丙醇-生物柴油斯特林发动机喷雾特性试验研究

斯特林发动机的喷射压力和背压均低于柴油机,一般采用压力涡流和引射耦合的喷雾方式。为研究丙醇-生物柴油混合燃料的在斯特林发动机上的喷雾特性,本文建立了基于斯特林发动机的喷雾可视化试验系统,研究了喷射压差、丙醇含量及喷孔直径对丙醇-生物柴油混合燃料斯特林发动机的喷雾特性的影响。结果表明：与柴油相比,丙醇-生物柴油混合燃料对喷射压差的敏感性较小;在不同喷雾阶段,丙醇含量对喷雾的影响呈现不同规律,在喷雾趋于稳定后,P50BD50、P75BD25和纯生物柴油的喷雾贯穿距明显大于P25BD75和柴油;喷孔直径越大,喷雾锥角越大、喷雾贯穿距越小;引射作用对喷雾形态有质的影响,在可观测范围内,已无明显的雾束结构,引射是低压差下斯特林发动机实现良好雾化的关键。     

小流量旋流喷嘴喷雾性能影响因素的试验研究

在超高压燃油喷雾试验台上测试分析了不同环境背压及喷射流量对适用于斯特林发动机的小流量压力旋流喷嘴燃料喷射性能的影响。结果表明:喷嘴的喷雾形态受燃烧室背压的影响最明显,背压升高,喷雾锥角减小;喷射流量的影响受背压的限制,中高背压下,流量增大到一定程度后锥角开始变小,流量继续增大,雾化效果变差。喷嘴设计流量的影响为:增大设计流量,相同工况下的喷雾锥角有增大的趋势,但有效雾化的最小临界流量值变大;设计锥角的影响和设计流量类似:较大喷射流量工况下,大设计锥角喷嘴对高背压的适应性较好。研究认为:小流量工况只能采用小设计流量的喷嘴,且对高背压的适应性较差;在大流量工况下,设计流量和设计锥角均较大的喷嘴对高背压工况具有更好的适应性。     

非食用源生物柴油喷雾特性的试验研究

采用高速摄影在基于高背压、大可视化场的定容弹(CVB)中研究了不同掺混比生物柴油的喷雾特性,并与柴油进行了对比。试验发现,随掺混燃料中生物柴油比例的增加,喷雾贯穿距增大,喷雾锥角减小,喷雾前端面速度增大。在0.05~0.475S时段的喷雾锥角对喷雾变化起重要作用,其中0.475S一般对应最终稳定的喷雾锥角。不同掺混比的生物柴油,在喷射后0.8 ms时,喷雾贯穿距开始出现较为明显的区分。     

生物柴油缸内喷雾特性的数值模拟

采用数值模拟的方法研究了4102Q柴油机燃用生物柴油的喷雾特性,探讨了喷孔结构参数、针阀开启压力、生物柴油的掺混比、发动机转速、负荷和燃油温度对喷雾的贯穿距离和索特平均直径的影响规律,并与柴油进行比较,对计算精度进行了分析.研究结果表明:2种燃料的喷雾特性随上述因素的变化规律基本一致;生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的贯穿距离和索特平均直径均随生物柴油掺混比的增大而增大;相同因素条件下,生物柴油的贯穿距离和索特平均直径均大于柴油;2种燃料喷雾特性的差别是由其不同的理化特性引起的,密度和黏度是主要因素;数值模拟的精度是足够的.     

基于鼓泡-引射耦合的柴油初次雾化

针对斯特林发动机小负荷燃油雾化不良问题,提出了基于鼓泡-引射耦合的雾化方式．基于VOF(Volume of Fluid)仿真研究了鼓泡喷嘴内气液流态,并依据时间线性稳定性分析,对射流液膜失稳和破碎进行数学描述,建立了鼓泡-引射耦合下的初次雾化模型．分析了气液质量比R_GL(gas-liquid mass ratio)、负荷对初次雾化的影响,并与传统雾化方式比较．结果表明：增大R_GL会促进射流失稳、减小液滴粒径．相较于传统雾化方式,鼓泡-引射耦合下小负荷索特平均直径SMD减小约62%,雾化质量显著提高．     

工作流体含水喷射器性能的实验研究

对工作流体含水喷射器性能进行了实验研究,得到不同条件下喷射器性能的变化规律。结果表明:在临界工况下,本文参数变化范围内,随着工作流体含液率的增大,喷射器的引射比略有减小,含液量从0 kg/min增大到0.2 kg/min时,引射比相应减小5.9%～8.7%;而在非临界工况下,本文参数变化范围内,随着工作流体含液率的增大,喷射器的引射比显著减小,喷射器引射性能变差,含液量从0 kg/min增大到0.2 kg/min时,引射比相应减小16.9%～29.3%;随着工作流体含液率的增大,喷射器的临界背压和临界压力比均减小,喷射器的升压性能变差,含液量从0 kg/min增大到0.2 kg/min时,临界背压减小0.006～0.010 MPa,临界压力比相应减小0.041～0.065。     

二甲基醚（ＤＭＥ）喷雾一般牧场生的试验研究

介绍了在高压环境下对二甲基醚（ＤＭＥ）喷雾一般特性的试验研究结果,并与柴油的喷雾特性进行了比较。试验研究是在定容燃烧弹上进行的,用阴影法通过高速数字摄影机拍摄了二甲基醚和柴油的喷雾发展过程,应用计算机图像处理进行喷雾过程图像再现。研究结果表明：ＤＭＥ的喷雾贯穿蹁距离比柴油小,喷雾锥角比柴油大;在喷雾自由发展过程中,ＤＭＥ的蒸发速度比柴油快;环境密度对ＤＭＥ喷雾特性的影响与柴油相似,即密度增大,锥角增大,贯穿距离减小。在燃烧室壁面附近,柴油的喷雾锥角迅速增大,而ＤＭＥ喷雾锥角几乎没有明显的变化。     

空气引射对斯特林发动机火焰特征及燃烧温度的影响

为了研究空气引射对斯特林发动机常压燃烧特性的影响,在可视化试验台上进行了不同工况下的燃烧试验,并利用高速摄影机拍摄了燃烧室内的火焰图像,利用热电偶测量了燃烧室内的燃烧温度.结果表明,无空气引射时,燃烧火焰较长,张角较小,波动较大,高温区集中在燃烧室轴线附近;加入适量引射空气,火焰缩短,张角增大,稳定性提高,高温区外扩,位置向喷嘴靠近,燃烧温度升高;过量引射空气使火焰失稳,温度场紊乱,高温区分散,燃烧温度下降.     

生物柴油喷雾、着火和燃烧特性试验研究

在高温高压定容燃烧弹上,采用高速摄影法对不同掺混比例的生物柴油混合燃料进行研究,获取了喷雾、着火和燃烧火焰图像,分析了生物柴油这种含氧生物燃料对喷雾和燃烧过程的影响。研究结果表明:随着生物柴油掺混比例的增加,喷雾锥角减小;生物柴油的贯穿距离在喷雾初期比普通柴油长,但在喷雾中、后期基本一致;生物柴油与柴油相比,其滞燃期缩短,着火点数量增多;随着生物柴油在燃料中比例的增加,燃烧火焰的亮度和分布面积都随之下降。     

低热值燃气-柴油双燃料发动机动力性能计算

推导了低热值燃气-柴油双燃料发动机动力性能计算公式,并对由单缸、四冲程、水冷、直喷式柴油机改装的生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机的动力性能进行了计算分析。结果表明：双燃料发动机能够达到原柴油机的动力水平;其动力性能随引燃油量的减小而降低;在新鲜空气充足的前提下,供给更多的燃气,双燃料发动机的动力性能增强;燃气替代率有一最大值,超过该值后,随替代率增大,动力性能急剧下降;燃气低热值越高,替代率便可越大。计算得出的生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机在标定点和最大转矩点的最大生物制气替代率和对应的燃气进气比,与试验结果相吻合。     

斯特林发动机的等温模型分析

阐述了用等温分析法研究了热源温度、死区容积比、回热器有效性及热源温差和冷源温差等五个因子对斯特林发动机性能的影响.研究结果表明:发动机的性能随热源温度的增加而提高,热源温度越高,这种关系越弱;由于各种损失的存在,死区容积比有最佳值;回热器有效性是影响发动机性能的一个重要因子,提高回热器的有效性,是提高发动机性能的一个有...     

Multi-objective optimization for GPU3 Stirling engine by combining multi-objective algorithms

Stirling engine has become preferable for high attention towards the use of alternate renewable energy resources like biomass and solar energy. Stirling engine is the main component of dish Stirling system in thermal power generation sector. Stirling engine is an externally heating engine, which theoretical efficiency is as high as Carnot cycle's, but actual ones are always far below compared with the Carnot efficiency. A number of studies have been done on multi-objective optimization to improve the design of Stirling engine. In the current study, a multi-objective optimization method, which is a combination of multiple optimization algorithms including differential evolution, genetic algorithm and adaptive simulated annealing, was proposed. This method is an attempt to generalize and improve the robustness and diversity with above three kinds of population based meta-heuristic optimization techniques. The analogous interpreter was linked and interchanged to find the best global optimal solution for Stirling engine performance optimization. It decreases the chance of convergence at a local minimum by powering from the fact that these three algorithms run parallel and members from each population and technique are swapped. The optimization considers five decision variables, including engine frequency, mean effective pressure, temperature of heating source, number of wires in regenerator matrix, and the wire diameter of regenerator, as multiple objectives. The Pareto optimal frontier was obtained and a final optimal solution was also selected by using various multi-criteria decision making methods including techniques for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution and Simple Additive Weighting. The multi-objective optimization indicated a way for GPU-3 Stirling engine to obtain an output power of more than 3 kW and an increase by 5% in thermal efficiency with significant decrease in power loss due to flow resistance.     

Unsteady operation of new type turbofan engine with aerodynamic torque converter reducing front fan speed

Introduction In turbofan engine technology of the 21st century, it is desired to select the best possible operating conditions for each engine section, to reduce the operating costs, fuel burn, and noise levels. The conventional mechanism in which the front fan is directly connected to the rest of the core engine arrests the optimization of the spool speed in order to avoid the flow blockage at the sonic speed. In such circumstances, the rotational speed of the front fan can be reduced using …     

Design and performance optimization of GPU-3 Stirling engines

To increase the performance of Stirling engines and analyze their operations, a second-order Stirling model, which includes thermal losses, has been developed and used to optimize the performance and design parameters of the engine. This model has been tested using the experimental data obtained from the General Motor GPU-3 Stirling engine prototype. The model has also been used to investigate the effect of the geometrical and physical parameters on Stirling engine performance and to determine the optimal parameters for acceptable operational gas pressure. When the optimal design parameters are introduced in the model, the engine efficiency increases from 39% to 51%; the engine power is enhanced by approximately 20%, whereas the engine average pressure increases slightly.     

考虑电机激励的某型热气机发电机组振动响应计算

针对某型热气机发电机组建立了电机和热气机发电机组的有限元模型,用模态分析进行试验验证,进而得到了缩减模型.进行了同时考虑径向电磁力与机械载荷的电机多体动力学计算,及有无考虑电机激励的热气机发电机组振动响应计算;对比分析了热气机发电机机组振动加速度的计算值与实测值,试验验证了计算模型的正确性.研究成果可为发电机组电磁力的...     

利用气体模拟技术研究直喷式柴油机的燃油喷雾特性

本文利用气体模拟技术研究了直喷式柴油机的燃油喷雾特性。研究结果表明,瞬态燃油喷雾的前端存在一个强烈的紊流混合前锋区,其后是浓度分布处于平衡状态的雾锥。雾锥轴线上的浓度随贯穿距离的增加而线性衰减;雾锥的径向浓度分布与剖面至喷孔的距离有关,对于充分发展的雾锥,径向浓度不同于稳定自由射流的浓度分布,而服从指数型分布规律。当喷雾与壁面撞击时,可观察到紊流混合过程出现一个从强化到减弱的有利于混合的过渡过程,但过量壁喷会在壁面上出现浓混合气层的堆积,恶化混合。     

Flow through aerodynamic torque converter installed in new type turbofan engine

It is desired to increase the core engine speed of the turbofan,to get the best efficiency for the next leap of the en-gine technology.The conventional mechanism in which the front fan is directly connected to the output shaft ofthe core engine has a limit of increasing the spool speed because the fan diameter is very large.The authors haveproposed a new driving system in which the front fan is driven through the aerodynamic torque converter.Thefront fan can work at the conventional speed while the core engine runs more efficiently at higher speed.Con-tinuously,in this paper,the flow through the converter is simulated numerically by CFX-5 with the k-εturbulencemodel of the commercial CFD code.The secondary flow occurred on the hub wall affects markedly the flow con-dition on the blade surfaces,and the flow along the suction surface of the driver blade separates near the trailingedge,which is deviated to the blade tip by the centrifugal force due to the wheel rotation.     

Thermodynamic analysis of a Stirling engine including dead volumes of hot space, cold space and regenerator

This paper provides a theoretical investigation on the thermodynamic analysis of a Stirling engine. An isothermal model is developed for an imperfect regeneration Stirling engine with dead volumes of hot space, cold space and regenerator that the regenerator effective temperature is an arithmetic mean of the heater and cooler temperature. Numerical simulation is performed and the effects of the regenerator effectiveness and dead volumes are studied. Results from this study indicate that the engine net work is affected by only the dead volumes while the heat input and engine efficiency are affected by both the regenerator effectiveness and dead volumes. The engine net work decreases with increasing dead volume. The heat input increases with increasing dead volume and decreasing regenerator effectiveness. The engine efficiency decreases with increasing dead volume and decreasing regenerator effectiveness.     

Coupling a Stirling engine with a fluidized bed combustor for biomass

The paper deals with the integration between a kinematic Stirling engine and a fluidized bed combustor for micro-scale cogeneration of renewable energy. A pilot-scale facility integrating a 40 kW_t combustor and a γ-type Stirling engine (0.5 kW_e) was set up and tested to demonstrate the feasibility of this solution. The Stirling engine was installed at a lateral wall of the combustor in direct contact with the fluidized bed region. An experimental campaign was executed to assess the performance of the innovative integrated system. The experimental results can be summarized in: (a) very high combustion efficiency with biomass feeding, (b) elevated heat transfer rate to the engine, (c) a relatively small share (about 2 kW_t) transferred to the engine from the thermal power generated by the combustor (around 13 kW_t), (d) conversion to electric power close to the upper limit of the engine, (e) limited impact of the Stirling engine on the fluidized bed behavior, for example, temperature. From the analysis of measured variables, the dynamics is dominated by the fast response of the Stirling engine, which rapidly reacts to the slow changes of the fluidized bed combustor regime: the dynamic response of the tested facility as a thermal system was slow, the time constant being of the order of 10 minutes.