Longitudinal vibration of a continuous cracked bar

A continuous cracked bar vibration theory is developed for longitudinal vibration of rods with an edge crack. The Hu–Washizu–Barr variational formulation was used to develop the differential equation and the boundary conditions of the cracked bar as a one-dimensional continuum. The crack was modelled as a continuous flexibility using the displacement field in the vicinity of the crack found with fracture mechanics methods.

The results of three independent evaluations of the lowest natural frequency of longitudinal vibrations of a bar with a single edge crack are presented: the continuous cracked bar vibration theory, the lumped crack bar vibration analysis, and experimental results obtained on aluminum bars with fatigue cracks. Experimental results fall between the values predicted by the two analytical methods. Moreover, the continuous bar theory agrees better with the experimental results than the lumped crack flexibility theory for small cracks. For larger cracks, a/h>0.4, experimentation was difficult due to the co-existence of several coupled modes and no reliable results could be obtained.     

转轴上裂纹在通过临界转速过程中的呼吸特征

为了研究复杂涡动引起的裂纹非线性呼吸行为对转子临界转速的影响,在恒速裂纹转子运动方程的基础上构建带横向裂纹Jeffcott转子的通用运动方程,对裂纹转子加速通过临界转速的过程进行了数值研究。结果表明:不平衡量方位角对临界转速有较大影响;在临界转速附近,裂纹的呼吸减弱;在恒加速过程中裂纹转子的最大响应滞后于重心转向。在转子实验台上进行裂纹转子通过临界转速的实验验证,观察数据支持理论研究结果。     

考虑裂纹表面摩擦阻尼的振动疲劳裂纹扩展分析

以含表面裂纹悬臂梁为研究对象,研究了裂纹面摩擦效应对裂纹疲劳扩展的影响。分析时,用双线性弹簧描述裂纹呼吸行为,用Galerkin方法把呼吸裂纹梁简化为单自由度系统,基于Coulomb摩擦模型和能量耗散理论推导了摩擦阻尼损耗因子,运用广义的Forman方程模拟疲劳裂纹扩展,通过振动分析与裂纹扩展计算同步进行的方法考虑振动与疲劳的耦合效应,探讨了摩擦阻尼对裂纹梁疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的影响。结论表明,摩擦阻尼损耗因子随裂纹扩展呈单调递增趋势,摩擦阻尼对振动疲劳裂纹扩展的影响不容忽视     

直斜裂纹转轴的时变刚度特性研究*

本文采用有限元方法建立了裂纹转子系统的动力学方程,利用应变能释放率方法得到了裂纹单元的刚度矩阵,采用应力强度因子为零法模拟裂纹的呼吸效应,详细研究了不同深度的直裂纹和45°斜裂纹转子,在一个稳态旋转周期内,裂纹开闭规律以及转轴刚度时变特性。研究表明裂纹深度的增大使裂纹转轴的刚度变化增大,直裂纹与斜裂纹转轴的刚度变化特性具有明显差异,斜裂纹引起更多与更强的耦合振动,使转子的动力学性能更复杂。     

Determination of the Stress Intensity Factor of an elliptical breathing crack in a rotating shaft

The failures due to the propagation of fatigue cracks are one of the most frequent problems in rotating machines. Those failures sometimes are catastrophic and are sufficient to provoke the loss of the complete machine with high risks for people and other equipments. When a cracked shaft rotates, the breathing mechanism appears. The crack passes from an open state to a close state with a transition in which a partial opening or closing of the crack is produced. In this work, a new general expression that gives the Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) along the crack front of an elliptical crack in a rotating shaft in terms of the crack depth ratio, the crack aspect ratio, the relative position on the front and the angle of rotation has been developed for linear elastic materials. By the moment, no expressions of the SIF in term of these variables have been found in the literature. To this end, a quasi-static 3D numerical model of a cracked shaft with straight and elliptical cracks subjected to rotary bending using the Finite Element Method (FEM) has been made. To simulate the rotation of the shaft, different angular positions have been considered. The SIF in mode I along the crack front has been calculated for each angular position of the cracked shaft and for different crack geometries. The expression results have been compared with solutions obtained from the literature. It has been found that they are in good agreement. The model has been applied to other crack geometries with good results. The obtained SIF expression allows studying the dynamic behavior of cracked shafts and can be used to analyze the crack propagation.     

Strain energy release rates for a straight-fronted edge crack in a circular bar subject to bending

The strain energy release rate for a straight-fronted edge crack in a bar of circular cross section subjected to pure bending is determined. The cracked bar is modelled with two-dimensional plane-stress finite elements and strain energy release rates, determined from this model, are shown to be in close agreement with existing results for a bar subjected to three-point bending in which strain energy release rates were determined by measuring the compliance of the bar experimentally. The strain energy release rates for a crack in the circular cross section bar are found to be lower than those in a rectangular cross section bar having the same relative crack length and subjected to the same bending moment. Previously determined results for uniform tension are superimposed to obtain strain energy release rates for a circular cross section bar which is subjected simultaneously to a tensile load and a bending moment.     

呼吸裂纹梁非线性动力特性研究

疲劳裂纹是结构损伤的重要形式,是引起结构破坏的主要因素之一。建立了含非对称疲劳裂纹梁的非线性数值分析模型,采用奇异单元模拟裂纹尖端的效应,使用无摩擦的接触单元模拟疲劳裂纹的张开闭合特性,研究了结构在简谐荷载激励下的非线性动力特性。以悬臂梁为例分别分析了外部激励频率、裂纹深度以及裂纹位置等参数的变化对系统非线性行为的影响,重点讨论了系统的亚谐、超谐等共振现象,并且提出了系统频率的相对幅值用于辨识裂纹深度的方法。研究结果为裂纹结构的损伤识别提供了一定的理论基础和参考。     

含裂纹两端铰支输流管道在振荡流作用下的非线性动力特性研究

基于适用于非材料体系统的Lagrange方程建立起含裂纹两端铰支输流管道在振荡流作用下的运动方程,考虑了瞬变呼吸裂纹非线性模型和几何非线性。采用数值方法研究了有/无裂纹输流管道在各个参数共振区域内的运动形态,结果表明由于裂纹的存在,输流管道系统表现出更加丰富的动力学行为,如倍周期运动和混沌运动。含裂纹输流管道系统通过倍周期分岔途径进入混沌,通过倍周期倒分岔脱离混沌     

A method for the assessment of hyperstatic cracked structures in the elastic–plastic regime

This paper presents a methodology for the assessment of hyperstatic cracked structures constituted of high toughness materials which therefore break under Elastic–Plastic conditions. The method presented combines calculations based on Strength of Materials and Elastic–Plastic fracture mechanics to calculate the crack driving force applied to the cracked section by making its movements and those of the rest of the structure compatible. The application of the proposed assessment procedure is illustrated through the resolution of a practical example. The results of an experimental test, with the same geometrical configuration as the practical example, are also provided.     

Evaluation of a XVIII Century Steel Bar in the Cathedral of Mexico

A cracked segment from a XVIII century steel bar was removed from the Cathedral of Mexico City for analysis in hopes of determining the source of the bar, its manufacturing process and the significance of several cracks. The historical and experimental analysis showed that the bar was manufactured by a puddling process typical of English steels and one crack was caused by lack of fusion when small bars were forge welded to form the bar used in the Cathedral and another crack was a fracture that also accompanied the forge welding process. The cracks developed during manufacture and were not the result of in-service degradation.     

Interaction between a cracked hole and a line crack under uniform heat flux

This article deals with the interaction between a cracked hole and a line crack under uniform heat flux. Using the principle of superposition, the original problem is converted into three particular cracked hole problems: the first one is the problem of the hole with an edge crack under uniform heat flux, the second and third ones are the problems of the hole under distributed temperature and edge dislocations, respectively, along the line crack surface. Singular integral equations satisfying adiabatic and traction free conditions on the crack surface are obtained for the solution of the second and third problems. The solution of the first problem, as well as the fundamental solutions of the second and third, is obtained by the complex variable method along with the rational mapping function approach. Stress intensity factors (SIFs) at all three crack tips are calculated. Interestingly, the results show that the interaction between the cracked hole and the line crack under uniform heat flux can lead to the vanishing of the SIFs at the hole edge crack tip. The fact has never been seen for the case of a cracked hole and a line crack under remote uniform tension.     

Numerical and experimental verification of a technique for locating a fatigue crack on beams vibrating under Gaussian excitation

The stationary vibrations of a beam excited by Gaussian noise are strongly affected by the presence of a fatigue crack. Indeed, as soon as the crack arises the system response becomes non-linear due to crack breathing and a non-Gaussian behaviour is encountered. The paper presents both numerical and experimental investigations in order to assess the capability of the non-Gaussianity measures to detect crack presence and position. Monte Carlo method is applied to evaluate in time domain the higher order statistics of a cantilever beam modelled by finite elements. The skewness coefficient of the rotational degrees of freedom appears the most suitable quantity for identification purpose being very sensitive to the non-linear behaviour of the cracked beam.     

Comparison of numerical behaviors of FRP reinforced concrete beams using three smeared crack models

The numerical behaviors of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bar reinforced concrete beams using three non-linear finite element models are compared with the recorded data. First approach is based on strain decomposition into elastic and crack strain and is capable of simulating multiple non-orthogonal cracks. The remaining two approaches are based on the total strain crack model and include a rotating crack model (RCM) and an orthogonal fixed crack model (FCM). The analysis is carried out with the help of 2D-isoparametric plane-stress elements. Compression softening and tension stiffening effects of cracked concrete are considered. Tension reinforcement consists of either steel or FRP bars. The accuracy of the models has been discussed with reference to the authors?? tests as well as various studies reported in the literature. Both RCM and orthogonal FCM models showed good agreement with the recorded data which was also found consistent with every type of FRP bar.     

A mixed boundary problem for a finite internally cracked plate

A displacements and resultant forces model (see eqns 2–5, 13 and 17) for a finite internally cracked plate is proposed. This model satisfies: (a) The equilibrium and compatibility condition in the region occupied by cracked plate; (b) Stress free condition on the surface of crack; (c) Single value condition of displacements around the crack. In this model, some undetermined coefficients are contained, these coefficients are derived from outer boundary condition.

It is proved that, this model is convenient not only for the displacements or resultant forces boundary problem, but also for the mixed boundary problem. Besides this, if the boundary problem is solved, to find the value of displacements of any points in cracked body is also convenient.

Two mixed boundary problems, one for the square cracked plate (see Fig. 3), and another for circular cracked plate (see Fig. 5), are solved. The numerical results obtained are shown in Tables 1 and 2 and Figs. 4 and 6 respectively. These results can explain how the constraint affects the values of the stress intensity factor on the crack tips.     

The continuous crack flexibility model for crack identification

The presence of a crack in a structural member introduces a local flexibility that affects its dynamic response. Moreover, the crack will open and close in time depending on the loading conditions and vibration amplitude. The changes in dynamic characteristics can be measured and lead to an identification of the structural changes which eventually might lead to the detection of a structural flaw. The results of various independent evaluations of changes in the natural frequency of vibrations of cracked structural elements are reported. A crack model of a continuous flexibility, found with fracture mechanics methods using the displacement field in the vicinity of the crack developed recently is used here. The analytical results for the cracked elements behaviour based on the continuous crack flexibility vibration theory were correlated with numerical solutions, the lumped-crack beam vibration analysis and experimental results obtained on aluminium and steel beams with open cracks.     

Towards Prediction of Failure in Ti‐6AI‐4V Aerospace Materials by Surface Observations

Abstract: This paper deals with the development of a methodology for the prediction of material failure in metallic aerospace alloys by evaluating changes in surface characteristics directly prior to unstable fatigue crack propagation. The study is based on in situ nondestructive characterisation of the depression zone ahead of the crack tip of fatigue‐pre‐cracked titanium alloy specimens subjected to static loading. A relationship between the surface characteristics of the deformation zone ahead of the crack and the stress intensity factor of the material was obtained. This relationship was common to a variety of microstructural conditions such as mill‐annealed and β‐annealed microstructures. Based on the analysis, prediction of the impending fracture in cracked samples of the material was enabled. The outcome of this study can be used for optimising the service life of structural components.     

基于响应的梁损伤识别

采用扭转弹簧模拟悬臂梁的损伤，导出了损伤梁位移模态和转角模态的近似公式，获得了损伤梁在单点激励下，零初始条件的位移和转角响应。发现损伤梁的转角响应在损伤处发生阶跃变化，而损伤梁的转角响应对位置的一阶偏导数在损伤处有脉冲两数型突变的特点，从而提出了基于损伤梁转角响应的损伤判据函数。通过对损伤梁和损伤桁架结构的数值模拟，表明提出的判据函数不仅可以利用简谐激励下的响应识别梁的损伤，电可以利用冲击激励下的响应识别桁架的损伤。实验结果表明利用所提出的判据函数，可以同时判别损伤的位置和损伤的程度。     

Mode-I stress intensity factor derivation by a suitable Green's function

A suitable Green's function is developed for the infinite elastic solid, containing internal penny-shaped crack and loaded by a singular co-axial tensile and radial ring-shaped source acting outside or on crack faces. The corresponding boundary integral equation (BIE) is solved by the BEM for the calculation of the mode-I stress intensity factor of cracked axisymmetric finite bodies under tension. The proposed technique has three advantages: (a) it does not require discretization of the crack surface, (b) it does not require multiregion modeling and (c) it reduces the 3-D discretization of the solid to 1-D, resulting in substantially reduced effort. Numerical results are derived for the case of a cylindrical bar with a central penny-shaped crack located in a plane normal to its axis, loaded by tensile force. Comparison with results of other methods are included indicating excellent agreement.     

含表面裂纹板的振动功率流特性研究

从结构噪声的观点研究了在简谐力作用下含有表面裂纹板的振动功率流特性。由于裂纹的存在,导致了板在裂纹两边转角的不连续性,运用断裂力学的理论得到裂纹导致的附加转角。利用力作用处以及裂纹处的连续性条件推导出了含裂纹板中的弯曲波运动并得到输入功率流以及传播功率流。通过对完善板与裂纹板的输入功率流与传递功率流的对比,表明板中裂纹的存在改变了板原有的振动功率流特性,裂纹的特性参数可以通过板的输入功率流和传播功率流来反映。通过构造裂纹板的输入功率流的等值线图给出了识别板中的裂纹的方法。     

裂纹非线性呼吸行为对转子临界转速的影响

为了研究复杂涡动引起的裂纹非线性呼吸行为对转子临界转速的影响,构建了带横向裂纹Jeffcott转子的通用运动方程,利用新建运动方程对临界转速附近裂纹转子的稳态响应进行了数值研究。发现裂纹的非线性呼吸行为对转子不但具有增强稳定性的作用(与开裂纹转子相比),而且在一定条件下具有降低振动响应的作用(与无裂纹转子相比)。与无裂纹转子相似,稳定的裂纹转子的临界转速等于响应振幅最大且重心转向约90°对应的转速。裂纹转子的临界转速值随不平衡量方位角在开裂纹和闭裂纹转子固有频率之间变化。在转子实验台上进行了裂纹转子通过临界转速的实验验证,观察数据支持理论研究结果。