过冷Fe-Co合金的包晶凝固

采用熔融玻璃净化法使Fe-Co包晶合金实现了深过冷快速凝固。当熔体过冷度较小时,Fe-Co包晶合金的凝固组织为典型的包晶组织。借助电子探针分析和DTA差热分析,证实了非平衡条件下Fe-Co包晶合金凝固过程中发生了包晶反应和包晶转变。研究表明,深过冷Fe-Co包晶合金的非平衡凝固过程从理论上可以划分为4个阶段:初生δ相的形核与生长、包晶反应、包晶转变和γ相的外延生长。     

深过冷Ni-Sn合金非规则共晶的形成机制

采用熔融玻璃净化配合循环过热使Ni-32.5%Sn(质量分数)共晶合金实现了深过冷快速凝固.当过冷度大于某一临界值时,非规则共晶在凝固组织中出现.随着过冷度的提高,最终得到完全的非规则共晶组织.通过分析Ni-Sn共晶合金中各相形核、生长、以及枝晶熔断机制随过冷度的变化,解释了非规则共晶的形成机制.在深过冷条件下熔体中初生相率先形核并长入过冷熔体中,形成枝晶骨架,再辉重熔后次生相从残余熔体中析出并包围初生相,形成非规则共晶.     

无容器凝固条件下La2O3-TiO2二元共晶陶瓷的结构演变

无容器凝固已成为制备新型功能陶瓷材料的重要手段,但直至目前对二元复相陶瓷的深过冷凝固机理研究甚少.本论文采用气动悬浮技术研究了无容器凝固条件下La2O3-TiO2二元共晶陶瓷凝固组织和结构演变.按La2O3-82.8at％ TiO2共晶组分将两种粉体混匀压片烧结成陶瓷圆柱,经激光加热熔化后在触发形核和无容器凝固两种形核模式下凝固.结果表明,烧结后的陶瓷由La4Ti9O24和TiO2两相组成;用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了两种形核模式的陶瓷样品形貌,均为规则共晶层片结构,前者因是触发形核,过冷度小,组织较后者粗大,由表面多个形核中心向内部辐射生长;后者为深过冷凝固,组织细小并高度取向,原因是后者是均质形核,过冷度大,晶体生长方向受热流控制.     

添加Zr对快速凝固CuCr29合金液相分解微观组织的影响

使用限速熔体快淬技术研究了添加Zr对CuCr29合金液相分解微观组织的影响.研究结果表明,添加Zr可以有效地抑制快速凝固CuCr29合金的液相分解行为.当Zr元素的添加量大于1.0at%,快速凝固CuCr29合金的液相分解微观组织明显地得到细化.EDS分析和微观组织观察都表明,添加Zr元素后,在合金组织中只存在着富Cu基体和富Cr相,Zr元素以固溶形式影响着CuCr合金的凝固行为.由热力学分析可知,在CuCr29合金中添加Zr会降低过冷CuCr液体的混合自由能和液相分解的驱动力,从而增加液/固转变临界过冷度,使临界形核半径减小和形核速度增加,则快速凝固CuCr29合金的液相分解微观组织得到细化.     

γ-TiAl基合金定向凝固特性研究

用定向凝固方法在不同的生长速度下成功地制备了一批γ-TiAl定向凝固试样.通过对不同生长速率下形成的γ-TiAl金相组织观察和分析后发现:随着生长速率的增加,原先的初生稳定相β相的数量逐渐减少,亚稳相α相的数量逐渐增加;最后形成的由α2和γ组成的片层组织的片层间距λ与生长速率的V1/3近似成反比关系.     

深过冷Fe85B15亚共晶合金晶粒的细化机制

采用熔融玻璃与循环过热相结合的方法使Fe85 B15 合金熔体获得了320K的大过冷度,并在共晶组织中获得了晶粒尺寸为100～200nm的共晶相.理论分析和实验结果表明,合金熔体的大过冷为晶粒细化提供了驱动力,而形核率和晶粒生长速度随过冷度的变化决定了晶粒的细化.实验结果为通过深过冷快速凝固技术制备块体纳米晶材料提供了新的思路和重要的实验依据.     

基于高温熔凝法Al_2O_3/ZrO_2/YAG共晶陶瓷显微组织演变规律

作为超高温结构材料,共晶氧化物陶瓷的力学性能和显微组织密切相关。采用高温熔凝法制备Al_2O_3/ZrO_2/YAG共晶陶瓷体,研究熔体温度和结晶种子对凝固组织影响规律,运用经典形核机制和Jackson-Hunt共晶生长模型探讨了凝固组织的演变机理。研究表明,随着熔体温度升高(1750~2000℃),凝固体物相组成从α-Al_2O_3,c-ZrO_2和YAG转变为α-Al_2O_3,c-ZrO_2和亚稳相YAP。凝固组织依次经历:非共晶Al_2O_3/ZrO_2/YAG、不规则共晶Al_2O_3/ZrO_2/YAG、纳米纤维状共晶Al_2O_3/ZrO_2/YAG和复杂粗大的亚稳复合陶瓷Al_2O_3/ZrO_2/YAP。分析表明,凝固组织的演变源于异质晶核点不断钝化导致形核过冷度和凝固路径改变,所以合理选择熔体温度和结晶种子是共晶组织调控的关键。     

Co-Cr-C 合金在激光熔池中γ-Co 与 Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共晶生长的计算机模拟实验研究

计算机模拟技术为凝固组织选择形态的研究提供了强有力的手段。本文对 Co—Cr—C 合金系在激光重熔条件下γ—Co 与 Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共晶生长形态选择过程进行了模拟实验;提出了基本假设并认为在可能存在的各种生长形态中先导相生长前沿界面应具有最高温度或最低过冷度;依此建立相应的数模系统进行研究。对该合金系激光重熔时凝固组织生长形态选择演绎过程的模拟实验研究表明,Co—Cr—C 合金系存在着朝碳化物倾斜的γ—Co 与 Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共晶生长区。伪二元共晶合金在足够过冷条件时会在激光熔池中出现树枝晶形态的初生γ—Co 组织,并且共晶生长形态区将延伸到相当宽的过共晶合金成分区内。这些计算机模拟结果得到了激光重熔实验的证实。     

SIMULATION OF COUPLED GROWTH OF γ-Co AND Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3 FOR Co-Cr-C ALLOYS UNDER LASER REMELTING

计算机模拟技术为凝固组织选择形态的研究提供了强有力的手段。本文对Co—Cr—C 合金系在激光重熔条件下γ—Co 与Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共晶生长形态选择过程进行了模拟实验;提出了基本假设并认为在可能存在的各种生长形态中先导相生长前沿界面应具有最高温度或最低过冷度;依此建立相应的数模系统进行研究。对该合金系激光重熔时凝固组织生长形态选择演绎过程的模拟实验研究表明,Co—Cr—C 合金系存在着朝碳化物倾斜的γ—Co 与Cr_(7-x)Co_xC_3共晶生长区。伪二元共晶合金在足够过冷条件时会在激光熔池中出现树枝晶形态的初生γ—Co 组织,并且共晶生长形态区将延伸到相当宽的过共晶合金成分区内。这些计算机模拟结果得到了激光重熔实验的证实。     

超声振幅对激光熔注镁合金凝固组织的研究

采用CA法建立了镁合金晶粒生长模型,研究了超声振动作用下镁合金熔体的晶粒生长。结果表明,随着超声振幅的增大,熔体过冷度呈幂函数增大,熔体在过冷度很小时,基本不形核,达到一定值时,形核率急剧增加。当振幅达到10μm时,超声振动提高的过冷度达到32.23K,镁合金熔体形核率为未施加超声的353倍。超声振动的引入增大了合金熔体的过冷度,提高了熔体形核率,凝固组织平均晶粒尺寸减小,组织分布更均匀。模拟结果与试验结果相符,说明该模拟可以指导超声振动在辅助激光熔注工业生产中的应用。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from