Design of a 2-DOF-PID controller using an improved sine–cosine algorithm for load frequency control of a three-area system with nonlinearities

This paper proposes an improved sine–cosine algorithm (ISCA) based 2-DOF-PID controller for load frequency control. A three-area test system is built for study, while some physical constraints (nonlinearities) are considered for the investigation of a realistic power system. The proposed method is used as the parameter optimizer of the LFC controller in different scenarios. The 2-DOF-PID controllers are used because of their capability of fast disturbance rejection without significant increase of overshoot in set-point tracking. The 2-DOF-PID controllers’ efficacy is observed by examining the responses with the outcomes obtained with PID and FOPID controllers. The simulation results with the suggested scheme are correlated with some of the existing algorithms, such as SCA, SSA, ALO, and PSO in three different scenarios, i.e., a disturbance in two areas, in three areas, and in the presence of physical constraints. In addition, the study is extended to a four-area power system. Statistical analysis is performed using the Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test (WSRT) on 20 independent runs. This confirms the supremacy of the proposed method.     

Robust frequency control in a renewablepenetrated power system: an adaptivefractional order-fuzzy approach

Purpose: Load frequency control (LFC) in today’s modern power system is getting complex, due to intermittency in the output power of renewable energy sources along with substantial changes in the system parameters and loads. To address this problem, this paper proposes an adaptive fractional order (FO)-fuzzy-PID controller for LFC of a renewable penetrated power system. Design/methodology/approach: To examine the performance of the proposed adaptive FO-fuzzy-PID controller, four different types of controllers that includes optimal proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, optimal fractional order (FO)-PID controller, optimal fuzzy PID controller, optimal FO-fuzzy PID controller are compared with the proposed approach. The dynamic response of the system relies upon the parameters of these controllers, which are optimized by using teaching-learning based optimization (TLBO) algorithm. The simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Findings: The simulation outcomes reveal the supremacy of the proposed approach in dynamic performance improvement (in terms of settling time, overshoot and error reduction) over other controllers in the literature under different scenarios. Originality/value: In this paper, an adaptive FO-fuzzy-PID controller is proposed for LFC of a renewable penetrated power system. The main contribution of this work is, a maiden application has been made to tune all the possible parameters of fuzzy controller and FO-PID controller simultaneously to handle the uncertainties caused by renewable sources, load and parametric variations.     

Designing of robust frequency stabilization using optimized MPC-(1+PIDN) controller for high order interconnected renewable energy based power systems

The challenge of controlling frequency becomes greater as the complexity of a power network increases. The stability of a power system is highly dependent upon the robustness of the controller. This paper presents automatic generation control (AGC) of a four-area interconnected power system along with integrated renewable energy sources of PV and wind energy. The designed model is a challenge given the increased penetration levels of PV and wind along with a thermal-hydropower system. The addition of a hydropower system as a fourth type results in the pole of the open loop system of the hydropower system being located at the right half side of the s-plan. This demands a robust control. A novel MPC-(1 + PIDN) is designed for high-order interconnected areas (HOIA) to stabilize the frequency in a robust way. The salp swarm algorithm is adopted to optimize the parameters of the PIDN controller. The performance of the proposed controller under HOIA is tested in a unbalanced load environment with uncertainty in the power system. The proposed controller can effectively handle the frequency disruption by stabilizing it in 0.86s for Area-1, 1.08s for Area-2, 0.81s for Area-3, and 0.84s for Area-4 with an average time of 0.89s for all the areas, whereas the average time for GWO: PI-PD, MPC/PI and GA-PI is 3.48s , 10.36s and 18.47s , respectively. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller when compared to other controllers.     

Novel chaos game optimization tuned-fractional-order PID fractional-order PI controller for load–frequency control of interconnected power systems

In this work, chaos game optimization (CGO), a robust optimization approach, is employed for efficient design of a novel cascade controller for four test systems with interconnected power systems (IPSs) to tackle load–frequency control (LFC) difficulties. The CGO method is based on chaos theory principles, in which the structure of fractals is seen via the chaotic game principle and the fractals’ self-similarity characteristics are considered. CGO is applied in LFC studies as a novel application, which reveals further research gaps to be filled. For practical implementation, it is also highly desirable to keep the controller structure simple. Accordingly, in this paper, a CGO-based controller of fractional-order (FO) proportional–integral–derivative–FO proportional–integral (FOPID–FOPI) controller is proposed, and the integral time multiplied absolute error performance function is used. Initially, the proposed CGO-based FOPID–FOPI controller is tested with and without the nonlinearity of the governor dead band for a two-area two-source model of a non-reheat unit. This is a common test system in the literature. A two-area multi-unit system with reheater–hydro–gas in both areas is implemented. To further generalize the advantages of the proposed scheme, a model of a three-area hydrothermal IPS including generation rate constraint nonlinearity is employed. For each test system, comparisons with relevant existing studies are performed. These demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme in reducing settling time, and frequency and tie-line power deviations.     

A NOVEL COMPENSATION METHOD FOR ACTIVE POWER FILTER IN 3-PHASE 4-WIRE SYSTEM

Instantaneous reactive power theory for threephase fourwire system is discussed and is used in an active power filter. The compensation principle and the structure of main circuit and control circuit are given. The basic operation principle of the active power filter is analyzed, which is different from that of active power filter used in threephase threewire system. The experiment results prove the effectiveness of the proposed control method and show the good compensation characteristics.     

Sliding mode controller design via delay-dependent H∞ stabilization criterion for load frequency regulation

This work presents a control approach based on sliding-mode-control (SMC) to design robust H∞ state feedback controllers for load frequency regulation of delayed interconnected power system (IPS) with parametric uncertainties. Considering both state feedback control strategy and delayed feedback control strategy, two SMC laws are proposed. The proposed control laws are designed to improve the stability and disturbance rejection performance of delayed IPS, while stabilization criteria in the form of linear matrix inequality are derived by choosing a Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. An artifcial time-delay is incorporated in the control law design of the delayed feedback control structure to enhance the controller performance. A numerical example is considered to study the control performance of the proposed controllers and simulation results are provided to observe the dynamic response of the IPS.     

Novel chaos game optimization tuned-fractional-order PID fractional-order PI controller for load–frequency control of interconnected power systems

In this work, chaos game optimization (CGO), a robust optimization approach, is employed for efficient design of a novel cascade controller for four test systems with interconnected power systems (IPSs) to tackle load–frequency control (LFC) difficulties. The CGO method is based on chaos theory principles, in which the structure of fractals is seen via the chaotic game principle and the fractals’ self-similarity characteristics are considered. CGO is applied in LFC studies as a novel application, which reveals further research gaps to be filled. For practical implementation, it is also highly desirable to keep the controller structure simple. Accordingly, in this paper, a CGO-based controller of fractional-order (FO) proportional–integral–derivative–FO proportional–integral (FOPID–FOPI) controller is proposed, and the integral time multiplied absolute error performance function is used. Initially, the proposed CGO-based FOPID–FOPI controller is tested with and without the nonlinearity of the governor dead band for a two-area two-source model of a non-reheat unit. This is a common test system in the literature. A two-area multi-unit system with reheater–hydro–gas in both areas is implemented. To further generalize the advantages of the proposed scheme, a model of a three-area hydrothermal IPS including generation rate constraint nonlinearity is employed. For each test system, comparisons with relevant existing studies are performed. These demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme in reducing settling time, and frequency and tie-line power deviations.     

Optimal layout model of feeder automation equipment oriented to the type of fault detection and local action

In feeder automation transformation there are difficulties in equipment and location selection. To help with this, an optimal layout model of feeder automation equipment oriented to the type of fault detection and local action is proposed. It analyzes the coordination relationship of the three most common types of automation equipment, i.e., fault indicator, over-current trip switch and non-voltage trip switch in the fault handling process, and the explicit expressions of power outage time caused by a fault on different layouts of the above three types of equipment are given. Given constraints of power supply reliability and the goal of minimizing the sum of equipment-related capital investment and power interruption cost, a mixed-integer quadratic programming model for optimal layout is established, in which the functional failure probability of equipment is linearized using the 3δ principle in statistics. Finally, the basic characteristics of the proposed model are illustrated by different scenarios on the IEEE RBTS-BUS6 system. It can not only take into account fault location and fault isolation to enhance user power consumption perception, but also can guide precise investment to improve the operational quality and efficiency of a power company.     

Frequency regularization of a linked wind–diesel system using dual structure fuzzy with ultra-capacitor

Microgrids (μ-grids) are gaining increased interest around the world for supplying cheap and clean energy. In this paper, a μ-grid comprising a wind turbine generator (WTG) and diesel generator (DG) is considered. It is one of most practical and demanding systems suitable for the present energy crisis in isolated or rural areas. However, wind energy is intermittent in nature while load demand changes frequently. Therefore, a µ-grid can experience large frequency and power fluctuations. The speed governor of the DG tries to minimize the frequency and power deviations in µ-grid though its operation is slow and cannot adequately minimize system deviations. The paper proposes a novel arrangement based on a dual structured fuzzy (DSF) whose structure changes according to the switching limit with a reduced rule base. It has the capability to switch between proportional and integral actions and hence improves the frequency regularization of the μ-grid. The proposed strategy is tested in a μ-grid and the results considering step load alteration, load alteration at different instants of time, nonstop changing load request are compared with some of the well published methods to validate the effectiveness and simplicity of the present design. In addition, it shows that ultra-capacitor establishment in a μ-grid has a positive impact in minimizing system deviations with DSF for the studied cases.     

Coordinated power system stabilizers design of a nine-machine system

In our earlier paper,power system stabilizers (PSSs) are designed for a nine-machine system,a new pole-placement tech-nique is developed for the design,and participation factors are used to decide how many stabilizers are required and where they shall be.Eachmachine being represented by a low-order linear model,there is some reservation of the results.In this paper,extensive transient simulationsare performed and each machine is represented by a high-order nonlinear model.Coherent groups are found.A weighted speed deviationindex (SDI) is defined to find out the most unstable machines in the system.PSSs are designed after the decisions of PSS number and sites.Transient simulations are carried out again for the closed-loop system.A system stability index (SSI) is used to evaluate the stability of theclosed-loop system.It is found that three PSSs are sufficient to ensure the stability of the nine-machine system.     

大规模储能系统发展现状及示范应用

随着储能技术的飞速发展,大规模储能系统已经成为保证电力系统可靠供电的一个重要手段。介绍了储能技术的类别及其在电力系统中的作用,并阐述了其在电力系统中的应用研究现状和目前的主要示范应用实例,论述了储能技术未来发展趋势。     

1 000 kV皖南-浙北特高压线路工频参数测试干扰及结果分析

特高压线路工频参数测试干扰分析是选择适合工频参数测试方法及测试结果分析的重要基础。测试了1 000 kV皖南-浙北特高压线路正序和零序参数测试期间的干扰电压信号,分析了其频谱特征;在此基础上,通过与正序参数仿真计算值的对比分析了正序参数实际测试偏差。结果表明：皖南-浙北特高压同塔双回线路工频参数测试期间,干扰电压存在“三相不平衡性及时变性”的特点;工频法和异频法2种不同方法得到的线路参数测试结果存在一定差异;干扰电压“时变”时,线路工频参数测试宜采用异频法。     

ICEMI' 2015征文通知（英文）

正Qingdao,China7.16-19,2015The International Conference on Electronic MeasurementInstruments(ICEMI)is the world’s premier conference dedicated to the electronic measurement and test of devices,boards and systems that is covering the complete cycle from design,verification,test,diagnosis,failure analysis and process of manufactory and products     

12th International Conference on Electronic Measurement&Instruments(ICEMI'2015)

正Qingdao,China7.16-19,2015The International Conference on Electronic MeasurementInstruments(ICEMI)is the world's premier conference dedicated to the electronic measurement and test of devices,boards and systems that is covering the complete cycle from design,verification,test,diagnosis,failure analysis and process of manufactory and products     

某300 MW机组循环水泵出力不足的诊断分析

某300 MW机组投产以来循环水流量不足,极大地影响了机组的经济性。通过试验诊断分析得到,循环水系统设计阻力小于实际值,导致按照设计阻力选型的循环水泵出力不足,使得循环水流量偏小,影响了机组运行的真空。根据循环水系统实际阻力特性,对循环水泵进行重新选型整体改造,取得了较好的效果,与改造前相比,供电煤耗降低1.174 ~1.200 g/（kW·h）。据此,提出了循环水泵在设计选型时的注意事项。     

锂离子电池安全性能评价研究

综合考虑锂离子电池的安全性能检测要求和重点项目,以红外热像技术检测多次循环后的电池在过充过程中的温升,利用电池程控测试仪检测电池的电学信息,建立"热电"综合评价体系,并在3 C过充电条件下,将50℃的温度极值和5.0 V的电压极值确定为量化指标,对电池体系的安全性能进行评价。该评价系统具有快速、灵敏和全场性的优点。     

Active beam vibration control using PZT actuators

Abstract

Smart materials of lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramics have attracted attention in recent years for active vibration control, acoustic noise suppression, health monitoring and damage assessment. We at McDonnell Douglas Aerospace have been studying these ceramics for use as sensors and actuators in various space and aircraft structures. In this paper, we will report results of a recent study on active vibration control using monomorph PZT actuators. The experiments were performed on thin aluminum cantilever beams. Collocated and non-collocated sensors and actuators were employed. Two control techniques: the classical velocity feedback and adaptive feedback controls, were investigated. We have obtained significant damping and broadband vibration attenuation of greater than 30 dB using the classical control with the single-input single-output feedback approach. A 24 dB reduction has also been achieved using the adaptive control with the multiple-input single-output approach. Detailed experimental methods and results will be described.     

锅炉停用保护剂对水汽氢电导率的影响研究

电站锅炉停用保护剂多采用十八胺和表面活性胺。对这2种停用保护剂进行了应用效果对比研究,即对湿冷机组、空冷机组采用十八胺或表面活性胺、有无凝结水精处理系统等6台机组停机和启动过程中给水、主蒸汽和凝结水的氢电导率变化情况进行分析。研究结果表明：在停机过程和启动过程,2种保护剂均会在水汽系统中发生部分分解,导致水汽系统的氢电导率显著升高;表面活性胺和十八胺比较,使用前者,机组启停机过程可保持凝结水精处理系统正常投运,因而可使水汽质量迅速达标,对机组安全运行有利,因此推荐采用表面活性胺作为锅炉停用保护剂。     

车载动力电池组温升特性仿真及实验研究

利用ANSYS有限元软件对车载LiFePO4锂离子电池组进行温升特性仿真分析,同时,通过高低温实验箱和放电电流控制器模拟电池组的工作环境,对锂离子电池组进行了放电实验,对电池组温升特性进行了分析,以验证ANSYS模拟仿真的正确性与真实性,据此获得锂离子电池热稳定性及安全性随放电电流、温度变化的规律,以及在电池组串联过程中随体积/表面积之比变化的规律,以得到其更真实的热特性。