基于小型柴油机多喷油参数协同优化的试验研究

针对一款1.06 L非道路三阶段排放的卧式柴油机,以非道路四阶段稳态排放循环8个工况为基础,展开油轨压力、喷射正时、预喷—主喷间隔、预喷油量4个参数单因子变化和多因子协同变化对柴油机油耗和排放影响的试验研究。利用参数扫描法进行比油耗和NO_x等排放的多目标优化,使发动机排放达到非道路第四阶段法规的要求。通过分析各喷射参数对油耗和排放的敏感性,获得产品优化提升的指导方案。研究结果表明：喷射正时和轨压对柴油机有效燃油消耗率、NO_x排放及CO排放的影响较大,对碳氢化合物（HC）排放影响较小。预喷—主喷间隔和预喷量对燃烧热效率和CO排放影响较大,对其他排放影响微弱。合理设定轨压和喷射正时的标定组合,可获得最佳的NO_x排放与油耗的折中关系。此外,预喷可以有效降低HC排放。多参数协同优化后的8个工况排放加权结果为：颗粒物（particular matter, PM）排放为0.09 g/（kW·h）,HC+NO_x排放为4.17 g/（kW·h）,CO排放为1.46 g/（kW·h）,实现了产品优化升级并达到了“非四”排放法规的要求。     

柴油-甲醇组合燃烧技术在发电机组产品开发中的应用

对一台增压中冷柴油机进行改装,使其采用柴油-甲醇组合燃烧（Diesel-Methanol Compound Combustion,DMCC）方式运行。发动机台架以及装机运行试验的结果表明：发动机的双燃料模式平稳、可靠,动力性与原纯柴油相同,调速特性满足机组使用要求;与纯柴油相比,双燃料模式的燃料经济性在中高负荷时显著提升,在低负荷时较低;双燃料模式下的碳排放比在纯柴油工况下的碳排放降低约11.4%,PM和NO_x排放明显低于纯柴油模式,NO_x排放需要进一步优化;全工况下CO和HC排放量均大幅增加,所以为满足法规需要加装后处理系统;按照机组视在功率为300 kW运行时,双燃料模式的燃料经济性改善14.5%,大幅度降低发电成本。     

二甲醚发动机碳氢排放特性试验研究

以226B压燃式二甲醚发动机为研究对象,通过对比试验分析了二甲醚喷油器启喷压力、喷孔直径、喷油提前角和发动机功率对HC排放性的影响。试验结果表明:在外特性的整个转速范围内,随发动机转速的增加HC排放呈先增加后减小的趋势,随喷油器启喷压力的升高HC排放呈降低趋势;外特性在1 000~1 300r/min低速情况下,喷孔直径0.38mm的喷油器HC排放低,转速在1 500~2 300r/min范围内,喷孔直径0.36mm的喷油器HC排放较低;静态供油提前角由曲轴转角13°推迟到8°,外特性HC排放呈先降低后升高的趋势;随着二甲醚发动机负荷率的升高,其HC排放呈降低趋势。     

燃烧系统参数对增压中冷柴油-天然气双燃料发动机排放特性和经济性影响的实验研究

将一台6缸、增压中冷柴油机改装为混合器进气方式的柴油—天然气双燃料发动机，对其燃烧系统参数对双燃料发动机排放和经济性的影响进行了实验研究，包括引燃柴油喷油时刻、天然气替代率、中冷后进气温度的影响。双燃料发动机的排放与空燃比及燃烧系统参数密切相关。替代率增加时，排气烟度降低，HC排放升高，当量燃油消耗率升高，CO排放在替代率较小时随替代率增加而升高，但在替代率较高时随替代率增加而略有降低。替代率对NOx排放的影响则与发动机工况有关，在最大转矩和低速大负荷工况，空燃比值较小，NOx排放随替代率的升高而增大；在标定功率工况，空燃比较大，NOx排放随替代率的升高而减小。提前角减小，NOx排放降低。中冷后温度升高，碳烟排放和NOx排放升高，HC和CO排放降低，当量燃油消耗率降低。研究结果表明，采用增压中冷技术、提高CNG替代率、减小引燃柴油喷油提前角，能够有效地降低双燃料发动机的有害排放物。     

供油提前角对柴油/甲醇混合燃料燃烧排放性能的影响

添加助溶剂并使用超声波振动形成混合均匀的柴油/甲醇混合燃料,通过柴油机台架试验,分析供油提前角变化对柴油/甲醇混合燃料燃烧排放的影响。试验结果表明:供油提前角提前,柴油/甲醇混合燃料的有效燃油消耗率降低。随着供油提前角减小,混合燃料滞燃期缩短,供油提前角为21°CA时,混合燃料的燃烧持续期最短,增加或减少供油提前角都将延长燃烧持续期。供油提前角变化对柴油/甲醇混合燃料的排放有较大影响,推迟供油,混合燃料的烟度排放和CO排放增加,NOx排放与HC排放降低。     

低负荷工况下城市类重型柴油车的实际道路排放特性研究

应用便携式排放测试系统（portable emission measurement system, PEMS）,对3辆不同类型的城市类重型柴油车分别进行实际道路行驶排放测试。试验车辆包括：邮政车、垃圾自卸车、小学专用校车。对于处在不同负荷段的数据进行分类整理,分析车辆在低负荷工况下不同负荷段的CO、NO_x、颗粒物数量（particulate number, PN）的排放占比和比排放结果,并结合功基窗口法分析NO_x的排放特性。试验结果表明：在低负荷工况时,尤其是负荷率处于0~20%的阶段,CO、NO_x、PN的排放量占比分别达到72%~86%、60%~87%、52%~88%,且CO、NO_x、PN在低负荷阶段的比排放高于或接近国六排放限值。     

柴油机燃烧室结构与喷嘴优化匹配对燃烧与排放的影响

基于快速混合燃烧技术,用试验和数值模拟的方法对某型柴油机的燃烧系统进行了优化。在转速为1 800 r/min的全负荷工况下的研究结果表明：浅ω燃烧室匹配多孔喷油嘴,高压过程指示功比原机高7.65%,NO_x和碳烟排放分别比原机增加约10%和降低约80 %;碰撞分流燃烧室匹配传统多孔喷油嘴,高压过程指示功比原机高7.04%,NO_x和碳烟排放分别比原机降低约10%与60%;浅ω燃烧室匹配交叉孔型高扰动喷油嘴,高压过程指示功比多孔喷油嘴的高0.43%,能够进一步提高燃油经济性。     

汽油压燃发动机燃烧特性和污染物排放的试验研究

基于一台2.0 L柴油发动机,在1 500 r/min、平均有效压力（brake mean effective pressure, BMEP）0.4 MPa~0.9 MPa工况下进行了汽油压燃（gasoline compression ignition, GCI）和柴油压燃（diesel compression ignition, DCI）的燃烧和原始污染物排放的对比研究。此外,基于6个全球轻型车统一测试循环（worldwide harmonized light vehicle test cycle, WLTC）聚类工况点,进行了三元催化器（three-way catalyst, TWC）和稀燃NO_x捕集器（lean NO_x trap, LNT）或被动选择性催化还原器（passive selective catalytic reduction, PSCR）组合的污染物后处理方案的研究。研究结果表明：在负荷较低时,由于油气过度混合,缸内温度低,GCI的有效热效率低于DCI。随着负荷的提高,相比DCI,GCI的热效率明显改善,有效热效率最多提升至约43.0%。不同负荷下,相比DCI,GCI的NO_x排放略微下降,碳烟烟度（filter smoke number, FSN）显著下降;相比DCI,GCI的CO排放和HC排放在低负荷时大幅提高,但随着负荷提高,GCI的CO排放和HC排放与DCI的差距减小。基于某款车型实际测试的WLTC循环的6个聚类点对NO_x、HC、CO污染物排放的后处理进行评估,GCI发动机采用TWC+LNT/PSCR的后处理方案在满足国六b排放法规方面具有一定的潜力。     

氢气直喷对发动机燃烧及排放性能的影响

基于一台高压直喷汽油机,将汽油直喷喷射器替换为氢气直喷喷射器,试验研究了发动机燃用氢气与汽油时的燃烧和排放特性差异。采用空气稀释,进一步分析了氢气发动机稀薄燃烧模式下热效率提升潜力及氮氧化物排放特性,明确了氢气燃料对发动机燃烧及污染物排放的影响规律。结果表明,当量燃烧模式下,相比汽油发动机,氢气发动机的燃烧持续期明显缩短,有效热效率降低,NO_x排放升高,CO及总碳氢（total hydrocarbon, THC）排放显著降低。提高氢气发动机的过量空气系数有助于改善有效热效率。在中等负荷工况下,过量空气系数为2.7时有效热效率可达43.5%。增大过量空气系数,氢气发动机能够在保持较高燃烧稳定性的情况下显著降低NO_x排放。在低负荷工况下,当过量空气系数大于2.3时NO_x排放最低可降低至44×10^-6。     

国六重型柴油–液化天然气车实际道路排放特性研究

利用便携式排放测试系统（portable emission testing system, PEMS）分别对4辆典型重型柴油车和4辆典型重型液化天然气（liquefied natural gas, LNG）车开展实际道路排放测试,并利用功基窗口法与行程平均法分析其实际道路NO_x、CO、CO₂和颗粒数量（particulate number, PN）排放特性。结果表明：排放后处理技术路线能够有效控制国六重型柴油车在实际道路工况下的NO_x、CO和PN排放;但LNG车的CO排放存在超排放限值的风险,部分LNG车存在NO_x排放超过限值的现象,而PN排放则存在较大不确定性,部分LNG车的PN排放较高。在碳排放方面,LNG车实际道路CO₂比排放较柴油车降低6%~18%,有较为明显的减碳优势。     

Study on emissions reduction of DMCC engine with oxidation catalyst

A new combustion model diesel/methanol compound combustion (DMCC) is presented, in which methanol is injected into manifold and ignited by certain amount of diesel fuel. The results showed that DMCC remarkably decreased the emission of NO_x and the smoke, but increased the emission of HC, CO and PM. However, HC, CO and NO_x were dramatically decreased with a catalytic converter, and PM was also decreased compared with that of diesel engine. The testing results illustrated that, combined with oxidation catalyst converter, DMCC could improve engine emissions. __________ Translated from Transactions of CSICE, 2006, 24(5): 402–407 [译自: 内燃机学报]     

Effect of Diesel/methanol compound combustion on Diesel engine combustion and emissions

This paper introduces a Diesel/methanol compound combustion system (DMCC) and its application to a naturally aspirated Diesel engine with and without an oxidation catalytic converter. In the DMCC system, there are two combustion modes taking place in the Diesel engine, one is diffusion combustion with Diesel fuel and the other is premixed air/methanol mixture ignited by the Diesel fuel. Experiments were conducted on a four cylinder DI Diesel engine, which had been modified to operate in Diesel/methanol compound combustion. Experiments were conducted at idle and at five engine loads at two levels of engine speeds to compare engine emissions from operating on pure Diesel and on operating with DMCC, with and without the oxidation catalytic converter. The experimental results show that the Diesel engine operating with the DMCC method could simultaneously reduce the soot and NOx emissions but increase the HC and CO emissions compared with the original Diesel engine. However, using the DMCC method coupled with an oxidation catalyst, the CO, HC, NOx and soot emissions could all be reduced.     

Preparation,characterization, engine combustion and emission characteristics of rapeseed oil based hybrid fuels

In this study, hybrid fuels consisting of rapeseed oil/diesel blend, 1% aqueous ethanol and a surfactant (oleic acid/1-butanol mixture) were prepared and tested as a fuel in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The main fuel properties such as the density, viscosity and lower heating value (LHV) of these fuels were measured, and the engine performance, combustion and exhaust emissions were investigated and compared with that of diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that the viscosity and density of the hybrid fuels were decreased and close to that of diesel fuel with the increase of ethanol volume fraction up to 30%. The start of combustion was later than that of diesel fuel and the peak cylinder pressure, peak pressure rise rate and peak heat release rate were higher than those of diesel fuel. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of hybrid fuels was increased with the volume fraction of ethanol and higher than that of diesel. The brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) was almost identical for all test fuels. The smoke emissions were lower than those for diesel fuel at high engine loads, the NO_x emissions were almost similar to those of diesel fuel, but CO and HC emissions were higher, especially at low engine loads.     

高低压EGR系统对低速柴油机性能和排放影响的研究

以某型6缸低速二冲程柴油机为研究对象,建立GT-POWER一维仿真模型,研究高、低压EGR系统对柴油机性能及排放的影响。研究结果表明:随着EGR率的上升,高压EGR系统中压气机运行点从中心高效区向低效区和流量减小的方向移动,而低压EGR系统的流量和压比变化较小;高压EGR系统缸内压力始终低于低压EGR系统,在低负荷时,导致燃烧速度和放热率峰值低于低压EGR系统;燃油消耗率随着EGR率的增加呈上升趋势,当EGR率增加到一定程度时燃油消耗率上升更明显,并且高压EGR系统燃油消耗率明显高于低压EGR;两种EGR系统都能降低NO_x排放,但相同EGR率时,高压EGR系统NO_x减排效果更好。     

Experimental study of the performances of a modified diesel engine operating in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode versus the original diesel combustion mode

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode provides very low NO_x and soot emissions; however, it has some challenges associated with hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, fuel consumption, difficult control of start of ignition and bad behaviour to high loads. Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a common way to control in-cylinder NO_x production in diesel and HCCI combustion mode. However EGR has different effects on combustion and emissions, which are difficult to distinguish. This work is intended to characterize an engine that has been modified from the base diesel engine (FL1 906 DEUTZ-DITER) to work in HCCI combustion mode. It shows the experimental results for the modified diesel engine in HCCI combustion mode fueled with commercial diesel fuel compared to the diesel engine mode. An experimental installation, in conjunction with systematic tests to determine the optimum crank angle of fuel injection, has been used to measure the evolution of the cylinder pressure and to get an estimate of the heat release rate from a single-zone numerical model. From these the angle of start of combustion has been obtained. The performances and emissions of HC, CO and the huge reduction of NO_x and smoke emissions of the engine are presented. These results have allowed a deeper analysis of the effects of external EGR on the HCCI operation mode, on some engine design parameters and also on NO_x emission reduction.     

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using isobutanol–diesel fuel blends

The aim of this study is to investigate the suitability of isobutanol–diesel fuel blends as an alternative fuel for the diesel engine, and experimentally determine their effects on the engine performance and exhaust emissions, namely break power, break specific fuel consumption (BSFC), break thermal efficiency (BTE) and emissions of CO, HC and NO_x. For this purpose, four different isobutanol–diesel fuel blends containing 5, 10, 15 and 20% isobutanol were prepared in volume basis and tested in a naturally aspirated four stroke direct injection diesel engine at full -load conditions at the speeds between 1200 and 2800 rpm with intervals of 200 rpm. The results obtained with the blends were compared to those with the diesel fuel as baseline. The test results indicate that the break power slightly decreases with the blends containing up to 10% isobutanol, whereas it significantly decreases with the blends containing 15 and 20% isobutanol. There is an increase in the BSFC in proportional to the isobutanol content in the blends. Although diesel fuel yields the highest BTE, the blend containing 10% isobutanol results in a slight improvement in BTE at high engine speeds. The results also reveal that, compared to diesel fuel, CO and NO_x emissions decrease with the use of the blends, while HC emissions increase considerably.     

Effects of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel on combustion and emissions of direct injection diesel engine

Effects of Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel fuel on the combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine under different fuel delivery advance angles were investigated. The experimental results show that F-T diesel fuel exhibits shorter ignition delay, lower peak values of premixed burning rate, lower combustion pressure and pressure rise rate, and higher peak value of diffusion burning rate than conventional diesel fuel when the engine remains unmodified. In addition, the unmodified engine with F-T diesel fuel has lower brake specific fuel consumption and higher effective thermal efficiency, and presents lower HC, CO, NO _x and smoke emissions than conventional diesel fuel. When fuel delivery advance angle is retarded by 3 crank angle degrees, the combustion duration is obviously shortened; the peak values of premixed burning rate, the combustion pressure and pressure rise rate are further reduced; and the peak value of diffusion burning rate is further increased for F-T diesel fuel operation. Moreover, the retardation of fuel delivery advance angle results in a further significant reduction in NO _x emissions with no penalty on specific fuel consumption and with much less penalty on HC, CO and smoke emissions. __________ Translated from Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering, 2007, 28(2): 19–23 [译自: 内燃机工程]     

Experimental investigation of control of NOx emissions in biodiesel-fueled compression ignition engine

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel consisting of the alkyl esters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Vegetable oils are produced from numerous oil seed crops (edible and non-edible), e.g., rapeseed oil, linseed oil, rice bran oil, soybean oil, etc. Research has shown that biodiesel-fueled engines produce less carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), and particulate emissions compared to mineral diesel fuel but higher NO_x emissions. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is effective to reduce NO_x from diesel engines because it lowers the flame temperature and the oxygen concentration in the combustion chamber. However, EGR results in higher particulate matter (PM) emissions. Thus, the drawback of higher NO_x emissions while using biodiesel may be overcome by employing EGR. The objective of current research work is to investigate the usage of biodiesel and EGR simultaneously in order to reduce the emissions of all regulated pollutants from diesel engines. A two-cylinder, air-cooled, constant speed direct injection diesel engine was used for experiments. HCs, NO_x, CO, and opacity of the exhaust gas were measured to estimate the emissions. Various engine performance parameters such as thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), etc. were calculated from the acquired data. Application of EGR with biodiesel blends resulted in reductions in NO_x emissions without any significant penalty in PM emissions or BSEC.     

改善DMCC发动机废气排放质量的研究

为找到全面降低柴油机排放的途径,研究了加装氧化催化转化器对柴油／甲醇组合燃烧（DMCC）发动机排放特性的影响,比较了不同工作模式下各污染物的排放量。试验结果表明,DMCC模式下NOx和碳烟排放下降幅度较大,但HC和CO排放增加较多,微粒比排放量也有所增加。经过氧化催化后,HC和CO得到了较大程度的降低,微粒（PM）经氧化后比原机也有所下降。DMCC经采用催化转化器后,废气质量得到改善,实现了同时降低柴油机的NOx和PM的目的。     

推进特性试验下生物乳化柴油对柴油机性能的影响

在柴油机上进行柴油、三种生物乳化柴油(E10、E15和E20)和生物柴油的推进特性试验,就其燃烧特性、动力性、经济性及常规排放特性进行对比。试验结果显示:高转速时,生物乳化柴油的缸内燃烧压力和放热率略低于柴油,缸内燃烧温度有所降低;动力性相比柴油略有下降,仅E10的燃油消耗率比柴油低,B100最高;烟度和NOx排放均有显著降低,且随水和丁醇掺混比例增加而降低; CO和HC排放与柴油基本无差别,整体增加不多。表明:生物乳化柴油作为替代燃料能保证柴油机运行的稳定性,可同时降低柴油机的烟度和NOx排放,具有良好的环境效益和经济效益。