TA32钛合金板材的超塑性能研究

研究了真空环境中TA32钛合金板材在温度950℃、应变速率5. 32×10~(-4)～2. 08×10~(-2)s~(-1)条件下的超塑性变形行为。结果表明,在不同应变速率条件下,合金的流变应力曲线特征和显微组织演变显著不同。在应变速率较低(5. 32×10~(-4)～3. 33×10~(-3)s~(-1))条件下,拉伸真应力-真应变曲线呈传统超塑变形的稳态流动特征,变形后的合金中初生α相晶粒尺寸较大;在高应变速率(8. 31×10~(-3)s~(-1)～2. 08×10~(-2)s~(-1))条件下,拉伸真应力-真应变曲线中流变应力增大到峰值后快速单调递减直至试样断裂,合金变形过程中初生α相发生动态再结晶,晶粒尺寸较低应变速率条件下显著细化。950℃时,TA32钛合金板材均具有超塑性变形能力,超塑性延伸率在145%～519%之间;当应变速率为5. 32×10~(-4)s~(-1)时,具有最佳的超塑性,拉伸延伸率可达519%。断裂区形貌分析发现,TA32钛合金板材的超塑性断裂模式为空洞聚集-连接-长大型断裂。     

TA15钛合金等温近β变形行为及微观组织演化

通过热模拟压缩实验研究了TA15钛合金等温近β变形行为和微观组织演化,定量分析揭示了近β变形温度、应变速率、变形量对TA15合金流动应力和微观组织的影响。结果表明:在近β变形过程中,变形温度升高,应变速率降低,将抑制动态再结晶过程,促进动态回复过程;变形温度降低,应变速率升高,将抑制动态回复过程,促进动态再结晶过程。变形温度是影响等轴α相含量,晶粒尺寸和平均轴比的主要因素,增加应变速率对等轴α相晶粒细化的作用并不明显。在近β温度区间,建立了等轴α相含量和晶粒尺寸与变形温度关系的经验模型。研究结果可为TA15钛合金等温近β成形工艺优化控制提供依据。     

变形参数对TA32合金的超塑性变形行为及微观组织演化的影响

针对我国自主研制的TA32高温钛合金,开展了在变形温度为895-935℃和应变速率为8.3×10_-4-1.32×10-2 s_-1条件下的高温拉伸变形试验研究,利用电子背散射技术(EBSD)表征了不同变形条件下的晶粒形貌、晶粒取向和分布规律。结果表明：TA32合金具有良好的超塑性变形能力,最大断裂延伸率能达到1141.8%。在高温和低应变速率条件下,晶粒的长大容易造成在变形后期真实应力出现上升现象。真实应力和断裂延伸率对变形温度、变形程度和应变速率均是敏感的,动态再结晶容易在高温或低应变速率条件下发生。动态再结晶程度随着变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低和变形程度的增大而增大,变形后的织构接近随机取向织构,原始晶粒得到等轴化,提高了晶粒尺寸的均匀性。在变形过程中,不连续动态再接晶是主要的动态再结晶机制,随着变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低和变形程度的增大,不连续动态再结晶的作用在增强,连续动态再结晶的作用则是在减弱。     

TA15钛合金高温热压缩变形行为及热加工图

获得准确的钛合金塑性变形特征和热加工条件,是钛合金挤压、轧制等塑性加工工艺参数选择的重要依据。本实验研究了TA15钛合金在应变速率0.01~20 s~(-1)、变形温度850~1050℃条件下的压缩变形行为、组织特征,采用Arrhenius双曲正弦函数模型推导出了TA15本构方程,基于动态材料模型建立了合金在真应变0.1~0.7时的热加工图。结果表明,在本实验的应变速率和变形温度的条件下进行压缩变形,随着变形温度的升高,合金中的α相逐渐向β相转变;随着应变速率的提高,α相向β相转变的程度逐渐减小。根据热加工图确定了合金的两个热加工安全区域:(1)变形温度950~1050℃、应变速率0.01~0.37 s~(-1);(2)变形温度875~950℃、应变速率1.65~13.5 s~(-1)。     

基于修正JC模型的TA12钛合金高温流变行为

为了研究TA12钛合金高温流变行为,构建能准确描述其高温流变行为的本构模型,对TA12钛合金进行了温度范围为700～850℃,应变速率为0.001～0.1 s~(-1)的高温拉伸试验。结果表明:在所研究的变形条件下,流变应力随应变的增加而逐渐增大,达到峰值应力后又逐渐减小,直至材料发生断裂,并在850℃、0.001 s~(-1)的变形条件下出现了稳态流动应力。综合考虑应变硬化效应、应变速率硬化效应和热软化效应的影响,提出一种修正的JC本构模型,可准确地描述TA12钛合金的高温流变行为。     

基于BP神经网络的TA15钛合金流动应力预测

利用Gleeble 1500热模拟机进行了TA15钛合金不同变形温度、变形程度和应变速率条件下的热压缩试验.在试验数据基础上,应用BP神经网络建立TA15钛合金高温变形本构关系.研究结果表明,通过BP神经网络得到的流动应力具有较高的精度,能够客观地反映TA15钛合金在塑性加工过程中的动态行为,具有重要的工程应用价值.     

基于Arrhenius模型和修正Johnson-Cook模型的TC21钛合金流动应力预测

使用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对TC21钛合金在温度为890～990℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s^-1下进行了热模拟压缩实验，研究了该合金的高温流变行为。在变形条件下，该合金的流变应力随应变的增大逐渐增加，在达到峰值后又逐渐减小。基于实验数据，分别采用Arrhenius模型和修正Johnson-Cook模型构建了TC21钛合金本构模型，并对这两个模型的预测精度进行了分析对比。结果表明，修正Johnson-Cook本构模型预测值的平均绝对相对误差e_AARE为7.2078%,相关系数r为0.96866;Arrhenius本构模型预测值的e_AARE为12.6699%,r为0.95794,修正Johnson-Cook本构模型的精度高于Arrhenius本构模型，且在整个参数范围内具有一定的精度，可以较好地描述TC21钛合金的高温流变行为。     

TC4 ELI钛合金的热变形行为及本构关系研究

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对TC4 ELI钛合金在两相区温度为750~950℃、应变速率为0.001~70s-1条件下进行等温恒应变速率压缩试验,分析了该合金的热变形行为,并采用Arrhenius方程和BP人工神经网络模型建立了该合金的本构关系模型。结果表明,应变速率与变形温度对TC4 ELI钛合金流变应力影响显著,流变应力随变形温度升高和应变速率降低而降低;在两相区热变形时,原始组织α相发生了不同程度的球化/动态再结晶,并且低应变速率会促进球化/动态再结晶的发生;采用Arrhenius方程和BP人工神经网络模型建立的本构方程平均误差分别为17.51%和1.36%,BP人工神经网络模型具有更高的精度,更适合用于TC4 ELI钛合金的流动应力预测。     

TB8钛合金超塑性变形的组织演变

研究了TB8合金在不同变形条件下的超塑性及其显微组织。结果表明,变形温度为690～840℃、应变速率为1.0×10~(-4)～1.0×10~(-3)s~(-1)时,TB8钛合金均具有超塑性。750℃、1.0×10~(-4)s~(-1)拉伸时,合金塑性最佳,伸长率为524.9%。变形过程中,变形软化和加工硬化相互抵消,表现为传统的超塑性变形稳态流动特征。变形温度、应变速率和变形程度对合金的超塑性、显微组织均有明显影响。应变速率越低,等轴β相晶粒尺寸越大。拉伸温度升高,β相晶粒尺寸增大,α相颗粒逐渐被溶解,β相饱和化,但仍能保持一定的等轴度。随着变形程度增大,β相晶界和基体弥散析出的α相越多,细小、弥散分布的α相可以抑制晶粒的过分长大,使合金塑性得到改善。     

TA32新型钛合金高温流变行为及本构模型研究

为了研究TA32钛合金的高温流变行为,建立该材料本构模型,对TA32钛合金进行了温度范围为650～850℃,应变速率为10-1～10-4s-1条件下的高温拉伸试验。结果表明,TA32型钛合金较高的温度依然能保持较好的综合性能,在650～750℃区间内应变速率为10-1～10-3s-1条件下,变形呈现出明显的加工硬化和再结晶现象,当温度升至800℃及以上时其塑性延伸率显著提高而强度下降,同时出现了稳态流动应力。随后,基于统计学和正则化原理,提出一种修正本构模型参数的方法,并建立了TA32新型钛合金的Arrhenius-type型应力流变本构模型。通过对比验证实验结果可知,相对于传统的最小二乘法得到的模型,该修正方法得到的模型能有效地提高模型的精度。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。