2015年农业生产全面淘汰甲基溴

<正>2013年12月9日在广州市召开的农业行业甲基溴淘汰项目交流与国际土壤消毒新技术培训会传出信息,2015年1月1日起将全面禁止甲基溴在农业的应用。据农业部科技教育司副司长、农业生态与资源保护总站站长王衍亮介绍,甲基溴虽然是国际上公认的土壤熏蒸效果最好的药剂,但其具有破坏臭氧层作用,为履行《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》,由蒙特利尔议定书多边基金和意大利政府共同资助,联合国工业发展组织作为国际执行机构、环境保护部和农业部共同组织实施了农业甲基溴淘汰     

农用甲基溴生物替代技术研发成功

日前,受联合国发展计划署委托,国家环保总局与河北秦皇岛开发区领先科技发展有限公司就"用于土壤消毒的甲基溴生物替代技术培训"项目正式签约。该项目作为中国甲基溴消费行业淘汰一期计划,获蒙特利尔多边基金300万元人民币资助。至此,"领先科技"拉开了在全球范围内率先以生物技     

用熏蒸剂硫酰氟熏蒸建筑物

硫酰氟（SO2F2）,美国商品名叫Vikane(维肯）（含99．8％质量,0．2％惰性杂质）,由道化学公司在五十年代后期开发作为建筑熏蒸剂,Vikane（现由Dow Elanco生产）具有消除在建筑物里蔓延的害虫的特性,它不燃,无腐蚀,不会产生异味,它能迅速穿透到建筑材料里,有效地杀死各种建筑物害虫,在散气时迅速散逸,这种物质是一种规定的建筑熏蒸剂,因而被考虑为甲基溴的替代品,自1961年在美国上市以来,它已被用来熏蒸一百万座以上的建筑物,包括博物馆,历史遗迹,珍贵图书馆,政府建筑,科学和医学研究实验室,及食品处理设施,和甲基溴相比较,硫酰氟穿透建筑材料更迅速,广谱杀来各种害虫更有效,在散气后残留在建筑材料中更少,这些特性使它成为替代溴甲烷用于建筑熏蒸的适用替代品。     

甲基溴的取代药剂——棉隆

棉隆是甲基溴熏蒸剂的替代品之一。介绍了影响棉隆作用的因素:上壤湿度、土壤温度和土壤类型和结构,棉隆的施用以及我国棉隆登记应用情况。     

土壤消毒新技术:淘汰甲基溴 照样稳增产

<正>日前,农业部农业生态与资源保护总站在安丘举办了甲基溴替代履约与土壤消毒技术现场交流会,总结项目经验,分享技术成果,为促进农业绿色可持续发展、振兴乡村经济贡献力量。不用甲基溴亩均也能增产4000斤10月26日,在安丘市凌河镇甲基溴淘汰示范基地,参会的业内专家、农技人员和企业代表100多人共同观摩了生姜土壤消毒技术大面积示范效果。"今年秋天雨水比较多,要不然收成会更好。     

关于加强山东省甲基溴淘汰工作的通知

甲基溴是一种广谱性化学农药,一般用作土壤熏蒸剂来防治蔬菜土传病害,因其效果明显,而被我省菜区菜农大量用于蔬菜大棚中的土壤根结线虫和姜瘟等土传病虫害的防治。据2008年底统计,我省甲基溴年施用量500吨左右,并有逐年增加趋势。     

建筑物用气体熏蒸剂—硫酰氟

硫酰氟（SO2F2），美国商品名称Vikane（含量99.8%，0.2%惰性杂质），由道化学公司在50年代后期开发作为建筑物熏蒸剂。Vikane（现在由Dow Elanco生产）具有杀灭在建筑物里蔓延的害虫的特性，它不燃，无腐蚀性，不会产生气味，它能迅速穿透到建筑材料里，有效地杀死种建筑物害虫。这种物质是一种规定用的建筑熏蒸剂，因而被考虑为甲基溴的替代品。自1961年在美国面市以来，已被用来熏蒸一百座以 上的建筑物，包括博物馆、历史遗迹、珍贵图书馆、政府建筑、科学和医学研究实验室及食品处理设施。和甲基溴相比较，硫酰氟穿透建筑物更迅速，更有效地广谱杀灭各种害虫，散气后残留在建筑材料中更少，这些特性使它成为替代溴甲烷用于建筑熏蒸的适用替代品。     

金鱼草生产中用于替代甲基溴的非熏蒸性方法

土传病虫害例如线虫、植物病原真菌和杂草通常在作物移栽前使用土壤熏蒸来防治。以前,在美国甲基溴是一种重要的熏蒸剂,后其被禁用,这使得有关甲基溴替代物的研究再次兴起。当前美国和欧洲关于甲基溴替代物的应用研究通常集中于蔬菜作物生产。但是，在观赏作物上同样迫切需要使用甲基溴替代物。最近在佛罗里达州和加利福尼亚州的研究检验了熏蒸剂替代物在切花生产上的效果。     

溴甲烷及其替代产品

溴甲烷是一种高效、广谱熏蒸剂，用于土壤可有效防治真菌、细菌、病毒、昆虫、螨类、线虫、啮齿动物和杂革。溴甲烷也广泛用于耐久储存品、易腐烂商品及建筑物的熏蒸，在装运前的熏蒸也发挥重要的作用。但是溴甲烷是一种消耗臭氧层的物质，将逐步淘汰。介绍了溴甲烷的基本情况及其替代品应用进展。     

载溴树脂作为3—甲基茴香醚的溴化剂

制备了一种新型的溴化试剂－载溴阴离子交换树脂。在间甲基茴香醚的溴化中，这种溴化剂有良好的选择性及稳定性，产物４－溴－３－甲基茴香醚的产率高达８９．２％。     

溴甲烷空间熏蒸及其替代

溴甲烷作为一种性能优良的熏蒸剂,一直被广泛应用于耐久储存品、易腐烂商品及建筑物等的熏蒸,在仓储物保护、检疫及装运前熏蒸中发挥着十分重要的作用。但是,溴甲烷是一种耗减臭氧层的物质,已经被列入逐步淘汰的熏蒸剂。为了中国今后能够实施有效的淘汰,本文就目前在耐久储存品和易腐烂商品熏蒸方面替代溴甲烷的主要技术和方法作了简要介绍。     

Cleavage of alkenes by anodic oxidation

Oxidative cleavage of olefinic double bonds to carboxylic acids, aldehydes or ketones is one of the important reactions in organic synthesis. Ozonolysis is mostly applied for this purpose, however, high costs for safety precautions in technical scale conversions demand alternatives. For this purpose different electrochemical methods are investigated. In the direct oxidation of cyclohexene at a platinum or graphite anode no cleavage occurs, but substituted and rearranged products are obtained. At the boron doped diamond electrode (BDDE) aliphatic olefins with high oxidation potential are not converted. Electrochemical ozonolysis by oxidation of water to ozone at the lead dioxide electrode leads to carboxylic acids as cleavage products in high material yield but low current yield. Anodic bromo-formyloxylation followed by an anodic cleavage provides a two step conversion of cyclohexene to hexane-1,6-dial derivatives. Thereby anodic discharge of bromide in formic acid leads to (2-bromocyclohexyl)-formate, which is converted to cyclohexane-1,2-diol and the major part of potassium bromide is recovered for the next cycle. This electrochemical conversion appears to be an attractive alternative to chemical oxidations with oxygen and catalysts or with hydrogen peroxide. The diol is cleaved in high yield to hexane-1,6-dial or its acetal either directly or indirectly with periodate as mediator.     

溴化锂生产新工艺

对以溴素，碳酸锂，尿素为原料生产溴化锂的新工艺进行研究，并与传统中和法，溴化铁法生产溴化锂进行对比，结果表明，新工艺产品吨溴化锂生产成本与中和法和溴化铁法相比分别降低38％和20％。     

燃煤过程中卤族元素-溴的析出行为及治理研究

为了解决煤中痕量卤素-溴的燃烧产物排放造成的污染,通过固定床管式炉煤燃烧试验,研究了燃煤过程中添加钙基质(CaO)作为固溴剂对溴化物析出的影响。结果表明:钙基质(CaO)能够有效地降低燃煤过程中溴化物的排放量;采用预混与喷射相结合的方式向锅炉中添加固溴剂能够最大限度的吸收燃煤过程中析出的溴化物,减少溴化物的排放量。此外,钙基固溴剂的脱溴效率还受燃烧温度、停留时间、钙基固溴剂(CaO)的添加量、燃烧气氛等因素的影响,燃煤过程中控制合理的钙基质与溴化物的反应条件有利于提高钙基质的脱溴效率。     

Mixed Micelles of Surface Active Ionic Liquid (SAIL)–Octylphenol Ethoxylate: A Novel Reaction Medium for Selective Oxidation of Toluene to Benzaldehyde

Ionic liquids have been found to be suitable alternatives to volatile organic solvents in chemical transformation. Through a proper choice of cations and anions, the properties of an ionic liquid can be tuned so that it resembles an amphiphile. Such specially designed molecules are known as surface-active ionic liquids (SAIL). Like conventional surfactants, SAIL also form aggregates in an aqueous medium. Studies show that the mixing of SAIL with conventional surfactants leads to synergistic micellization. However, very few reports are available on the application of such systems as reaction media. Present study focuses on the application of mixed micelles of 1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazol-1-ium bromide, ([C₁₄mim]Br) with nonionic surfactant, Octylphenol ethoxylate with 10 moles of ethylene oxide (OPE-10). Enhanced solubilization and selective catalytic oxidation of toluene using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and tungstic acid as a catalyst have been studied in detail using this system.     

Practical Studies of the Electrolysis and Volatilization of the Bromide from Drinking Water to Minimize Bromate Production by Ozonation

In four recently published articles, a process for the oxidation of bromide to bromine and the volatilization of bromine from drinking water sources was presented. This process was shown to be able to remove up to 35% percent of the bromide found naturally in the California State Water Project. Although bromide itself is quite harmless, it has been shown to react with commonly used disinfectants to produce compounds or disinfection by-products (DBPs) of suspected carcinogens. Bromide reacts with ozone to form bromate. This article presents two studies of pilot scale, flow-through electrolytic reactors that oxidize bromide to bromine and volatilize bromine at <pH 3.5, which occurs at the anode as a result of the oxidation of water. One reactor had 14 anodes that were 91 cm deep and the other had 13 anodes 1.2 cm deep. The bromide removal rates were studied at several different water flows and power settings for different bromide concentrations for both reactors. The results show removal of bromide is impacted by water flows and power settings for different bromide concentrations. Effluent from the deep reactor did show some reduction in bromate concentration as compared to control samples but the results were inconsistent. This appeared to be caused by significant differences in the ozone demand produced by different experimental conditions, difficulty determining the concentration of chlorine, and the use of hydrogen peroxide as a dechlorinating agent. Using the shallow reactor, these difficulties were overcome by developing a more consistent determining chlorine concentration, using much larger ozone doses to overwhelm the ozone demand, and by using ascorbic acid instead of hydrogen peroxide. With these changes, it could be shown that the electrolytic reactor not only lowered the concentration of bromide in the water but when ozonated, the amount of bromate formed was reduced in direct proportion to the amount of bromide removed for an equal dose of ozone.     

氨-水-溴化锂三元工质氨吸收式制冷性能

通过试验研究了使用氨-水-溴化锂三元工质对氨吸收式制冷性能的影响。根据现有研究,工质中溴化锂的质量分数设定为5%、10%、15%和20%,试验中发生温度设定为90～130℃,蒸发温度设定为-19～-4℃,冷却水温度设定为22～33℃。通过试验发现,溴化锂质量分数在15%时对COP提升效果最好,发生温度在130℃时性能系数可以达到0.408,蒸发温度在-4℃时性能系数可达0.410,冷却水温度在22℃时性能系数可以达到0.412;而且添加三元工质可以减小精馏能耗且充分利用低品位热能,因此采用氨-水-溴化锂三元工质可以在高效利用热能情况下改善氨吸收式制冷系统的劣势。     

烷基化壳聚糖的制备及载药膜的释放行为研究

用不同碳链长度的卤代烷与壳聚糖反应制成N－烷基化壳聚糖。红外和X－射线衍射结果表明壳聚糖引入烷基基团后分子间氢键和结晶度受到削弱。采用氧化葡萄糖作交联剂，测定了不同pH条件下烷基化壳聚糖膜对维生素B2的渗透系数，并考察了该交联膜的细胞毒性，结果表明该膜无细胞毒性。     

N,N′-二乙基喹啉菁染料分子吸附在溴化银溶胶上的表面增强喇曼散射

N,N′-二乙基喹啉菁染料分子吸附在硫敏化过的溴化银溶胶上产生强的表面增强喇曼散射,这种散射实际上是在直晒银上产生的。N,N′-二乙基喹啉菁染料分子吸附在硫敏化过的溴化银溶胶和银溶胶上的喇曼谱基本相似。而未经硫敏化的溴化银溶胶和经硫敏化后再被高硫酸钠氧化的溴化银溶胶中测不到N,N′-二乙基喹啉菁染料的表面增强喇曼信号。本实验进一步表明,表面增强喇曼散射方法可以用于感光机理的研究。