奥氏体不锈钢A-TIG焊工艺研究

目的研究焊接参数对焊缝成形和接头宏观组织的影响。方法改变焊接电流、焊接速度、焊接电压以及活性剂中的一个参数,固定其他3个参数不变,对奥氏体不锈钢进行焊接,分析其接头宏观形貌、组织和力学性能。结果随着电流、电压的增加,焊接接头的熔深和熔宽都在增加,随着焊接速度的增加,焊接接头的熔深和熔宽都在降低,在相同参数下,将不同活性剂下的A-TIG焊接头的熔深和熔宽进行比较,发现涂敷C4活性剂接头熔深最大达到4.29mm,而常规TIG焊接头熔深为1.38mm,涂敷C4活性剂的接头熔深为TIG焊的3.11倍,且熔宽也有所减小。结论 C4活性剂A-TIG最佳工艺参数为:I=175 A,U=14 V,v=80 mm/min,此时能将6 mm板材焊透,成形良好,在此工艺下焊缝等轴晶范围最大,焊缝组织最为细小。相比于TIG焊,涂敷C4活性剂接头强度系数提升4.1%。     

2219高强铝合金活性TIG焊工艺

采用单组分活性剂(AlF_3和LiF)、3组分(AlF_3+30%LiF+10%KF-AlF_3)和4组分(AlF_3+30%LiF+10%KFAlF_3+10%K_2SiF_6)混合组分活性剂进行2219高强铝合金直流正极性活性TIG焊(DCSP A-TIG),研究4种类型活性剂对焊缝表面成型、焊缝内部质量(气孔)、焊缝熔深、电弧形态、接头组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:涂覆活性剂有助于去除2219铝合金表面的氧化膜,提高焊缝表面成型质量,涂覆4组分活性剂的DCSP A-TIG焊缝表面成型质量最佳;与变极性TIG焊(VPTIG)焊缝内部质量相比,DCSP A-TIG焊接方法可显著降低2219铝合金焊缝内部气孔的产生;AlF_3单组分活性剂可显著增大焊缝熔深,其电弧形态具有明显的拖弧现象;DCSP A-TIG焊焊缝组织具有与母材相同的组织组成物,电流对A-TIG焊缝组织影响较大,增大焊接电流,会造成接头晶粒组织粗大;涂覆4组分活性剂的DCSP A-TIG接头强度和伸长率最高,与VPTIG焊接头力学性能具有相近的技术指标。2219高强铝合金的DCSP A-TIG焊接方法具有很大的工程应用价值。     

粉末熔池耦合活性TIG焊接方法

提出了一种新型活性焊接方法——粉末熔池耦合活性TIG焊(Powder pool coupled activating TIG welding,PPCATIG)。该方法采用双层气体进行焊接,内层利用惰性气体保护钨极,外层通过自动送粉装置将活性剂粉末随保护气体送入电弧-熔池区域,增加熔深,提高焊接效率,实现机械化自动化焊接。针对SUS304不锈钢进行了直流正接PPCA-TIG表面熔深,通过与传统TIG焊对比,研究了SiO_2活性剂对电弧形态、焊缝成形、组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:SiO_2能使电弧等离子体收缩、熔池金属流态改变,并且焊缝熔深能达到传统TIG焊的3倍以上,焊接效率明显提高。焊缝组织主要为奥氏体和铁素体,铁素体形态以骨架状为主。焊缝抗拉强度略低于母材,但相比传统TIG焊,焊缝屈服强度略有提高,其焊缝低温冲击韧性达到了传统TIG焊的96.8%,表现出了良好的力学性能。同时,采用该方法可有效避免活性剂粉末对钨极的污染。     

不锈钢高效氩弧焊焊剂的研制

针对 30 4不锈钢的焊接研制了一种A TIG焊活性剂。该活性剂由B2 O3、MnO、Fe2 O3、Al2 O3、SiO2 、TiO2 、Cr2 O3、NaF等组成。分析了各单一活性剂对焊接熔深的影响规律 ,在此基础上结合 30 4不锈钢的合金元素系统 ,初步确定了活性剂的基本成分。利用正交试验得出了各组元含量变化对焊接熔深的影响规律 ,所得到的配方可使焊接熔深增加 2倍多 ,可将 8mm厚不锈钢钢板直边坡口对接一次焊透。焊接接头的金相组织 ,焊缝的化学成分 ,焊接接头的力学性能和抗晶间腐蚀性能均能满足相关的要求     

活性剂涂敷量对A-TIG焊熔深影响的研究

常规TIG焊生产效率低，单道焊可焊厚度小，活性化TIG焊（A-TIG），同常规TIG焊相比可大幅度地提高焊缝熔深，从而提高焊接效率，针对不锈钢材料，通过宏观断面分析方法研究了单一成分的活性剂（SiO2,CaF2,TiO2,Cr2O3和NaF)对焊缝熔深的影响，结果表明：同常规TIG焊相比，上述5种活性剂在涂敷量较小时，焊缝熔深均随活性剂涂敷量的增加而明显增大，氧化物活性剂增加熔深的作用效果大，氟化物的作用效果较小；5种活性剂在熔深增加能力上均有一个饱和点；电弧收缩和熔池表面张力梯度的变化是活性剂增加熔深的主要原因。     

TA23合金不同焊接方法接头组织性能研究

采用CMT、TIG和EBW焊对TA23合金进行焊接,对比分析了不同焊接方法下接头微观组织和力学性能的差异。结果表明,焊接热输入直接影响焊缝晶粒尺寸和焊接接头宽度,TIG焊缝晶粒尺寸最大,CMT次之,EBW最小;EBW接头宽度为5 mm,CMT接头宽度为7 mm,TIG接头达14 mm;3种焊接方法焊缝区域组织均由马氏体α相、片层状α相和残余β相组成,热影响区组织形态介于焊缝和母材组织形态之间;3种焊接方法焊缝区显微硬度和接头抗拉强度均大于母材,其中EBW焊缝区显微硬度值最大,TIG焊接头抗拉强度最高,CMT焊缝显微硬度和接头抗拉强度均居中。     

纳米材料对TIG焊Q235接头组织及性能的影响

目的研究添加不同纳米材料对TIG焊缝组织及性能的影响。方法在试验板材表面钻一定深度小孔并在表面涂覆不同纳米材料,在TIG熔焊后对添加不同种纳米材料后焊接接头的微观组织、力学性能、断口形貌进行分析,并与未添加纳米材料的TIG焊缝进行比较分析。结果添加纳米TiC和Al_2O_3焊缝晶粒得到细化,硬度和耐磨性都有一定提高,而添加纳米SiO_2焊缝晶粒尺寸无明显变化,并且硬度与耐磨性能都有少量降低。结论在低碳钢的TIG焊结过程中添加纳米TiC和Al_2O_3能够提高焊接接头的力学及耐磨性能,而添加纳米SiO_2不利于接头性能的提高。     

TC4钛合金焊接工艺研究

对TCA钛合金进行A—TIG焊和TIG焊,分析不同的焊接方法和焊接工艺参数对焊后钛合金熔深、熔宽和焊缝熔池区域显微组织的影响,运用了光学显微镜等,对A—TIG焊接头的力学性能、显微组织进行了分析研究。试验结果表明,和常规TIG焊相比,在相同的焊接参数下,A—TIG焊能够有效减小熔宽,显著增加熔深;A—TIG焊能够有效减少焊缝气孔数量;对于TCA钛合金的焊接,A—T1G焊比常规TIG焊具有较明显优势。     

2205双相不锈钢TIG焊接头组织及力学性能

对2205双相不锈钢进行了4组不同热输入条件下的TIG焊接实验,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对焊接接头的显微组织进行了观察与分析,并测试了焊接接头的拉伸力学性能和显微硬度。结果表明:在热影响区,随着热输入的增大,不完全再结晶区带状奥氏体宽度逐渐增大,粗晶区铁素体晶粒的粗化程度逐渐加剧、奥氏体体积分数逐渐增多;在焊缝金属中,随着热输入的增大,魏氏奥氏体逐渐减少,而块状奥氏体逐渐增多,魏氏奥氏体在高温下稳定性差,容易被相界处形成的窄条铁素体分割成块状奥氏体。随着热输入的增大,焊接接头的屈服、抗拉强度逐渐降低,断后延伸率逐渐升高。铁素体体积分数较高的热影响区显微硬度最大,焊缝金属的合金元素含量较高,因此其显微硬度高于母材。     

蒙乃尔合金活性化TIG焊工艺

介绍了采用活性化焊剂TIG焊(A-TIG)对蒙乃尔合金400进行焊接的工艺评定情况。在A-TIG焊条件下,该工艺可以单面完成6mm及双面完成10mm直边对接板的焊接;对焊接头进行的金相组织和力学性能试验表明,使用A-TIG焊不仅能够大幅度增加焊接熔深,还能获得优良的力学性能;同时可节省昂贵的焊材。A-TIG焊焊接蒙乃尔合金是一种值得推广的焊接新工艺。     

1.4003铁素体不锈钢与Q235-C钢焊接接头的组织和力学性能

采用室温拉伸、不同温度冲击、硬度及金相检验等分析方法对用熔化极混合气体保护焊焊接的1.4003铁素体不锈钢与Q235-C钢焊接接头的显微组织和性能进行了研究.试验结果表明:该焊接接头的抗拉强度与母材相当,焊缝的冲击性能略低于母材,1.4003铁素体不锈钢的热影响区(HAZ)冲击性能较差,焊缝为奥氏体+铁素体双相组织;Q235-C钢的熔合区出现明显界限,1.4003铁素体不锈钢焊接热影响区为晶粒粗大的单一铁素体组织.     

Comparisons between TiO2- and SiO2-flux assisted TIG welding processes

This study investigates the effects of flux compounds on the weld shape, ferrite content, and hardness profile in the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of 6 mm-thick austenitic 316 L stainless steel plates, using TiO2 and SiO2 powders as the activated fluxes. The metallurgical characterizations of weld metal produced with the oxide powders were evaluated using ferritoscope, optical microscopy, and Vickers microhardness test. Under the same welding parameters, the penetration capability of TIG welding with TiO2 and SiO2 fluxes was approximately 240% and 292%, respectively. A plasma column made with SiO2 flux exhibited greater constriction than that made with TiO2 flux. In addition, an anode root made with SiO2 flux exhibited more condensation than that made with TiO2 flux. Results indicate that energy density of SiO2-flux assisted TIG welding is higher than that of TiO2-flux assisted TIG welding.     

粉煤灰/二氧化硅活性剂在Q235钢A-TIG焊中的应用

为了探究粉煤灰作为A-TIG焊活性剂的可行性,以粉煤灰和不同含量的二氧化硅制备复合活性剂在Q235钢基体表面进行A-TIG焊,研究了复合活性剂成分含量对焊缝截面形貌、显微组织和元素分布的影响.结果表明:采用粉煤灰-40%SiO_2作为复合活性剂进行A-TIG焊时,可将6 mm厚Q235钢板一次性焊透,焊缝深宽比可达到0.85;焊缝出现明显的中间收缩倾向,呈"深口杯"状,可实现单道焊双面成型的效果;其焊缝柱状晶数目较多、组织排列规则且具有方向性,熔合区和热影响区组织均匀细小,可降低焊接母材的过热倾向;相对于100%SiO_2活性剂,Si元素的溶入量和溶入深度显著增加,这说明粉煤灰中其他成分的存在对Si元素溶入焊缝、进而增加焊缝熔深起到促进作用.采用粉煤灰-40%SiO_2为活性剂进行A-TIG焊时焊缝熔深的增加机理可能是以电弧收缩理论为主,但考虑到Al元素溶入较深且溶入量较多,粉煤灰中其他物相又十分复杂,在高温电弧作用下各物相之间相互反应放热致使电弧热输入增加、其他组分在熔池中改变了熔池表面张力温度梯度等均可能致使焊缝熔深增加.     

Tensile and Impact Properties of Shielded Metal Arc Welded AISI 409M Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints

The present study is concerned with the effect of filler metals such as austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel and duplex stainless steel on tensile and impact properties of the ferritic stainless steel conforming to AISI 409M grade. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. Tensile and impact properties, microhardness, microstructure and fracture surface morphology of the joints fabricated by austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel and duplex stainless steel filler metals were evaluated and the results were reported. From this investigation, it is found that the joints fabricated by duplex stainless steel filler metal showed higher tensile strength and hardness compared to the joints fabricated by austenitic and ferritic stainless steel filler metals. Joints fabricated by austenitic stainless steel filler metal exhibited higher ductility and impact toughness compared with the joints fabricated by ferritic stainless steel and duplex stainless steel filler metals.     

Study of the characteristics of duplex stainless steel activated tungsten inert gas welds

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the specific fluxes used in the tungsten inert gas (TIG) process on surface appearance, weld morphology, angular distortion, mechanical properties, and microstructures when welding 6 mm thick duplex stainless steel. This study applies a novel variant of the autogenous TIG welding, using oxide powders (TiO₂, MnO₂, SiO₂, MoO₃, and Cr₂O₃), to grade 2205 stainless steel through a thin layer of the flux to produce a bead-on-plate joint. Experimental results indicate that using SiO₂, MoO₃, and Cr₂O₃ fluxes leads to a significant increase in the penetration capability of TIG welds. The activated TIG process can increase the joint penetration and the weld depth-to-width ratio, and tends to reduce the angular distortion of grade 2205 stainless steel weldment. The welded joint also exhibited greater mechanical strength. These results suggest that the plasma column and the anode root are a mechanism for determining the morphology of activated TIG welds.     

Mechanical and Structural Properties of Similar and Dissimilar Steel Joints

The mechanical properties of specimens from similar and dissimilar weld joints were examined. A ferritic steel (St37-2) and an austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) were joined by the gas tungsten arc weld (GTAW) process using an austenitic filler metal. Mechanical and metallographic properties of the specimens were obtained by means of microhardness testing, tensile testing, bending fatigue testing, and light optical and scanning electron microscopy. The highest microhardness values were recorded on the ferritic–austenitic dissimilar weld joint, whereas the highest tensile strength and bending fatigue life were obtained with the austenitic–austenitic joints. Ferritic and pearlitic structures were observed in the microstructure of the ferritic–ferritic joint. The microstructures of austenitic–austenitic and austenitic–ferritic joints showed small recrystallization grains in addition to the typical austenitic and ferritic structures. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the fracture surfaces of the specimens and the origins of the fatigue cracks.     

Effects of the Process Parameters on Austenitic Stainless Steel by TIG-Flux Welding

The effects of the process parameters of TIG （tungsten inset gas）-flux welding on the welds morphology, angular distortion, ferrite content and hot cracking in austenitic stainless steel were investigated. Autogenous TIG welding process was applied to the type 304 stainless steel through a thin layer of activating flux to produce a bead on plate welded joint. TiO2, SiO2, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO and MnO2 were used as the activating fluxes. The experimental results indicated that the TIG-flux welding can increase the weld depth/width ratio and reduce the HAZ （heat affected zone） range, and therefore the angular distortion of the weldment can be reduced. It was also found that the retained ferrite content within the TIG-flux welds is increased, and has a beneficial effect in reducing hot cracking tendency for stainless steels of the austenitic type weld metals. A plasma column constriction increases the current density at the anode spot and then a substantial increase in penetration of the TIG-flux welds can be obtained.