Chemically modified fly ash for fabricating super-strong biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films

Composite films of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chemically modified fly ash (MFA) by sodium hydroxide were prepared by aqueous cast method with 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 wt% MFA treated with 1 wt% cross-linking agent (glutaraldehyde, GLA). The tensile strengths of the composite films were found to increase proportionally with MFA and the maximum strength attained was 414% higher in the case of 20 wt% MFA than that in neat PVA film. The percentage of strain at break exponentially decreased with addition of MFA. The modulus of the composites was determined to increase proportionally up to a maximum 685% at 20 wt% MFA compared to that of neat PVA film. Interfacial networking between the MFA and PVA was evident from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of tensile-fractured surfaces, which was not observed for the unmodified fly ash (FA) system. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis showed that the mean square surface roughness of the composite films of PVA–MFA was 53% smoother than the films with FA.     

Physical properties and characterization of biodegradable films using nano-sized TiO2/poly(acrylamide-co-methyl methacrylate) composite

In this study, biodegradable films were prepared by using corn starch, PVA, nano-sized poly(acrylamide-co-methyl methacrylate) (PAAm-co-MMA), nano-sized TiO2(P-25)/PAAm-co-MMA composite, and additives which are harmless to the human body, that is, glycerol (GL) and citric acid (CA). Nano-sized PAAm-co-MMA was synthesized by the method of emulsion polymerization. Also, nano-sized TiO2/PAAm-co-MMA composites were synthesized by wet milling for 48 h. The morphology and crystallinty of nano-sized PAAm-co-MMA and TiO2/PAAm-co-MMA composite was observed by the SEM and XRD. The physical properties such as tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (%E), degree of swelling (DS), and solubility (S) of biodegradable films were investigated. The photocatalytic degradability of starch/PVA/nano-sized TiO2/PAAm-co-MMA composite blended films was evaluated using methylene blue as photodegradation target.     

新型生物降解材料聚乳酸的微孔发泡技术研究进展

介绍了新型生物可降解材料聚乳酸(PLA)微孔塑料的最新研究进展,并详细介绍了PLA微孔塑料的泡孔形态和力学性能的影响因素.     

生物质基降解塑料PBS的研制

以玉米和小麦秸秆为原料,通过粉碎、闪蒸等化学和物理处理和加工,并进行初步糖化,使其可作为微生物可发酵的糖源。以新的琥珀酸产生菌株-产琥珀酸放线杆菌及重组微生物作为发酵的微生物菌株对生物质基糖源进行厌氧发酵,在液体深层厌氧培养条件下制备琥珀酸。通过正交实验研究了发酵液中葡萄糖、酵母膏、磷酸盐、尿素、K+、Mg2+、Mn2+等因素对琥珀色产量的影响。通过离子色谱柱脱色,分离得到纯度为95%以上琥珀酸,秸秆转化率达到75%。利用生物法制备的琥珀酸在Sn-Ti系纳米催化剂作用下通过一步法合成了重均分子量超过20万降解塑料聚(琥珀酸丁二醇酯)。     

Red-green-blue laser emissions from dye-doped poly(vinyl alcohol) films

A microscope slide acting as a passive waveguide was coated by three separate poly(vinyl alcohol) films that were doped with Coumarin 460, Disodium Fluorescein, and Rhodamine 640 perchlorate. On collinear pumping by a nitrogen laser, these dyes furnished primary red-green-blue laser emissions that were collected and waveguided by the microscope slide but exited from both ends. Frosting the waveguide exit introduced light scattering at the glass-air interface and spatially overlaid the red-green-blue laser emissions that emerged as a uniform white-light beam.     

生物降解PBAT的合成与表征

为利用废弃PET制备生物降解的脂肪-芳香族共聚酯材料,研究了废弃PET在1,4-丁二醇存在下醇解制备聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯低聚物(BHBT),己二酸与丁二醇反应制备聚己二酸丁二醇酯(PBA)的条件,BHBT和PBA缩聚成脂肪-芳香族共聚酯(PBAT)的影响因素,结果表明,采用废弃PET成功制备了有良好的生物降解性能的脂肪-芳香族共聚酯PBAT.     

生物可降解聚酯酰胺共聚物的设计、制备及表征

以直接熔融缩聚方法成功地制备了L-乳酸和α-丙氨酸聚酯酰胺共聚物,采用红外光谱、核磁共振、凝胶色谱、示差扫描量热仪和X射线衍射等方法对共聚物结构进行了分析表征,重点考察了投料比对产物组成、分子量及其热性能和结晶性能的影响,并对共聚物的降解性能进行了初步试验。随着α-丙氨酸含量的增加,相应共聚物的分子量明显下降,结晶性能下降直至变成无定形态。降解速率受共聚组分α-丙氨酸含量的控制,随之增加而加快,结果表明所制备的L-乳酸和α-丙氨酸聚酯酰胺共聚物具有良好的降解性能,是一种良好的药物缓释载体材料。     

Controlled release of salicylic acid from poly(D,L-Lactide)

Poly(D,L-Lactide) of high molecular weight (M_v was prepared by ring-opening bulk polymerization of D,L-Lactide and characterized in terms of M_v, melting point and swelling behavior in buffer solution. Samples of the polymers with low and high M_v (2000 and 22 000 respectively) loaded with various amounts of salicylic acid (SA) were immersed in a buffer solution and the release of SA was recorded. The results obtained showed that swelling of the poly(D,L-Lactide) samples obeyed Fick's law, especially for those with high molecular weight, where biodegradation proceeds slowly. The release of SA seemed to follow a simplified relationship which is linear with time, at least for the early stages of delivery. The extent of linearity is dependent on the content of the acidic SA, which probably accelerates decomposition of the high molecular weight products. © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

pH敏感水凝胶PMAA对布洛芬的控制释放

采用自由基聚合法制备了pH敏感水凝胶聚甲基丙烯酸(PMAA),研究了该凝胶在不同pH值溶液中的溶胀性能.结果表明,PMAA凝胶在pH=2时的溶胀率仅为2.6,而在pH=10时的溶胀率达15.8,具有明显的pH敏感性能.以疏水性布洛芬为模型药物,研究了PMAA水凝胶作为药物载体对布洛芬的负载及释放性能,结果显示:PMAA...     

Electrosyntheses of free-standing poly (dibenzofuran) films

High quality free-standing poly (dibenzofuran) (PDBF) films with conductivity of 10⁰ S cm^− 1 were synthesized electrochemically by direct anodic oxidation of dibenzofuran in mixed electrolytes of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE) containing 30% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (by volume). The structure analysis of PDBF was performed using UV–vis and FTIR spectroscopy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the electrodeposition of free-standing PDBF films.     

Release of 5-fluorouracil by biodegradable poly(ester-ether-ester)s. Part I: release by fused thin sheets

The 5-fluorouracil release by biodegradable -caprolactone and L-lactide copoly(ester-ether-ester)s was tested. The drug-copolymer mixture was formed by fusion in thin sheets, which were dipped in Dulbecco's PBS for time intervals ranging from one hour to two months. Each experiment shows a fast initial release, which subsequently slows down and stops at a limiting value, depending on the copolymer composition. This behavior was attributed to an extraction of the drug present on the sheet surface, due only to its shape, and to hydrogen bonds between the drug and the copolymers. The results obtained lead to a possibility of using such copolymers as time-delayed drug-releasing systems, when formed in specimens with smaller surface-to-volume ratio, which could minimize the fast initial extraction. © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

The release of 5-fluorouracil from microspheres of poly(epsilon-caprolactone-co-ethylene oxide)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro release of 5-fluorouracil from microspheres prepared using a novel triblock copolymer of ε-caprolactone and ethylene oxide as the encapsulating material. Microspheres of poly(ε-caprolactone-co-ethylene oxide) were prepared by employing the “hot-melt” method of microencapsulation. Microspheres were sized using sieve analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Release studies were performed using a custom-made rotating paddle dissolution apparatus. Copolymer microspheres, fabricated by the hot melt method were shown by electron microscopy to have smooth, nonporous surfaces. Drug-loaded microspheres were found to have a broad distribution of sizes, which was thought to be a consequence of the wide range of crystal sizes of the encapsulated unmilled drug. Nonlinear release kinetics were observed from microspheres in the size fraction 75-250 μm, with a pronounced “burst release” associated with the presence of drug at the surface of the microspheres. A specific delineation of the drug release mechanism was not possible due to rapid gelation, swelling, and subsequent dissolution of the microspheres that occurred on hydration. This work describes the preparation of microspheres that swell rapidly and coalesce together on hydration, accompanied by rapid drug release and copolymer dissolution over a 2-hr period.     

Facile synthesis of thick films of poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(styrene), and poly(vinyl pyridine) from Au surfaces

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is commonly used to grow polymer brushes from Au surfaces, but the resulting film thicknesses are usually significantly less than with ATRP from SiO(2) substrates. On Au, growth of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blocks from poly(tert-butyl acrylate) brushes occurs more rapidly than growth of PMMA from initiator monolayers, suggesting that the disparity between growth rates from Au and SiO(2) stems from the Au surface. Radical quenching by electron transfer from Au is probably not the termination mechanism because polymerization from thin, cross-linked initiators gives film thicknesses that are essentially the same as the thicknesses of films grown from SiO(2) under the same polymerization conditions. However, this result is consistent with termination through desorption of thiols from noncross-linked films, and reaction of these thiols with growing polymer chains. The enhanced stability of cross-linked initiators allows ATRP at temperatures up to ～100 °C and enables the growth of thick films of PMMA (350 nm), polystyrene (120 nm) and poly(vinyl pyridine) (200 nm) from Au surfaces in 1 h. At temperatures >100 °C, the polymer brush layers delaminate as large area films.     

Three-dimensional nonwoven scaffolds from a novel biodegradable poly(ester amide) for tissue engineering applications

Biodegradable polyesters are established biomaterials in medicine due to their chemical characteristics and options for material processing. A main problem, however, is the release of acid degradation products during biodegradation with severe local pH-drops and inflammatory reactions. Polyesteramides, in contrast, show a less prominent pH-drop during degradation. In this study, we developed a simple, reproducible synthesis of the poly(ester amide) (PEA) type C starting from ε-caprolactame, 1,4-butanediol, and adipic acid in a one-batch two-step reaction and conducted the manufacturing of PEA-derived 3D textile scaffolds applicable for tissue engineering purposes. The thermal and mechanical properties of PEA-type C were analysed and the structural conformity of different batches was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. The polymer was formed into nonwovens by textile manufacturing. Cytotoxicity tests and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the effect of scaffold extraction before cell seeding. The manufactured carriers were seeded with human preadipocytes and examined for cellular proliferation and differentiation. The production of PEA type C successfully occurred via simultaneous ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactame and polycondensation with 1,4-butanediol and adipic acid at 250 °C under high-vacuum. Soxhlet extraction allowed optimal cleaning of nonwoven scaffolds. Extracted PEA-derived matrices were capable of allowing good adherence, proliferation, and differentiation of preadipocytes. These results are encouraging and guidance towards an optimally prepared nonwoven carrier applicable for clinical use. K. Hemmrich and J. Salber have contributed equally.     

Formulation factors affecting drug release from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) microcapsule tablets

A sustained-release (SR) formulation of phenobarbital (PB) microcapsule tablet was prepared using low molecular weight (MW) DL- and high MW L-poly(lactic acid) (PLA) polymer. Microencapsulation of PB showed a unimodal size distribution (375 to 550 microns) of the microcapsules with high loading capacity (> 84%). Drug release from the microcapsule was influenced by the polymer ratios and increased with an increase in L-PLA amount. Microcapsules and physical mixtures of PB and the PLA were directly compressed independently to form microcapsule and matrix tablets, respectively. Drug release from the microcapsule tablets was significantly lowered (p < .001) compared to matrix tablets or free microcapsule (free microcapsule > matrices > microcapsule tablets). We also investigated the effect of tablet adjuvants, compression pressures, and microcapsule loading on the tablet performance in terms of friability, hardness, porosity, tensile strength, and the release kinetics of PB. The drug release rate increased with increasing compression pressure in the case of Emcompress or lactose, but not Avicel. The drug release rate was three- to fivefold increased with sodium starch glycolate compared to tablets without a disintegrant. With an increase in microcapsule loading, a decrease in the drug release rate was observed; however, the tablet performance remained satisfactory. The morphology of the microcapsules was monitored microscopically after the dissolution and the disintegration of tablets. The drug release accelerated with compression pressures and microcapsule loading from the tablets due to mechanical destruction of the microcapsule wall, which was more clearly seen after disintegration and dissolution of the tablets. Our data suggest that the PLA microcapsule can be tableted to make a SR product without significantly affecting its release kinetics.