喷丸与CuNiIn涂层复合处理对高温合金榫试样微动疲劳性能的影响∗

汽轮机叶片榫结构接触部位易发生微动疲劳失效,但行业内仍缺乏有效解决措施,因此开展了不同载荷下不同表面改性技术处理后 10705BX 铁基高温合金榫结构微动疲劳试验研究。分别对原始未处理（AS）、喷丸处理（SP）及喷丸与 CuNiIn 涂层复合处理（SC）的 10705BX 铁基高温合金榫结构试样的微动疲劳性能进行测试分析,在微动疲劳试验前后,对原始、 喷丸处理及复合处理后的 10705BX 铁基高温合金的表截面形貌、断口形貌及力学性能进行表征分析。结果表明：原始、喷丸处理和复合处理试样表面粗糙度 Sa 分别为 0.08、3.38 和 13.65 μm。喷丸处理后表面硬度提高了 16%,加工硬化层深度约为 80 μm,微动疲劳寿命相较原始试样提高了 7.8 倍。复合处理的涂层平均厚度约为 50 μm,微动疲劳寿命相较原始试样提高了 4.2 倍,相比较喷丸处理来说,复合处理后材料的微动疲劳寿命提升较弱。原始、喷丸处理和复合处理试样的裂纹均为多疲劳源萌生,但是喷丸和复合处理后的裂纹源数量明显减少。喷丸处理和复合处理后裂纹的扩展速率均显著提高。喷丸后试样表层获得加工硬化层并且引入残余压应力,主要提升了裂纹萌生寿命。喷丸处理及喷丸与 CuNiIn 涂层复合处理方法有望成为提升汽轮机叶片服役寿命的重要备选途径。     

激光冲击强化对TA15钛合金双孔结构显微组织和疲劳性能的影响

对TA15钛合金进行激光冲击强化,研究了激光冲击强化对双孔结构试样显微组织、残余应力和疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,经激光能量25 J、圆形光斑?4 mm,冲击2次的激光冲击强化后,TA15钛合金晶体内部形成了大量的高密度位错和位错墙;同时在材料表面引入高达-500 MPa的残余压应力,可以平衡疲劳载荷作用下产生的拉应力,有效抑制疲劳裂纹萌生并减缓裂纹扩展速率。激光冲击强化可以大大提高钛合金双孔结构的疲劳寿命,相对于未强化试样提高了60%～89%,这是由于激光冲击强化引入的较大残余压应力使得裂纹尖端的有效应力强度因子大大减小,当有效应力强度因子小于材料的断裂韧性时,疲劳裂纹的扩展会被抑制或停止,从而提高疲劳寿命。     

激光冲击强化对镍基高温合金疲劳寿命的影响

对镍基高温合金(GH742)试件进行激光冲击强化处理,测量了合金在处理前后试样表面的残余应力、疲劳寿命,观察了表面金相组织。结果表明,激光冲击凹坑处的残余应力高达-910～-1160MPa;金相分析显示激光冲击强化使材料内部晶粒细化;激光冲击强化能提高GH742材料试件的疲劳寿命1.5～4倍。     

高温合金激光冲击处理后残余应力及裂纹分析

利用激光冲击处理技术对GH141高温合金表面进行了冲击,采用X射线衍射法对其冲击处理前后残余应力分布进行了测试,并观察了其冲击处理前后疲劳裂纹产生情况。结果发现,GH141高温合金在冲击处理前残余应力均表现为拉应力,应力值约为200 MPa,在经过激光冲击处理后残余应力均转变为压应力,应力值约为-400 MPa,且硬度提高了20%~25%。在冲击过程中,发现处理后疲劳裂纹明显减少,说明激光冲击能有效降低疲劳裂纹的萌生,提高疲劳寿命。     

激光冲击对GH742镍基合金疲劳短裂纹扩展的影响

对GH742镍基高温合金紧凑拉伸件预制裂纹,并分别进行1次及3次搭接激光冲击处理,利用复型技术和光学显微镜研究了镍基合金的裂纹起源、裂纹分布及尺寸演化全过程.结果表明,未作激光冲击强化试样形成的是沿晶裂纹,晶界处大量位错塞积群造成很高的应力集中;而经激光冲击强化后试样在远离冲击强化区域以裂纹群的形式萌生,且大约集中在同一时段萌生,疲劳后期萌生的新裂纹条数不多,且激光冲击作用的次数越多,裂纹扩展速率越小,激光冲击处理产生的强化效应能大大降低裂纹扩展速率,在某些强化区还能明显提高应力强度因子门槛值.     

激光冲击强化与喷丸强化对FGH97高温合金疲劳性能的影响

对FGH97粉末高温合金进行激光冲击强化和喷丸强化,利用X射线应力分析仪测定强化层的残余应力,测定650℃下旋转弯曲疲劳性能,利用SEM观察分析疲劳断口特征。 结果表明,2种表面强化方法都可以提高FGH97粉末高温合金的疲劳性能,但激光冲击强化试样比喷丸强化试样具有更深的残余压应力层和较好的表面粗糙度,且残余应力在高温疲劳载荷下的松弛较小,因此具有更好的强化效果;与未表面强化的试样相比,喷丸强化试样和激光冲击强化试样的疲劳裂纹源都出现在亚表面,而未强化试样的疲劳裂纹源则出现在表面。     

喷丸强度对TC17及GH4169合金表面完整性和高温疲劳性能的影响

对钛合金TC17以及镍基高温合金GH4169光滑旋转弯曲疲劳试样进行喷丸强化,研究了不同喷丸强度下合金的表面粗糙度、表面残余应力和高温疲劳寿命。结果表明,喷丸后两种合金的表面粗糙度随着喷丸强度的增大而上升,当喷丸强度达到0.15 mm A以上时,表面粗糙度显著变大。喷丸后表面残余应力均为压应力,TC17合金的残余压应力的数值随着喷丸强度的增大呈现先增大再减小的趋势,而GH4169合金表面残余压应力数值随喷丸强度的增大而减小。在疲劳性能方面,TC17合金喷丸后的疲劳寿命随喷丸强度的增大呈现先增大再减小的趋势,特别是在高强度条件(大于0.10 mm A)下,喷丸反而降低了疲劳寿命,而GH4169合金的疲劳寿命随喷丸强度的增大而增大,说明不同合金对喷丸强度的优化工艺范围具有差别,钛合金对喷丸强度变化敏感性强。     

LSPwC对时效后GH3044合金疲劳性能的影响

目的 修复发生时效退化现象的GH3044合金,从而提高其使用寿命。方法 采用无保护层激光冲击强化（LSPwC）工艺处理GH3044合金时效试样,分析了该工艺处理前后试样表面的物相变化情况,研究了时效以及激光强化工艺对合金表层微观组织的影响,对比了激光强化前后合金试样高温应力松弛和疲劳寿命变化情况。结果 合金试样经过1200 ℃固溶处理后,其表面相为单相γ奥氏体以及WC,处理前后试样表面主要相组成不变,均为奥氏体和Cr23C6。经过时效处理100 h后,GH3044合金沿晶析出大量尺寸较大的碳化物,表面残余应力值约为-28.5 MPa,疲劳寿命约为1.013×106。通过LSPwC处理后,碳化物链式分布被打破,分布更加均匀弥散,表面残余应力值约为-479.3 MPa,其疲劳寿命提高至3.448×106,为时效试样的2.4倍;经过800 ℃保温120 min处理,试样表面残余应力为-324.2 MPa,下降约32%,说明该强化工艺处理后的试样具有较好的热稳定性。结论 LSPwC能够有效提高时效退化GH3044合金的疲劳性能。     

基于计算机有限元分析的激光冲击强化钛合金疲劳性能研究

基于限元分析软件ABAQUS和MSC.Fatigue,建立了激光冲击TC17钛合金标准紧凑拉伸试样及其疲劳裂纹扩展的有限元分析模型。对不同区域下激光冲击强化TC17钛合金后的残余应力分布及疲劳裂纹扩展性能进行分析,进而探讨了残余应力场对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明,激光冲击TC17钛合金经后,试样上下表面处理区域均呈现压应力分布,最大残余压应力达-473 MPa,残余压应力层深度达0.76 mm,同时,表面残余压应力随激光功率密度和冲击区域的增大,逐渐增大并达到饱和。相对于未冲击件,激光冲击使TC17试样疲劳寿命大幅延长,疲劳裂纹扩展速率显著降低;且随冲击区域的增大,疲劳寿命不断延长,表明激光冲击诱导的残余应力场对TC17钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展具有较好的抑制作用。     

激光冲击强化和喷丸强化对FGH97高温合金疲劳性能的影响

对FGH97粉末高温合金进行激光冲击强化和喷丸强化,利用X射线应力分析仪测定强化层的残余应力,测定650℃下旋转弯曲疲劳性能,利用SEM观察分析疲劳断口特征。结果表明,2种表面强化方法都可以提高FGH97粉末高温合金的疲劳性能,但激光冲击强化比喷丸强化具有更深的残余压应力层和较好的表面粗糙度,且残余应力在高温疲劳载荷下的松弛较小,因此具有更好的强化效果;与未表面强化的试样相比,喷丸强化和激光冲击强化试样的疲劳裂纹源都出现在亚表面,而未强化试样的疲劳裂纹源则出现在表面。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.