工艺参数为激光功率2.6 kW、扫描速率4 mm/s.     

激光熔覆Al65Cu2OCr15准晶态合金的相选择问题

研究了在45#钢基体表面激光熔覆Al65Cu20Cr15准晶态合金过程中，工艺参数激光功率（P）和扫描速度（v)对激光熔覆涂层相结构的影响。结果表明，激光功率和扫描速度的变化使基体材料对熔覆涂层的稀释率发生改变，随着激光熔覆稀释率的增加，熔覆层的相结构依次为λ＋I，I＋β，β，β＋d，d Fe，激光熔覆涂层相结构的差异使涂层具有不同的显微硬度，参数δ（P／v)决定激光熔覆过程的稀释度，从而直接影响激光熔覆准晶涂层的相结构，涂层的表面显微硬度也因涂层相结构的不同而有所差异。     

纳米La_2O_3含量对NiCrCoAlY熔覆涂层组织及硬度的影响

基于激光熔覆技术在TC4合金表面制备NiCoCrAlY熔覆涂层,考察纳米稀土La2O3含量对熔覆涂层质量的影响。利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜以及显微硬度计对添加稀土La2O3含量分别为0,1%,2%和3%的涂层的微观形貌、组织及硬度进行观察和研究。结果表明,随着纳米稀土La2O3含量的增加,熔覆层的稀释率逐渐降低,抑制了熔覆层中柱状晶的生长,加速了枝状晶的形成,且枝状晶的分支加剧,二次枝状晶的间距减小,使熔覆层的晶粒得到细化,并且出现花朵状。添加纳米稀土La2O3的熔覆层硬度相对未添加的都较高,但随着其含量的增加呈现逐渐下降趋势。     

激光熔覆制备Al65 Cu20 Cr15准晶态合金及其类似相的研究

研究了以45＃钢基体表面激光熔覆准晶态Al65Cu20Cr15粉末制备准晶及其类似相涂层过程中，激光功率和扫描速度对激光熔覆涂层相结构的影响。实验结果表明：由于激光切率和扫描速度的变化，基体材料对熔覆涂层的稀释程度发生改变；随着激光熔覆稀释率的增加，熔覆层的相结构依次为β＋i,β d,β,β Fe；激光熔覆粉末所制备的涂层结构致密，无孔隙和裂纹；涂层的表面显微硬度及摩擦系数等力学性能也因涂层相结构的不同而有所差异。     

功率对暖通E690钢激光熔覆Ni60A涂层结构和摩擦性能的影响

选择激光熔覆方法在暖通用E690高强钢表面制备Ni60A涂层,通过实验测试的手段研究不同激光功率条件下的熔覆层组织结构变化与耐磨性差异。研究结果表明:所有熔覆层都形成了清晰的分界面,各功率下试样形成的熔覆区厚度依次为90、310、380与650μm。功率1300 W时涂层的胞状晶尺寸最小,在合金组织内存在许多具有雪花形特征的共晶组织,形成了更细小晶体组织,经历均匀度也获得了提升,整体分布形态也最均匀。增大激光功率后,熔池获得了更优冶金条件,在熔覆层组织中生成更多细小晶粒。功率1300 W条件下涂层生成了CrNiC与CrFeNi强化相,使涂层获得了更高硬度并显著提升了耐磨能力。随着激光功率增大后,涂层摩擦系数表现出减小,在熔池中出现了更多SiC和基材组织结合,对基体组织发挥了明显的固溶强化作用,从而获得更优的韧性。     

工艺参数对304不锈钢表面激光熔覆Ni基合金涂层的组织、耐磨性及耐腐蚀性的影响

研究了不同工艺参数对304不锈钢表面激光熔覆Ni基合金后熔覆层微观组织及硬度、耐磨、耐蚀性能的影响,并寻求最佳激光工艺参数,以期获得冶金结合较好,耐磨、耐蚀性能良好的熔覆层。根据组织与性能的综合分析可知,最优激光工艺参数为激光功率2.5kW、扫描速度4mm/s、送粉速率300mg/s。利用优化工艺参数熔覆后的熔覆层宏观形貌平整、光滑,熔覆层宽度为14.36mm,高度为1.612mm,熔池深度为0.248mm,稀释率为13.33,硬度较高,平均显微硬度为646.4HV,并且耐磨损性能较好,磨损量较低。此外,熔覆层的耐腐蚀性能也较好,自腐蚀电位为-286.77mV。在一定的激光工艺参数下,组织从结合区至熔覆层表层依次为平面晶、胞状晶、柱状晶、树枝晶、等轴晶。激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速率不同,熔覆层中组织粗细变化呈现一定的规律性:随着激光功率的增大,组织由细小逐渐变的粗大;随着扫描速度的增大,组织先变细小,然后变粗大;随着送粉速率的增大,组织逐渐变细小。合金的耐磨性与耐蚀性不仅与组织大小有关,而且与组织物相组成密切相关。     

激光熔覆Co基合金/MoSi_2复合涂层工艺参数的优化

激光熔覆工艺参数对熔覆层的形貌及质量具有重要影响。利用激光熔覆技术,采用预置粉末法在304不锈钢表面制备高质量的Co基合金/MoSi_2复合涂层。通过对不同激光熔覆工艺参数下复合涂层宏观形貌以及微观组织的研究分析,较详细地探讨了激光熔覆功率对熔覆层熔覆质量的影响,得出激光熔覆Co基合金+20%MoSi_2复合涂层时的最佳工艺参数:功率2.2 k W,扫描速度8 mm/s,光斑直径5 mm。所得熔覆层的横截面呈组织致密的"月牙"形貌,且沿垂直于结合面的方向生长并逐渐细化。     

3D激光熔覆铁基合金温度场模拟及其试验

通过建立Q235钢表面激光熔覆低碳铁基合金温度场三维模型,分析了熔覆层顶、底的温度随时间变化的曲线,由此对熔覆层成形质量进行预测。结合实验论证得到激光功率为2000W、扫描速度为10mm/s时,熔覆层顶、底点最高温度分别为2300℃和1500℃,有利于得到表面形貌较好、与基体良好冶金结合的熔覆层,熔覆层组织由等轴晶和垂直于界面的树枝晶构成,过渡区为富Cr、Ni的板条状马氏体;熔覆区组织均匀致密,过渡区中基体和熔覆材料产生了良好冶金结合且稀释率低,热影响区铁素体与珠光体得到了细化。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。