某四缸汽油机缸体螺纹滑扣失效分析

针对缸体主轴承盖螺栓螺纹在试验和装配过程中出现滑扣,对导致此现象的原因进行分析。主要从缸体螺纹设计、加工、缸体铸造质量、螺栓设计、螺栓加工等方面进行详细分析,结果表明,主要原因为缸体螺纹加工工艺选择不合适、螺栓旋合长度偏小、螺栓结构设计不合理和初始力矩选择不合适。     

基于交叉耦合控制的多活塞螺栓协调装配的研究

为了实现多活塞螺栓的协调装配,提出一种多活塞螺栓装配工艺的优化方法,将交叉耦合控制方式应用在多活塞螺栓协调装配过程中。交叉耦合协调装配控制方法的运用,完成了对钢顶铝裙组合活塞的轴向预紧力、活塞螺栓的扭矩及角度定位多变量目标的智能装配控制。经实际生产验证,系统成功地解决了一类多活塞螺栓在装配过程中相互难以协调控制的问题,提高了机车柴油机活塞螺栓的整体装配控制精度和装配效率,保证了内燃机活塞的装配质量和可靠性。     

螺栓装配连接工艺对气缸密封的影响

在考虑气缸垫材料非线性及螺栓弹性相互作用条件下,设计了缸盖螺栓顺序预紧与交叉预紧两种装配连接工艺,采用非线性有限元计算方法建立了机体、气缸盖、缸套、螺栓、缸套支撑及气缸垫组合结构有限元模型,研究了螺栓预紧顺序与气缸垫接触压力之间的关系,得出了满足组合结构气缸密封特性要求的较好装配连接工艺.对比了螺栓残余预紧力的计算值与试验值.结果表明:采用非线性有限单元方法可以实现对机体、气缸盖、缸套、螺栓、缸套支撑及气缸垫组合结构螺栓预紧装配连接工艺的较精确仿真计算;顺序预紧时,螺栓平均残余预紧力及残余预紧力标准差都大于交叉预紧;气缸密封最差区域出现在气缸垫排气侧两螺栓中间位置,两种装配连接工艺都能满足气缸密封性能要求,顺序预紧气缸密封最差区域密封效果更好.     

40Cr连杆螺栓断裂失效分析

本文主要利用断口分析法,对40Cr连杆螺栓断裂进行了综合分析。分析结果表明,断裂螺栓的工艺设计及内在质量等方面基本符合技术要求。而导致连杆螺栓断裂的原因,还是由于螺栓丝扣部位的应力集中及装配工艺不当等因素所引起。     

YC6A柴油机气缸盖螺检拧紧力矩工艺研究

通过对YC6A气缸盖螺栓机械性能、摩擦性能、螺栓轴向力-伸长量关系、现场装配轴向力的测试,计算出可靠预紧时螺栓轴向力范围,设计力矩转角法拧紧工艺,以提高YC6A柴油机气缸盖螺栓装配力矩的可靠性,并成功应用于生产中,取得了较好的效果.     

螺栓连接的装配质量控制

对确保螺栓连接装配质量的二项基本条件:设备能力验证、扭矩测试采用正确的事后检验方法做了详尽的解释。通过对一个螺栓连接案例的分析,阐述扭矩拧紧控制的实质,以及从采用的装配方法出发,改善螺栓连接质量的工艺途径。     

YC6A柴油机气缸盖螺栓拧紧力矩工艺研究

通过对YC6A气缸盖螺栓机械性能、摩擦性能、螺栓轴向力-伸长量关系、现场装配轴向力的测试，计算出可靠预紧时螺栓轴向力范围，设计力矩转角法拧紧工艺，以提高YC6A柴油机气缸盖螺栓装配力矩的可靠性，并成功应用于生产中，取得了较好的效果。     

发动机气缸孔压板镗珩加工工艺研究

作者在发动机气缸加工中采用压板镗珩工艺，模拟实际装配状态，用工艺缸盖螺栓将工艺压板(模拟缸盖)、工艺缸垫与气缸体压紧，然后对气缸孔进行精镗、珩磨等精加工，对气缸在实际装配时所产生的变形进行校正，从而保证发动机在装配缸盖后气缸孔的圆度和锥度，有效减少气缸孔的早期不均匀磨损。     

核电汽轮机低压内缸中分面螺栓断裂失效分析

某核电汽轮机投运后出现了低压内缸中分面螺栓断裂问题。采用故障树分析方法,从设计、工艺、制造和装配等方面进行筛查,通过宏观检验、超声检测、磁粉检测、化学成分分析、力学性能试验、金相分析、断口分析等手段对断裂螺栓进行了失效分析和对比研究。螺栓断口定性为脆性断口,裂纹从内孔向外圆延展、失稳、直至断裂。根本原因是采用火焰加热装置拆装螺栓过程中引起螺栓内孔局部超温导致材料过热损伤。推荐采用带有温控功能的电加热装置进行工厂和现场的螺栓热拆装,在役机组可通过对螺栓硬度的均匀性检查预防失效。     

变速箱装配拧紧质量控制策略

拧紧技术是通过螺栓、螺母等零件以螺纹连接的方式将两个连接件紧密贴合,并使其能够承受一定的动载荷,确保被连接零件的可靠连接和正常工作的技术,其具有装配简单、拆卸方便、效率高、成本低等优点,已广泛应用于变速箱装配工艺中的各个环节。我们通过从拧紧工具的选型、拧紧策略的制定及改善扭矩衰减的有效手段三个方面,探讨变速箱装配过程中的拧紧质量控制策略。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.