过热蒸汽处理对全麦粉理化特性的影响

研究不同温度下过热蒸汽处理对全麦粉热特性和理化性质的影响。结果表明,随着处理温度的升高,全麦粉吸水率逐渐增大;155~170 ℃,全麦面团的形成时间和稳定时间显著增大（P<0.05）,C2、C3和C4扭矩明显提高（P<0.05）,经过热蒸汽处理后,全麦面团形成更强的面筋网络,能够抵抗更强的机械能和热能,全麦粉发生部分糊化。过热蒸汽处理后全麦粉的峰值黏度,谷值黏度和最终黏度显著升高（P<0.05）,在180~190 ℃呈下降趋势。糊化温度和糊化焓随着温度的升高逐渐降低。L值随着温度的升高逐渐减小,a值、b值和ΔE逐渐增大。多酚、烷基间苯二酚和植酸的含量和多酚氧化酶的活性随着温度的升高逐渐降低。适当的过热蒸汽处理可以提高全麦粉的加工特性。     

关中小麦品种籽粒糊化特性研究

以参加陕西省关中小麦品种区域试验的15个小麦品种(品系)为材料，研究了全麦粉、小麦粉和淀粉的粘度参数和膨胀体积，及各参数间的相关性。结果表明：样品不同处理形式和添加AgNO3对糊化特性有较大影响。全麦粉与小麦粉峰值粘度呈极显著正相关；加AgNO3小麦粉与淀粉、加AgNO3全麦粉的峰值粘度显著正相关。小麦粉与全麦粉的膨胀体积呈显著正相关，但淀粉与小麦粉、全麦粉的膨胀体积不相关。全麦粉和淀粉的膨胀体积与其粘度参数不相关；小麦粉膨胀体积与其峰值粘度、冷糊稳定性、热糊稳定性呈极显著或显著正相关；加AgNO3小麦粉膨胀体积与其回生值呈显著正相关。以全麦粉、小麦粉和淀粉的膨胀体积和粘度参数进行聚类分析，结果表明：不同处理形式下所得小麦品种聚类结果并不一致。这说明，小麦籽粒中其它组分或样品粒度对淀粉糊化特性有重要影响。     

湿热处理对发芽小麦粉品质影响的研究

小麦发芽过程中芽麦粉品质劣化,本文拟通过湿热处理或热液处理(heat moisture treatment,HMT)对芽麦粉进行处理,研究其对芽麦粉品质的影响。实验以郑麦366为原料,经过发芽处理后制粉,随后对其进行湿热处理,并测定湿热处理前后芽麦粉的品质变化。研究发现:发芽小麦经过湿热处理后白度和色泽变差;降落数值有明显的提升;蛋白质总含量轻微下降;损伤淀粉含量显著下降(p0.05);糊化特性有明显的改善:峰值黏度有显著的提高(p0.05),糊化温度升高明显;对湿热处理过的芽麦粉的热机械性质进行分析时发现,形成时间和稳定时间随水分含量、温度、时间增加呈现逐渐下降趋势,表明芽麦粉的蛋白质变性程度随着处理条件的加剧而增加。最佳处理条件为水分含量25%,处理温度100℃,处理时间60 min。结果表明,通过精确控制湿热处理条件,可显著改善芽麦粉中淀粉的糊黏度性质,同时避免热对蛋白质的激烈变性作用。     

发芽糙米营养成分及淀粉糊化特性研究

以3个粳稻和2个糯稻为原料,制备发芽糙米,分析了糙米发芽前后游离氨基酸、蛋白质、水溶性糖类、脂肪酸值以及Mixolab淀粉糊化特性的变化。结果表明,与糙米相比,发芽糙米游离氨基酸总量、水溶性总糖、还原糖及果胶酸含量显著增加。Mixolab混合仪测定的发芽糙米米粉团蛋白质结构严重弱化,淀粉糊化能力显著降低。油酸含量和脂肪酸值均增加。发芽糯糙米水溶性总糖、还原糖及果胶酸含量显著高于发芽粳糙米,破损淀粉含量显著低于发芽粳糙米。     

不同发芽阶段高粱粉理化及功能特性的变化

该实验以白高粱为原料,研究不同发芽时间对高粱粉淀粉组分及含量、淀粉酶活力、热力学、糊化、流变以及功能特性的影响。结果表明,发芽后高粱淀粉酶活力显著上升;总淀粉、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量显著下降;热力学性质测定结果表明,发芽使糊化焓增加,提高了其稳定性和结晶度,起始糊化温度上升,峰值和终止糊化温度无显著变化;随着发芽时间的延长,高粱粉体系黏度下降,热糊稳定性及冷糊稳定性提高;储能模量和损耗模量低,高粱粉糊的流动性增强;发芽改善了高粱粉的乳化和乳化稳定性、起泡和泡沫稳定性,持油性提高、持水性降低。综上所述,发芽在一定程度上改善了高粱粉的理化及功能特性。     

糙米发芽过程中淀粉功能特性的变化

研究发芽对糙米（品种：武运粳46）淀粉组分及含量、流变、凝胶、热力学和加工特性的影响。提取发芽0、24、48、72、96、120 h的糙米中的淀粉,用流变仪测定淀粉的动态流变学特性,质构仪测定淀粉凝胶的质构特性,并分析发芽对淀粉差示扫描量热（differential scanning calorimetry,DSC）图谱和加工性质的变化。结果表明：发芽后糙米中淀粉和直链淀粉含量均呈下降趋势;随发芽时间的延长,糙米中的淀粉在升温过程中弹性模量（G’）和黏性模量（G”）的峰值增加,淀粉糊化变性时的温度下降,糙米淀粉的弹性和黏性得到改善;发芽对淀粉凝胶质构特性有不同程度的影响,其中凝胶强度、凝胶硬度、弹性、胶黏性、咀嚼性均在72 h达到最大值;DSC扫描图谱表明发芽使糊化焓增加,提高了其稳定性和结晶度,对淀粉的相转变温度（To、Tp、Tc）无显著影响（P＞0.05）;发芽改善了淀粉的乳化性和乳化稳定性;发芽后淀粉的持水性没有显著（P＞0.05）变化,持油性整体呈上升趋势。发芽在一定程度上改变了糙米淀粉的功能性质。     

蛀蚀害虫侵害后小麦粗淀粉含量及其糊化特性变化

为探讨蛀食性害虫玉米象、米象侵害后小麦粗淀粉含量和全麦粉糊化特性的变化,选用河南产储藏3年的商品小麦为材料,按不同虫种分组,设定不同的虫口密度和侵害时间,检测害虫感染后小麦粗淀粉含量和全麦粉的糊化特性。结果表明:玉米象和米象不同程度感染后小麦粗淀粉含量总体呈下降趋势;无论是同一虫口密度随着蛀蚀时间的延长,还是同一蛀蚀时间下随虫口密度增加,其感染后的全麦粉峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、衰减值和回生值均呈下降趋势;糊化温度呈上升趋势,峰值时间基本无变化;粗淀粉含量与峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、衰减值和回生值均存在极显著正相关,与糊化温度呈极显著负相关,与峰值时间无相关性。     

脱皮及超微粉碎对紫麦全麦粉加工品质的影响

以紫色小麦为原料,主要研究了0、4%、8%的脱皮程度及不同的超微粉碎工艺对全麦粉理化性质、流变学特性、糊化特性及曲奇饼干质构特性的影响。结果表明:随着脱皮率的增加,全麦粉中蛋白质、灰分、面筋含量都有所降低,但面筋指数增加。脱皮工艺显著改善了全麦粉的面团流变学特性、糊化特性及曲奇饼干的质构特性。与传统粉碎工艺相比,超微粉碎对全麦粉蛋白质及灰分含量的影响不大,而随着超微成分的增多,紫麦全麦粉的面筋含量、面筋指数、流变学特性、糊化黏度、曲奇饼干质构特性都有不同程度的提高。     

不同生长发育阶段的谷蠹对小麦淀粉含量及其糊化特性的影响

为了探讨被不同生长发育阶段谷蠹蛀蚀的小麦,其淀粉含量和全麦粉糊化特性的变化规律,选用河南产储藏1年的普通小麦为材料,设定谷蠹在最适生长发育条件下(32℃±1℃,75%±1%RH)对小麦发生侵害,研究在谷蠹卵期、幼虫期、蛹期和成虫期,被侵害后的小麦直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、总淀粉含量及其全麦粉糊化特性的变化,并对其进行相关性和差异性分析。结果表明:小麦被不同虫期的谷蠹蛀蚀后,其中总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量与谷蠹的生长发育期呈极显著负相关;在谷蠹整个生长发育阶段,被幼虫期和成虫期谷蠹侵害后的小麦,其糊化特性指标变化差异极显著。在谷蠹生长发育各阶段,受侵害的小麦,其淀粉含量整体呈现降低趋势,并且在到达成虫期的整个侵害过程中,小麦直链淀粉含量下降的幅度明显高于支链淀粉含量下降的幅度,支链/直链逐渐升高;峰值黏度和低谷黏度呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,衰减值、最终黏度和回升值都逐渐升高,糊化时间基本不变。     

糯糙米发芽过程中淀粉理化特性的变化

本论文选取糙糯米为研究对象,分别对其进行不同程度的发芽处理（调控发芽时间）,然后经水磨碱法提取淀粉,探讨不同发芽处理时间对糙糯米淀粉基本理化指标及糊化、流变与质构特性的影响规律。结果表明：发芽处理提高了淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度、起糊温度与热糊稳定性,使其凝沉特性及流动性得以改善,但降低了淀粉糊的储能模量、损耗模量、内聚性和胶黏性,且随着发芽时间的延长,趋势更加明显。这些研究结果表明发芽处理可以显著降低糙糯米淀粉糊的黏度、内聚性与咀嚼性,增强其吸水能力及流动能力,改善其凝沉特性,有利于其在食品加工及速冻食品中的应用,呈现出非常好的工业应用前景。     

三元体系Na~+/CO~(2-)_3,BORATE-H_2O298K相关系和溶液物化性质的研究

用等温溶解法测定了三元体系Ｎａ＋／ＣＯ２－３,ｂｏｒａｔｅ－Ｈ２Ｏ２９８Ｋ时的溶解度及其饱和溶液的物化性质（密度、折光率、粘度、电导率、ｐＨ值）,绘制出了相应的溶解度图和物化性质－组成图。此三元体系等温溶解度图属简单共饱型,平衡固相分别为Ｎａ２ＣＯ３．１０Ｈ２Ｏ和Ｎａ２Ｂ４Ｏ７·１０Ｈ２Ｏ,未产生新的复盐和固溶体。     

The effect of starch isolation method on physical and functional properties of Portuguese nuts starches. I. Chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill. var. Martainha and Longal) fruits

The functionality of starch from chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) fruits isolated by alkaline and enzymatic methods were assessed. The studied properties included: solubility, swelling power, pasting properties, synaeresis, turbidity, and thermal and rheological behaviours. In addition amylose and resistant starch content were also evaluated. Results showed that the starch isolation method induced changes in most of those properties. Extracted starches (with high contents of amylose and resistant starch) showed low and similar swelling solubility values for all of the samples. Gelatinisation temperatures were also similar (61.5-63.0 °C), but the enzymatic method induced lower consistencies at 95 °C and after holding at this temperature. High values of setback were found, which were clearly affected by the isolation method. This parameter presented lower values for starches isolated by alkaline method (160 BU and 235 BU, respectively for Martainha and Longal). Starches did not present a peak consistency during pasting. Turbidity and synaeresis values were low at room temperature. Synaeresis increased when pastes were stored at low temperatures. This effect was more evident for the material isolated by enzymatic method. All of the isolation starches presented low enthalpy values (3.0-3.5 J/g), but the activation energy was higher for Martainha starches and for starches isolated by A3S method. Pastes showed viscoelastic behaviour, with a predominance of elastic property, forming strong gels after cooling. Longal variety seems to be less resistant to the effect of isolation method. In general starches isolated by the alkali method present the best functional properties as a food ingredient.     

The effect of starch isolation method on physical and functional properties of Portuguese nut starches. II. Q. rotundifolia Lam. and Q. suber Lam. acorns starches

A new starch was isolated from fruits of two acorn species, Quercus rotundifolia and Quercus suber by alkaline (A3S) and enzymatic (ENZ) methods and physical and functional properties were studied. The isolation method induced changes in most of those properties in the isolated starches, mainly in resistant starch content, syneresis, pasting, thermal and rheological properties. Isolated acorn starches presented high amylose content (53–59%) and resistant starch content (30.8–41.4%). Acorn starches showed limited and similar solubility values and swelling power values, showing a gradual increase from 60 °C to 90 °C. The pasting temperatures ranged from 67.5 to 72.0 °C and pastes did not present breakdown, which is suggestive of a high paste stability of acorn starches during heating. At ambient temperature the turbidity and syneresis values were low, but when held at freezing temperatures the syneresis significantly increased. Thermal analysis revealed that the acorn starches easily undergo transition phenomena as shown by the low T_o and enthalpy values (4.1–4.3 J/g), these effects were more evident in starches isolated by ENZ method. Pastes are more elastic than viscous and form strong gels after cooling. Q. suber starch was shown to be more sensitive to the effect of isolation method. Generally, starch isolated by enzymatic method presented less interesting functional properties, since this isolation procedure greater affected the raw structure of starches.     

Foaming properties of protein solutions: Comparison of large-scale whipping and conductimetric methods

Two conductimetric methods, a semi-micro and a micro procedure, were assessed for the measurement of the foaming properties of protein solutions. The values for foam expansion and foam stability obtained by both methods correlated well with those determined by a standard whipping procedure. The highest correlations were obtained with the micro-conductimetric method using 0.1% protein solutions. Use of this protein concentration meant that only a few milligrams of protein were required for the assessment of foaming behaviour.     

预聚体法合成阴离子型水性聚氨酯的研究

以异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯（IPDI）、聚醚多元醇、二羟甲基丙酸（DMPA）、乙二胺（EDA）为主要原料，采用预聚体法合成了系列水性聚氨酯乳液，讨论了水性聚氨酯上软段类型（N-210、N-220、PHA）、NCO／OH量比值、交联体系、乙二胺用量对乳液及其胶膜耐水性、力学性能、涂膜手感的影响．胶膜的ATR红外光谱表现为水性聚氨酯典型的红外特征．     

基于变异系数法分析四种改良剂对马铃薯面条品质的影响

通过单因素实验研究不同改良剂对马铃薯面条质构特性、拉伸特性与蒸煮特性的影响,利用变异系数法分析得到不同改良剂作用下各个指标所占重要性大小,并经过各指标的标准化值与权重的相关计算,得到4种改良剂对马铃薯面条品质影响的大小。结果表明:不同指标对马铃薯面条品质影响大小依次为:断条率（0.048） > 拉伸力（0.205） > 弹性（0.086） > 干物质损失率（0.065） > 黏聚性（0.048） > 拉伸距离（0.036） > 干物质吸水率（0.031） > 回复性（0.027） > 硬度（0.020）。不同改良剂对面条品质影响大小依次为:黄原胶（1.5467） > 谷朊粉（1.4304） > TG酶（1.3878） > 食盐（0.9818）。通过电镜观察,30%马铃薯粉面条添加改良剂食盐1.5%、黄原胶0.6%、TG酶0.6 U/g、谷朊粉8%,在此条件下制得的马铃薯面条微观结构得明显改善。变异系数法不仅可用于马铃薯面条品质改良研究,也可成为食品领域产品开发研究中指标选择的较好方法。     

制油工艺对棉籽粕中蛋白结构与功能特性的影响

以亚临界流体萃取法、热榨浸出法、冷榨浸出法所得棉籽饼粕为实验材料,采用超声波辅助碱法提取棉籽蛋白,对其蛋白结构与功能特性进行分析。结果表明：棉籽蛋白的主要亚基分子质量为50、45?kDa且只有一个吸热峰,起始温度、变性温度和焓变范围分别为85.6～87.8、94.3～97.7?℃和5.6～7.9?J/g,热榨浸出粕蛋白二硫键的含量最低并且含有许多低分子质量亚基;亚临界流体萃取粕蛋白和冷榨浸出棉籽粕蛋白的二级结构中有较低的β-折叠含量、较高的α-螺旋和β-转角含量;热榨浸出粕蛋白的变性温度最高。亚临界流体萃取粕蛋白具有较高的吸水性、吸油性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、表面疏水性和荧光强度。冷榨浸出粕蛋白的吸水性、吸油性、表面疏水性和荧光强度高于热榨浸出粕蛋白。亚临界流体萃取法所得棉籽粕的蛋白变性程度最小,更多地保留了棉籽蛋白的天然结构和功能特性。     

微胶囊机械性能表征方法的研究

为了对微胶囊机械性能进行定性及定量的分析,利用实验室常用的紫外可见分光光度计、抗压强度机、显微硬度仪和电子天平,研究了四种表征方法。以实验室自制的酚醛环氧树脂微胶囊为例,进行表征后发现：使用紫外可见分光光度计,借助胶囊破裂前后的吸收光谱变化,可对包有隐性染料的微胶囊进行间接定性表征;使用抗压强度机可对紧密堆积的微胶囊块进行直接定量表征;使用显微硬度仪和电子天平可实现对单个微胶囊进行直接定量表征。四种不同表征方法实现了对单个、多个微胶囊的定性和定量表征。     

Micro-scale Method for Determining Foaming Properties of Protein

A 5% protein suspension (4 mL) was whipped in a modified 50-mL centrifuge tube using a tissumizer equipped with a flat-bottom generator. Drainage time at 50% liquid weight and the weight of the foam formed/unit volume were used for calculating foam stability and foam overrun, respectively. The foaming properties of a variety of milk proteins were determined using this method. This method distinguished differences in foaming properties among the proteins. Values for overrun confirmed published results. Compared with standard methods, this method required much less sample (about 1/20) and less measuring time (about 1/5 to 1/10).     

提取方法对核桃油脂理化性质的影响

研究了水酶法和溶剂法两种提油方法对核桃油的理化性质的影响,结果表明:不同提取方法(水酶法、溶剂法)对核桃油的理化特性有一定的影响。水酶法提取的核桃油透明度高、色值低、且风味好;水酶法提取所得核桃油的酸值、未皂化值及磷脂含量均低于溶剂法,有利于油脂的后续精炼。水酶法与溶剂法对核桃油的脂肪酸组成影响不显著,水酶法提取核桃油的氧化稳定性低于溶剂法。