混凝土碳化研究综述

混凝土碳化作用研究是混凝土耐久性研究的重要部分。碳化会降低混凝土的碱性,破坏钢筋表面的钝化膜,从而使混凝土对钢筋的保护作用减弱。本文从碳化机理、影响碳化的因素、碳化区的划分以及碳化对钢筋混凝土性能的影响几方面介绍了碳化对混凝土的影响。     

混凝土碳化及预测模型研究进展

<正>混凝土碳化是引起钢筋锈蚀最主要的原因~([1]),为此国内外对混凝土的碳化进行了大量试验研究和理论分析。一般认为,混凝土碳化对混凝土本身没有太大的危害,相反,混凝土碳化会使混凝土的强度提高,但是碳化会削弱混凝土对钢筋的保护作用。碳化会增加混凝土的收缩,引起混凝土表面产生拉应力而出现微细裂缝,从而降低混凝土的抗拉、抗折强度及抗渗能力。混凝土碳化将影响混凝土构件破损或失效,从而降低混凝土构件的服     

荷载、碳化和氯盐侵蚀对混凝土劣化的影响

浇筑了普通混凝土和双掺粉煤灰、矿粉两种矿物掺合料的混凝土小梁试件39个,采用螺杆对试件施加混凝土极限抗弯承载力30%和60%的持续荷载,在"氯盐溶液浸泡+CO_2环境干燥"、"去离子水浸泡+CO_2环境干燥"和"氯盐溶液浸泡+大气环境干燥"3种不同干湿循环制度下进行干湿循环试验,分析了荷载、碳化和氯盐作用下混凝土的劣化规律。结果表明:双掺粉煤灰和矿粉的混凝土,因发生"二次水化反应"消耗了大量Ca(OH)_2,其抗碳化性能比普通混凝土差;碳化后混凝土孔隙中多被CaCO_3填充,孔隙率降低,因此碳化速率随碳化龄期的增长减缓;干湿循环作用下,随着循环次数的增加,对流区深度会逐渐趋于稳定,在7~9 mm之间,而碳化作用使混凝土表层氯离子堆积明显;干燥过程中,氯盐存在使混凝土表面孔隙出现结晶,亦会抑制碳化反应的速率;碳化作用对混凝土中氯盐的传输起到双重作用:使混凝土孔隙率降低从而降低氯盐的传输速率,又会使部分结合氯离子释放为自由氯离子,从而提高自由氯离子含量;荷载水平由0.3倍极限荷载增加到0.6倍极限荷载,碳化和氯盐传输深度显著提高,随循环次数增加,荷载作用对碳化和氯盐传输影响愈加明显。     

碳化养护对钢渣混凝土强度和体积稳定性的影响

当前国内外对钢渣的利用率不高,急需拓展经济、高效的钢渣利用途径。以钢渣粉为主要胶凝材料组分,用钢渣砂、钢渣石为集料配制混凝土,采用CO_2进行养护,研究碳化养护对钢渣混凝土强度和体积稳定性能的影响。结果表明:经碳化养护后,混凝土抗压强度显著提高,碳化14 d强度提高3.2~5.3倍,最高可达65.3 MPa,且碳化时间越长,试件碳化深度越大、pH值越低、碳化程度越高,混凝土强度也越高。碳化过程中生成碳化产物方解石Ca CO_3(碳酸钙镁Ca_xMg_(1–x)CO_3),使混凝土结构更加致密,吸水率降低。钢渣砂和钢渣石作集料也可被碳化,碳化后钢渣砂、钢渣石混凝土强度高于天然砂、天然石混凝土强度,混凝土体积稳定性得到明显改善。     

碳化过程中混凝土模拟孔溶液pH值变化规律研究

对普通混凝土及掺和料混凝土进行了快速碳化试验,测试了各碳化龄期混凝土pH值,研究了碳化过程中混凝土pH值沿深度变化规律.结果表明:水胶比对混凝土碳化过程中pH值的变化影响最大,降低混凝土水胶比可以有效提高混凝土的抗碳化能力,减小混凝土的部分碳化区长度;矿物掺合料的引入对混凝土pH值也有较为显著的影响,采用合理的掺量后,掺合料混凝土不仅具有较好的抗碳化能力,还可以大大提高水泥取代量,具有良好的经济效益.     

清水混凝土的碳化及其对钢筋腐蚀的影响

详细分析了大气环境中CO2等物质使清水混凝土发生碳化的作用机理及主要影响因素,阐述了钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋腐蚀的电化学过程,运用混凝土碳化原理分析了清水混凝土的碳化对钢筋腐蚀的影响。     

保护剂对清水混凝土抗碳化性能的影响

清水混凝土保护剂具有优异的防水性能,极大地提升了清水混凝土建筑的使用寿命。为精确确定清水混凝土保护剂对清水混凝土抗碳化性能的影响,本文研究了水溶性有机硅类渗透型保护剂和丙烯酸类成膜型保护剂对清水混凝土抗碳化性能的影响。结果表明:成膜型保护剂和渗透型保护剂均可有效降低清水混凝土碳化深度,成膜型保护剂降低效果更为显著;涂抹两种类型保护剂试件的碳化深度均随养护龄期的增加而降低,养护龄期和渗透型保护剂独立发挥作用,而养护龄期和成膜型保护剂相互促进,两者作用可进一步降低清水混凝土碳化深度;建立了清水混凝土碳化深度预测模型,该模型考虑了保护剂种类和厚度对清水混凝土抗碳化性能的影响。     

30年龄期某厂房混凝土梁柱碳化程度分析

1基本概念碳化是水泥中的水化产物与环境中的CO2相互作用,生成碳酸盐或其他物质,降低混凝土中pH值,改变混凝土内部组成结构,影响混凝土性能的一个复杂的物理化学过程。以普通硅酸盐水泥为例,其碳化过程的主要反应为:     

冻融与氯盐耦合作用下超细粉煤灰混凝土抗碳化性能研究

为了研究氯盐与冻融耦合作用下超细粉煤灰混凝土的碳化性能,对不同掺量超细粉煤灰混凝土进行了抗压强度试验、基准碳化试验、冻融-碳化试验和盐冻-碳化耦合试验.结果表明:在标准养护条件下,混凝土试件中掺入少量超细粉煤灰会降低试件本身的抗压强度,但降低幅度不大,而掺入大量的超细粉煤灰其抗压强度下降比较明显.干燥养护下,掺入超细粉煤灰对试件的抗压强度影响较小,其抗压强度随掺量没有出现骤降.掺入适量的超细粉煤灰能提高混凝土的抗碳化性能,随着超细粉煤灰掺量增加,抗碳化性降低,当超细粉煤灰掺量超过25％时对混凝土抗碳化性能影响不大.当超细粉煤灰参量一定时,盐冻-碳化循环试验对混凝土碳化深度最不利,且超细粉煤灰混凝土的碳化深度与循环次数呈现二次函数关系.     

碳化对混凝土性能的影响

碳化是导致混凝土结构失效的主要原因之一.本文通过加速碳化试验方法研究了不同龄期的碳化作用对混凝土试件的强度、吸水率以及抗渗性的影响.结果表明,碳化可以提高混凝土的抗压强度,但是同时会减小混凝土的抗折强度.并且,碳化还会减小混凝土的吸水率,降低混凝土的渗透性.     

Triaxial behaviour of concrete under high stresses: Influence of the loading path on compaction and limit states

The aim of this study is to characterize the behaviour of concrete under high triaxial loading at levels of confinement and axial stress of the order of the GigaPascal. This study is carried out within a more general scope of understanding concrete behaviour under impact. The studied concrete has properties as close as possible to those used in current construction projects. A triaxial press of high capacity is used to characterize the triaxial behaviour of concrete according to various loading paths. Hydrostatic, triaxial, proportional and oedometric tests are performed and show the influence of the loading path on the compaction process. The triaxial and proportional tests show the existence of strain limit states, defining a limit states threshold independent from the loading path.     

不同养护温度下引气剂对混凝土性能的影响研究

通过试验,研究了混凝土含气量的经时损失规律及其影响因素,以及养护温度和引气剂对混凝土强度、抗氯离子渗透性和微观孔结构等性能的影响.结果表明:新拌混凝土的含气量损失与混凝土的初始含气量有关,初始含气量越大,损失也会更大,且处于动态过程的新拌混凝土的含气量损失较静态过程更大;与标准养护条件相比,负温养护条件一方面会使混凝土内部的水化反应变慢,水化程度变低,另一方面水结冰也会引起体积膨胀,破坏混凝土内部的晶体结构,对混凝土内部孔结构造成了一定程度的损伤,使得混凝土抗压强度降低,电通量、气孔间距系数等参数增大;掺入引气剂会引入了大量的微小气泡,使混凝土内部小孔径的孔含量增多,在一定程度上会提高孔的连通性,从而相对减小混凝土受力面积,造成混凝土抗压强度降低,电通量增大,孔径分布也会朝着小孔径方向移动.     

Setting time: An important criterion to determine the length of the delay period before steam curing of concrete

Some precast concrete plants expose freshly made concrete elements to steam curing immediately after casting. This is detrimental to properties of the product; therefore, some delay prior to the steam curing process is beneficial. This paper contains the results of an investigation on the effects of various delay intervals selected based on initial setting time of concrete. Four different delay periods and two different steam curing periods at 80 °C (5 and 10 h) were used with two concrete types, namely C25 and C40. Compressive strength tests were performed at 1, 3, 7, 28, and 90 days. Setting time of the concrete was found to be an important criterion to determine the length of the delay periods.     

Impact of the alkali–silica reaction products on slow dynamics behavior of concrete

Several nondestructive techniques based on acoustics are frequently used to assess the condition of engineering materials. It has been demonstrated that nonlinear acoustics is more sensitive for detecting micro-cracks. The main challenge, regarding the assessment of alkali–silica reaction (ASR) damage in concrete, remains in the efficiency of the technique to distinguish ASR from other damaging process. Based on the fact that ASR produces a swelling viscous gel, a new approach developed for finding a signature to ASR is investigated in this paper. The research was focused upon the specific behavior of ASR causing the presence of viscous gels in micro-cracks and porosity compared with mechanical damage where cracks are empty. With this approach, the concrete response to slow dynamics tests was analyzed. The Burger spring–damping model was used for interpreting the results. This research showed that the slow dynamics technique presented here can detect cracking in concrete and that the time response to an external excitation of concrete damaged by ASR is different from that of concrete mechanically damaged.     

Effect of the addition of red mud on the corrosion parameters of reinforced concrete

Red mud, the main waste generated in aluminum and alumina production by the Bayer process, is considered “hazardous” due to its high pH. The characteristic of high alkalinity associated with the presence of aluminosilicates facilitates the assimilation and formation of compounds by reaction with chloride ions. The high pH also provides greater protection of rebars, which is reflected in the low corrosion potential and high electrical resistivity (filler effect) of concrete. In this study, the chloride concentration was monitored by measuring the conductivity of the anolyte. Red mud proved to be a promising additive for concrete to inhibit the corrosion process. The corrosion potential was monitored by electrochemical measurements and the electrical resistivity was evaluated using sensors embedded in concrete test specimens. The results showed that the addition of red mud is beneficial to concrete, reducing its chloride migration rate (diffusion coefficients) and corrosion potential and increasing its electrical resistivity.     

Determination of the energy consumption during the production of various concrete recipes

This article presents a report of the mixing of concrete on the laboratory scale in a single-shaft and twin-shaft mixer. For both mixers we selected five concrete recipes that cover a broad spectrum of concrete mixing techniques. The concrete recipes differ from each other amongst other things by virtue of the aggregate-sized distribution curves, water-cement ratio, flow properties, compressive strength and mixing times. The specifically volume-related application of energy - which is necessary for the homogenization of the particular recipe in the mixer - is an essential influencing variable.The comparison of the specifically volume-related application of energy is possible only if the concrete recipes possess the same homogeneity. The time curve of the homogeneity plotted against the necessary mixing time indicates the mixing efficiency, which in turn is determined by an imaging measurement process. Comprehensive mixing experiments show that the resulting application of energy, measured via the current composition, does not provide sufficient information in order to define the actual homogeneity in the mixture. A method was developed for the purpose of comparing concrete mixtures based on various recipes with the same homogeneity in relation to the specifically volume-related application of energy. The particular application of energy can be determined via the required mixing time and the power output process in terms of time.     

低碱水泥对粉煤灰混凝土开裂敏感性影响研究

荆岳长江公路大桥地处洪涝灾害频发的长江中游地区,具有重要的交通枢纽作用.为保障混凝土的高性能、高耐久性,同时避免碱集料反应破坏、劣化混凝土结构,工程上部结构采用低碱水泥混凝土.本文在比较低碱水泥混凝土的力学、热学性能与普通混凝土规律一致的基础上,通过温度应力试验研究表明,粉煤灰对低碱水泥混凝土开裂敏感性影响与普通混凝土...     

改性再生混凝土梁抗弯性能试验与分析

以硅粉含量和混杂纤维含量为试验参数,将1根普通混凝土梁作为对照组,3根不同硅粉含量和2根混杂纤维不同体积含量的梁作为试验组,对改性再生混凝土梁的抗弯性能进行分析,结果表明:改性再生混凝土梁与普通再生混凝土梁的破坏过程一样都具有明显的四个阶段,而且其基本受力过程也符合平截面假定;而且随着硅粉和混杂纤维的掺入使得改性再生混凝土梁的抗弯性能增强,抗开裂和极限承载力方面优于普通再生混凝土梁;而且按照规范计算出来的正截面极限承载力与试验值基本吻合,改性再生混凝土可以按照规范进行设计,为工程实践提供了参考依据.     

Assessing the ITZ microcracking via scanning electron microscope and its effect on the failure behavior of concrete

The influence of aggregate size and water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of the matrix on the structure of interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and the interaction between the ITZ and the matrix on the failure process of concrete under uniaxial compression were studied. The ITZ microcracking and the failure process of concrete were investigated experimentally by means of compressive and indirect tensile testing, stress-volumetric strain measurements and microscopic analyses on the model concrete containing single spherical steel aggregate with three different w/c ratios. At low w/c ratios, the rigid and smooth surface texture aggregates made by the ITZ have a significant structural difference compared to the mortar. This was more pronounced for larger aggregates. Higher structural differences between the mortar matrix and ITZ in low w/c ratio composites resulted in accelerated ITZ microcracking at high stress level. The effect of condensed microcracking in a narrower ITZ was reflected in the lower critical stress levels for the low w/c ratio composites with larger aggregates.