机械研磨燃烧法制备Cu/ZnO/Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂

引言Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂近年来广泛应用于低压甲醇合成、二甲醚合成和水煤气变换等领域[1-2],该催化体系具有活性高、使用寿命长、反应温度及     

焙烧温度对Cu-Zn-Al-Mg甲醇合成催化剂结构与性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备Cu-Zn-Al-Mg甲醇合成催化剂,并用XRD、N2低温吸附、H2-TPR、SEM、TG-DTG等手段对催化剂进行表征,着重考察焙烧温度对催化剂结构与性能的影响.结果表明,随着焙烧温度的增加,铜锌间的相互作用增强,有利于催化反应进行;但过高的焙烧温度又会导致催化剂中CuO晶粒过大,不利于铜的分散.35...     

高效稳定的铜镍催化剂在草酸二甲酯加氢中的应用

为了探索高效、稳定的草酸二甲酯（DMO）加氢制乙醇酸甲酯（MG）催化剂,采用水热合成法制备Cu-Ni/SiO₂催化剂,探索了不同Cu：Ni摩尔比对于催化剂活性的影响。通过XRD、TEM和XPS等表征,结果表明：利用二氧化硅微球作载体,铜镍物种的分散更加均匀。并且调变不同的Cu：Ni摩尔比,对Cu⁺在催化剂中的比例有一定的影响,从而影响乙醇酸甲酯的收率。在氢酯比为150、反应压力2 MPa、反应温度200℃和液时空速为0.5 h^-1的反应条件下,Cu：Ni摩尔比为1：1时的催化剂Cu₁Ni₁/SiO₂表现出了最好的催化性能,草酸二甲酯的转化率达到90%,乙醇酸甲酯的选择性达到了80%,催化剂能稳定运行100 h。上述结果可为研制催化活性高、选择性强、寿命长、易于生产乙醇酸甲酯的催化剂提供一定的参考。     

The relationship between the structure and catalytic performance Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalysts for hydrogenation of dimethyl 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylate

The gas-phase hydrogenation of dimethyl 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylate to 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol (CHDM) was conducted on well-dispersed supported Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts. The results indicated that the structure and catalytic performance of resulting copper-based catalysts were profoundly affected by the addition of zirconium. Moreover, the as-synthesized catalyst with 35.0 wt.% ZrO₂ component was found to exhibit superior catalytic performance with a high CHDM yield of 96.8% to other catalysts, which should be mainly attributed to the significant dispersion effect of ZrO₂ on the copper-containing species resulting in a higher metallic copper surface area as well as a larger number of Cu⁺ species.     

焙烧温度对MgO修饰Cu/ZnO催化剂结构及催化草酸二甲酯加氢反应研究

采用共沉淀法制备了系列掺杂Mg2+离子的Cu-Mg/ZnO[n(Cu)∶n(Zn)=5∶4]催化剂,并用N2吸附-脱附、XRD和H2-TPR等对催化剂进行表征,考察焙烧温度对催化剂结构及其催化草酸二甲酯加氢反应性能的影响。结果表明,经350℃焙烧所得Cu-Mg/ZnO-c350催化剂具有较大的比表面积,发达的介孔结构,较高的Cu物种分散性和较多的表面Cu0活性位;而较高的焙烧温度导致催化剂中纳米粒子聚集烧结,降低催化剂比表面积、孔径尺度和表面Cu0活性物种数量。适宜反应条件,Cu-Mg/ZnO-c350催化剂催化草酸二甲酯气相加氢反应转化率为100%,乙二醇收率为95%。此外,较强的金属-载体作用力抑制铜活性物种的抗烧结能力,赋予其优异的稳定性。     

Preparation of Cu/ZnO catalyst using a polyol method for alcohol-assisted low temperature methanol synthesis from syngas

A polyol method was used to prepare Cu/ZnO catalysts for alcohol-assisted low temperature methanol synthesis from syngas. Unlike conventional low temperature methanol synthesis, ethanol was employed both as a solvent and a reaction intermediate. Catalyst characterization revealed that Cu/ZnO catalysts were successfully and efficiently prepared using the polyol method. Various preparation conditions such as PVP concentration and identity of ZnO precursor strongly influenced the catalytic activity of Cu/ZnO catalysts. Copper dispersion and catalyst morphology played key roles in determining the catalytic performance of the Cu/ZnO catalyst in alcohol-assisted low temperature methanol synthesis. A high copper dispersion and platelike Cu/ZnO structure led to high catalytic activity. Among the catalysts tested, 5_Cu/ZnO_Zn(Ac)₂ had the best catalytic performance due to its high copper dispersion.     

氧化锌催化丁二酸二甲酯和碳酸乙烯酯的耦合反应

研究了ZnO催化碳酸乙烯酯和丁二酸二甲酯耦合反应合成聚丁二酸乙二醇酯预聚体和碳酸二甲酯的新工艺。考察了ZnO催化剂焙烧温度对耦合反应的催化活性,优化了反应条件。并对ZnO催化剂进行XRD、BET和NH₃-TPD表征。以FTIR和¹H NMR表征聚丁二酸乙二醇酯预聚体。结果表明,在225~235℃,EC/DMSu摩尔比为2,催化剂/(EC+DMSu)摩尔比为0.005,反应时间为3 h的反应条件下,碳酸二甲酯收率为59.7%,聚丁二酸乙二醇酯预聚物的特性黏度为0.3857 dl·g^-1。通过XRD和NH₃-TPD分析,推测ZnO表面的晶体缺陷和弱酸性是影响耦合反应催化活性的原因。     

铜基催化剂的制备及其在催化溴甲烷制二甲醚中的应用

采用浸渍法制备了不同载体和金属组分的系列负载型催化剂,考察对溴甲烷制二甲醚的催化活性,并采用XRD、TPR和BET进行表征。结果表明,铜基催化剂催化性能较好,且以Al2O3-1#为载体制备的催化剂催化性能更优。Cu O负载量较低时,具有较高的分散度;高温焙烧使催化剂的活性中心由分散态Cu O转变为晶相Cu O,导致Cu O利用率下降;添加助剂K可显著提高Cu O利用率。优选的催化剂制备条件为:以Al2O3-1#为载体,活性组分Cu O负载质量分数为5%,助剂K负载质量分数为0.8%,焙烧温度为350℃,此条件下制备的催化剂,CH3Br转化率和二甲醚选择性均为100%,催化剂的Cu O利用率达到88.04%;再生10次后,催化剂性能保持稳定,没有明显下降。     

沉淀温度对CO2加氢合成二甲醚催化剂的影响

考察了沉淀温度对二氧化碳加氢合成二甲醚催化剂CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5的影响,研究结果表明,沉淀温度为343 K时,所制备的催化剂前驱体的晶形完整且晶相组成均一,焙烧后的催化剂中CuO和ZnO的相互分散程度较好,催化剂中氧化铜物种比较容易还原,复合催化剂表面具有较强的酸性中心,对于二氧化碳加氢直接合成二甲醚的催化活性最为理想.     

载体表面羟基种类对DMO加氢用Cu/SiO2催化剂性能的影响

通过程序升温焙烧改变气相纳米二氧化硅表面的羟基含量及种类,并以其为载体,采用蒸氨法制备了Cu/SiO₂催化剂,使用比表面积测试（BET）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱（DRIFT）、X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、NH₃/CO₂程序升温脱附（NH₃/CO₂-TPD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、俄歇电子能谱（AES）等方法研究了Cu/SiO₂催化剂的结构和酸碱性,采用固定床反应器在低温（448K）、低压（1.5MPa）的反应条件下进行草酸二甲酯加氢制备乙二醇的反应,评价其催化活性。结果表明,高温焙烧二氧化硅载体可显著改变后续合成Cu/SiO₂催化剂的结构并降低其酸碱性,对提高乙二醇选择性和降低草酸二甲酯加氢过程中醇类或醚类副产物的选择性具有明显的促进作用。但同时该过程会导致催化剂的活性降低,载体焙烧（473K）后合成的催化剂均需要提高氢酯比方能获得最佳反应结果。其中经873K焙烧的二氧化硅制备的Cu/SiO₂-4催化剂,在最佳反应条件下乙二醇的选择性由低温焙烧后的92%左右提升到97%以上,草酸二甲酯转化率保持在100%。     

负载型TiO2催化苯酚和草酸二甲酯酯交换反应

使用负载型TiO2/SiO2催化苯酚和草酸二甲酯酯交换反应合成草酸二苯酯.通过对TiO2/SiO2催化剂进行XRD、BET化学吸附、NH3-TPD、XPS等表征以及活性测试,结果表明在苯酚和草酸二甲酯酯交换反应中,负载型TiO2的催化性能与TiO2在载体表面的分散状态和催化剂的弱酸性密切相关.微晶态TiO2的产生会导致催化性能的下降.确定了较佳的焙烧温度为550℃,以该温度焙烧的TiO2/SiO2为催化剂,TiO2负载量为13%时,草酸二甲酯的转化率、甲基苯基草酸酯与草酸二苯酯的收率分别为53.1%、38.3%、14.5%.初步探讨了该反应条件下催化剂的失活.     

预处理对Ru/Al_2O_3催化马来酸二甲酯加氢影响

采用吸附-沉淀法制备负载Ru质量分数为1.0%的Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂,以马来酸二甲酯催化加氢合成丁二酸二甲酯为探针反应,详细考察预处理条件对Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂加氢性能的影响,并对其进行XRD、TEM和H2-TPR表征。结果表明,焙烧温度越高,催化剂催化活性越低;直接还原活化所得催化剂活性高于空气中焙烧后还原活化所得催化剂。以甲醇为溶剂,在70℃和1.0 MPa条件下,直接还原活化所得Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂上马来酸二甲酯转化率达100%,丁二酸二甲酯选择性约100%。相同时间内,空气焙烧后还原活化所得Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂上马来酸二甲酯转化率接近25%,继续延长反应时间,马来酸二甲酯转化率几乎不变。经高温焙烧还原后,活性组分Ru烧结;直接还原活化后,活性组分Ru高度分散。     

Effect of calcination temperature of mesoporous nickel–alumina catalysts on their catalytic performance in hydrogen production by steam reforming of liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Mesoporous nickel–alumina (Ni–A-NS) catalysts prepared by a non-ionic surfactant-templating method were calcined at various temperatures for use in hydrogen production by steam reforming of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The effect of calcination temperature of nickel–alumina catalysts on their physicochemical properties and catalytic activity for steam reforming of LNG was investigated. Nickel oxide species were finely dispersed on the surface of Ni–A-NS catalysts through the formation of nickel aluminate phase. Reducibility, nickel surface area, and nickel dispersion of Ni–A-NS catalysts decreased with increasing calcination temperature. In the steam reforming of LNG, both LNG conversion and hydrogen composition in dry gas decreased with increasing calcination temperature of Ni–A-NS catalysts. Nickel surface area and reducibility of Ni–A-NS catalysts were well correlated with catalytic performance of the catalysts. Among the catalysts tested, Ni–A-NS700 (nickel–alumina catalyst calcined at 700 °C) with the highest nickel surface area and the highest reducibility exhibited the best catalytic performance.     

A highly efficient Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst via gel-coprecipitation of oxalate precursors for low-temperature steam reforming of methanol

The impact of preparation methods on the structure and catalytic behavior of Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts for H₂ production from steam reforming of methanol (SRM) has been reported. The results show that the nanostructured Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst obtained by a novel gel-coprecipitation of oxalate precursors has a high specific surface area and high component dispersion, exhibiting much higher activity in the SRM reaction as compared to the catalysts prepared by conventional coprecipitation techniques. It is suggested that the superior catalytic performance of the oxalate gel-coprecipitation-derived Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst could be attributed to the generation of “catalytically active” copper material with a much higher metallic copper specific surface as well as a stronger Cu–Zn interaction due to an easier incorporation of zinc species into CuC₂O₄ · x H₂O precursors as a consequence of isomorphous substitution between copper and zinc in the oxalate gel-precursors.     

Pd-Fe/α-Al2O3/cordierite monolithic catalysts for the synthesis of dimethyl oxalate: effects of calcination and structure

Cordierite monoliths coated with Pd-Fe/α-Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared at various calcination temperatures and characterized by thermogravimetry, temperature-programmed reduction, transmission electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transformation spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The performance of the catalytic monoliths for the synthesis of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) through a CO coupling reaction was evaluated. Monolithic catalysts with calcination temperatures ranging from 473 K to 673 K exhibited excellent dispersion of Pd, good CO adsorption properties, and excellent performance for the coupling reaction. The optimized monolithic catalyst exhibited a much higher Pd efficiency (denoted as DMO (g)·Pd (g)^-1·h^-1) (733 h^-1) than that of the granular catalyst (60.2 h^-1), which can be attributed to its honeycomb structure and the large pore sizes in the α-Al₂O₃ washcoat which was accompanied with an even distribution of the active component in the coating layer along the monoliths channels.     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> hydrogenation to methanol over Cu/ZnO catalysts synthesized via a facile solid-phase grinding process using oxalic acid

Reduced Cu/ZnO catalyst was synthesized through solid phase grinding of the mixture of oxalic acid, copper nitrate and zinc nitrate, followed by subsequent calcination in N₂ atmosphere without further H₂ reduction. The catalysts were characterized by various techniques, such as XRD, TG-DTA, TPR and N₂O chemisorption. Characterization results suggested that during the calcination in N₂, as-ground precursor (oxalate complexes) decomposed to CuO and ZnO, releasing considerable amount of CO, which could be used for in situ reduction of CuO to Cu^o. The in situ reduced O/I-Cu/ZnO catalyst was evaluated in CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, which exhibited superior catalytic performance to its counterpart O/H-Cu/ZnO catalyst obtained through conventional H₂ reduction. The decomposition of precursor and reduction of CuO happened simultaneously during the calcination in N₂, preventing the growth of active Cu⁰ species and aggregation of catalyst particles, which was inevitable during conventional H₂ reduction process. This method is simple and solvent-free, opening a new route to prepare metallic catalysts without further reduction.     

MgO/NaY催化甲醇与碳酸乙烯酯酯交换合成碳酸二甲酯

以硝酸镁为前体,通过等体积浸渍法制备不同负载量的MgO/NaY催化剂,用CO2-TPD和TEM对催化剂进行了表征,考察MgO负载量、反应温度、反应时间等条件对甲醇与碳酸乙烯酯（EC）酯交换反应合成对碳酸二甲酯（DMC）的影响。实验结果表明：MgO的负载量对催化剂表面的碱量和MgO分散程度有着重要影响。高分散的MgO物种越多,其催化剂碱量越高。采用12%MgO/NaY为催化剂、反应温度70 ℃、n(甲醇)∶n(EC)= 8∶1、反应时间3 h时,EC的转化率和DMC的选择性最佳,DMC收率高达89%。     

CO2 hydrogenation to methanol over Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalysts prepared via a route of solid-state reaction

Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts were prepared by a route of solid-state reaction and tested for the synthesis of methanol from CO₂ hydrogenation. The effects of calcination temperature on the physicochemical properties of as-prepared catalysts were investigated by N₂ adsorption, XRD, TEM, N₂O titration and H₂-TPR techniques. The results show that the dispersion of copper species decreases with the increase in calcination temperature. Meanwhile, the phase transformation of zirconia from tetragonal to monoclinic was observed. The highest activity was achieved over the catalyst calcined at 400 °C. This method is a promising alternative for the preparation of highly efficient Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts.     

Catalytic activity of Pd/Al2O3 toward the combustion of methane

This work focuses on the improving of the activities and stabilities of Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts for lean methane catalytic combustion. The influence of preparation conditions on performance of Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst has been studied. Results showed that excellent performance of the catalyst was attributed to high hydrothermal stability at the support calcination temperature of 1100 °C. In addition, the catalytic activity was enhanced due to high dispersion of active species at lower catalyst calcination temperature. The catalysts were studied by XPS analysis. Results showed that the active phase of Pd/Al₂O₃ was Pd or Pd/PdO mixture. And the state transformation of Pd species resulted in the deactivation of Pd/Al₂O₃.     

焙烧温度对苯甲酸加氢用Mn/Zn/Al催化剂性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了Mn/Zn/Al系列催化剂,考察了焙烧温度对苯甲酸加氢制备苯甲醛反应中催化剂性能的影响,采用DSC-TGA、BET、XRD和H₂-TPD等手段对催化剂进行表征,并与催化剂活性和苯甲醛选择性关联。研究表明,焙烧温度对Mn/Zn/Al催化剂性能影响显著,影响了催化剂对H₂的吸附能力及比表面积。经500 ℃焙烧处理的催化剂苯甲酸转化率为92.1%,苯甲醛选择性达89.3%,此时,活性组分分散较好,催化剂对H₂的吸附强度适中,吸附量较大,催化剂活性较高。随着焙烧温度增加,MnO分散度下降,催化剂比表面积相应降低,苯甲醛选择性下降。