某三层PE埋地钢管管体的腐蚀原因

通过管体外观检查、土壤环境测试、阴极保护与交直流干扰检测、腐蚀产物分析等方法,对某埋地钢管3PE防腐蚀层缺陷处管体的腐蚀情况及其成因进行了分析。结果表明:防腐蚀层缺陷处管体的腐蚀形貌与交流腐蚀类似,且该管线与电气化铁路交叉穿越,腐蚀点处最大交流电流密度达到100A/m2,发生交流腐蚀的可能性较大。     

埋地金属管道交流干扰腐蚀

建立了埋地金属管道交流干扰腐蚀模拟试验装置,研究了交流电流密度对交流腐蚀行为的影响。利用失重法测试了腐蚀速率,采用体式显微镜观察了试样表面腐蚀产物的沉积,用扫描电镜观察了腐蚀产物的微观形貌,并监测了交流电流随时间的变化。结果表明,利用电阻耦合的方式施加交流干扰,腐蚀的严重程度与交流电流密度直接相关;如果不对交流电源的输出进行调节,交流电流密度会随着致密腐蚀产物的沉积而显著降低;腐蚀产物特性对交流腐蚀严重程度有较大影响。     

埋地钢质管道交流干扰测试与评价

高压交流输电线路及交流电气化铁路对与其临近铺设的埋地钢质管道会引起交流干扰,产生交流腐蚀,并对阴极保护系统的安全运行带来不利影响。因此,埋地钢质管道中交流干扰的检测与评估是必要的。国内外对于埋地金属管道受交流干扰的测试与分析,主要围绕交流干扰电压、交流电流密度、腐蚀速率等参数的测试来开展。在交流干扰及阴极保护有效性评价方面,国外以交流电流密度及交/直流电流密度比为主要参量。本工作通过对交流干扰下的管地电位信号时频特征研究,得出管地电位信号时频特征与交流干扰源频率存在一致性,为检测和判定埋地钢质管道上的交流干扰提供了一定的依据。     

核电厂埋地管道的外腐蚀检测与评价

核电厂埋地管道承担工业介质的输送,采用防腐蚀层和阴极保护联合防护措施来减缓土壤腐蚀。随着埋地管道服役年限增长,管道腐蚀失效风险递增。对某核电厂埋地管道沿线土壤腐蚀性、杂散电流干扰、防腐层缺陷及绝缘电阻、阴极保护电位、管体缺陷开展了检测,并进行了探坑开挖验证,首次对核电厂全厂埋地管道外腐蚀状态进行综合评价,评价结果表明该电厂埋地管道外腐蚀状况可控,大部分管段阴极保护有效,局部管段阴极保护欠保护,并提出了埋地管道的防腐蚀措施和建议,为核电厂运行许可证延寿的申请提供技术支撑,同时也为其他核电厂埋地管道全寿期老化管理提供参考。     

埋地钢质管道交流干扰腐蚀影响因素实验分析

参照埋地管道服役环境,搭建钢质管道交流干扰腐蚀实验平台。采用腐蚀试片失重法,测试钢质管道在土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀速率,研究交流杂散电流干扰环境下杂散电流大小、土壤电导率以及土壤酸碱度对钢质管道腐蚀速率的影响。实验结果表明:杂散电流对钢质管道的腐蚀速率影响最大,土壤酸碱度和土壤电导率对钢质管道的腐蚀速率影响规律复杂。     

高铁动态交流干扰下管道钢的腐蚀行为试验研究

利用电化学测试、表面分析及失重分析技术,研究了模拟高铁动态交流干扰下管道钢的腐蚀行为和规律及阴极保护的有效性.结果 表明,动态交流干扰下,阴极保护电位向负方向偏移,交流干扰增大管道的阴极保护电流密度;动态交流干扰下,随干扰水平增加,管道钢腐蚀程度增加,点蚀坑明显加深.阴极保护明显减缓交流干扰试样的腐蚀程度,腐蚀速率降为...     

漏磁场对鹰潭土壤模拟液中管线钢交流腐蚀行为的影响

目的 探究管体磁化产生的磁场对油气管道交流杂散电流腐蚀行为的影响。方法 采用自行设计试验装置模拟管道真实漏磁场,以开路电位、高频电位测量、动电位极化、电化学阻抗谱、表面分析技术及失重法,研究了鹰潭土壤模拟液中磁化和未磁化的X52管线钢试样交流腐蚀行为的差异。结果 磁化管体的磁场使交流腐蚀电位先负移后正移,交流幅值电位增大,极化电流增加,反应界面电容减小,法拉第电阻增大,交流平均腐蚀速率增大,对腐蚀产物形貌有一定影响,但对腐蚀形貌基本无影响。磁场作用机理分析表明,磁场产生的洛伦磁力驱动反应界面附近腐蚀介质运动而增加反应粒子的扩散速率及减小界面扩散层厚度,从而增大交流腐蚀速率。磁场梯度力在一定程度上抑制了阳极反应,促进了阴极反应。结论 漏磁场使管线钢交流杂散电流腐蚀速率大幅提升,但是不改变其均匀腐蚀的形貌,应提高开展过漏磁内检测的油气管道交流杂散电流评价标准。     

用试片断电法测量埋地管道的断电电位和去极化过程

采用试片断电法测量管道的断电电位来评价埋地管道的阴极保护效果。在室内建立了一个埋地管道外加电流阴极保护系统,用试片断电法测量了管道缺陷处的断电电位和去极化过程,并对测量结果进行分析。结果表明,断电电位应在断电后50～100ms之间读取,按此测量试片去极化过程中形成的电位差值,该值与100mV的比较结果可以判断阴极保护效果。     

埋地管道腐蚀的快速测量法

评价阴极保护系统的有效性是非常重要的，通常推荐用地下构筑物对地的极化电位为-850mV(Cu／CuSO4)来判定。但在某些情况下，常规的断电电位测量是不可能或不准确的。用腐蚀试片可解决简单断电电位测量问题，但所有这些方法只能用断电电位测量阴极保护的有效性，不能测定阴极保护构筑物的真实腐蚀速率。本文介绍一种能直接测量土壤中腐蚀速率的埋地腐蚀电极。该腐蚀电极被固定在管道附近，通过阴极保护断开和接通循环，周期性与管道的阴极保护系统连接，可以高分辨率、高精度地测量土壤腐蚀性，并由阴极保护系统的有效性来控制。     

阴极保护对Q235钢在兰州土壤中耐腐蚀性的影响

采用失重、SEM及XRD法,研究了阴极保护对Q235钢在兰州土壤中埋片4年后耐腐蚀性的影响.结果表明,施加阴极保护后Q235钢的耐蚀性远高于无阴极保护,有阴极保护时试片表面仅发生了较轻微的腐蚀,无阴极保护时Q235钢表面发生了明显的不均匀全面腐蚀和出现了大量的点蚀坑群;腐蚀产物的锈层主要由CaCO3和SiO2(表层)、Fe2O3和FeOOH(中间层)和Fe3O4(内层)组成,Q235钢的耐蚀性及腐蚀形态与钢表面生成的腐蚀产物膜的完整性和致密性有关;Q235钢在现场埋片过程中的阴极反应为氧的去极化反应;土壤中的含水量、C(1)-和CO32-对Q235钢的腐蚀起主导作用.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

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Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.