NiAl-Mo共晶复合材料定向凝固组织特性研究

采用定向凝固技术制备出两种不同成分的NiAl-Mo共晶复合材料,研究在不同抽拉速率下该合金的凝固组织特性.结果表明:46.59Ni-45.61Al-7.8Mo(at%,下同)合金在不同抽拉速率下都形成了亚共晶组织,初生的NiAl相呈树枝晶状,并且随着抽拉的进行,优先生长方向与热流方向不一致的枝晶被逐渐淘汰;随着抽拉速率的增加,NiAl相的枝晶间距也不断的减小.44.86Ni-46.3Al-9.01Mo合金在不同抽拉速率下皆形成以棒状Mo相镶嵌在NiAl基体中的共晶组织,随着抽拉速率的增加,Mo相的平均直径和平均棒间距有越来越小的趋势,在抽拉速率达到14 mm/h以上时,Mo相由连续的、排列均匀的棒状变为断续的、排列不均匀的棒状.     

抽拉速率对含Ru镍基单晶高温合金凝固组织的影响

研究了不同抽拉速率对含Ru镍基单晶高温合金凝固组织的影响.结果表明,随着抽拉速率的加快,单晶合金的铸态组织由粗枝状晶向细枝状晶演变,枝晶干和枝晶间的γ′相尺寸减少,合金元素的偏析降低,γ-γ'共晶含量减少,NiAl基β相含量逐渐降低.同时,抽拉速率对合金的相变温度影响不大.     

LMC法定向凝固抽拉速率对DD488单晶高温合金组织和持久性能的影响

研究了液态金属冷却(LMC)法定向凝固抽拉速率对DD488单晶高温合金组织和980℃/250 MPa持久性能的影响。结果表明:增大抽拉速率能够显著细化合金的枝晶组织,减小铸态共晶含量和γ'相尺寸。同时,随着抽拉速率的增大,标准热处理后的γ通道宽度减小,γ'相体积分数增加。抽拉速率较小时(5 mm/min),合金980℃/250 MPa持久寿命为70.3 h,随着抽拉速率提高至8 mm/min,持久寿命增大到107.5 h。DD488合金持久寿命的提高得益于在较高的抽拉速率下合金标准热处理组织中的γ'相体积分数增加,γ通道宽度减小,并且共晶组织基本消除。     

电弧熔炼态NiAl-V合金的组织演变与力学性能

采用真空电弧熔炼制备了Ni-34Al-32V(at.%)及Ni-28.5Al-43V(at.%)成分的合金。对于真空电弧熔炼纽扣锭不同位置处微观组织及力学性能进行了研究。利用光学显微镜（OM）,X射线衍射（XRD）,扫描电镜（SEM） 分析了合金不同凝固位置处的相组成和组织形态, 结果表明,32V合金的凝固组织由NiAl初生枝晶及NiAl+V片层共晶组成;43V合金的凝固组织由V初生枝晶与NiAl+V片层共晶共同组成。同时对合金进行了力学性能测试,高温压缩强度与室温断裂韧性较NiAl合金均有很大提高,表明V的加入可提高NiAl合金的室温断裂韧性与高温强度。     

生长速率对定向凝固NiAl-43V过共晶合金组织演变和室温断裂韧性的影响

采用高温度梯度液态金属冷却技术(LMC)制备了Ni-28.5Al-43V(at%)过共晶合金,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和三点弯曲(3PB)测试对合金的组织演变和断裂韧性进行了研究。在温度梯度G_L=310 K/cm,生长速率V=6～150μm/s的实验条件下,NiAl-43V的凝固组织均为初生V枝晶+共晶组织(NiAl片层+V片层)。硬度测试表明初生V枝晶的硬度高于共晶相的硬度。断裂韧性测试表明NiAl-43V过共晶合金最大室温断裂韧性相比NiAl合金提高了4倍。随着生长速率的增大,室温断裂韧性从6μm/s的22.679 MPa·m~(1/2)逐渐下降到150μm/s的18.422 MPa·m~(1/2)。这是因为生长速率增大产生的细晶强化效应弱于初生V枝晶和胞间区域的增加对断裂韧性产生的不良影响。合金的断口形貌分析表明合金断裂为准解理断裂,在裂纹扩展中裂纹钝化、裂纹再形核、裂纹偏转、界面剥离、裂纹桥接和微裂纹键合韧化机制对提高NiAl-43V合金的室温断裂韧性做出了贡献。初生V枝晶的析出一定程度降低了合金的断裂韧性。     

NiAl基定向共晶合金的组织和压缩性能

采用具有高温度梯度的液态金属冷却工艺,制备Ni-33Al-28Cr-5.94Mo-0.05Hf-0.01Ho共晶合金.利用扫描电镜(SEM)和电子探针(EPMA)分析该合金的微观组织,用Gleeble1500测试合金室温压缩性能.研究表明:该工艺能够制备出较规则的定向组织;并细化NiAl/Cr(Mo)共晶层片,使NiAl/Cr(Mo)两相发生固溶度扩展,产生了有效的固溶及第二相强化;合金的室温压缩性能随抽拉速率的增加变化较小.     

新型Ti5321合金片层组织的热变形行为

为研究具有原始粗片层组织的Ti5321合金热压缩变形过程中流变应力、显微组织等随变形条件的变化,在Gleeble-2800型热模拟试验机上进行高温热压缩试验,试验温度790~850 ℃,应变速率为0.01~1 s-1,变形量为30%~70%。结果表明：Ti5321合金的软化机制与片层组织球化和动态再结晶有关,变形量和变形温度是影响合金片层组织球化及β再结晶的主要因素。同一变形温度和应变速率下,随着变形量的增大.会出现片层α相球化及β相再结晶现象。当应变速率和变形量相同时,低温变形主要发生的是片层α相球化行为,高温变形发生的是β相的再结晶。     

电弧熔炼Ni-28.5Al-43V过共晶合金的组织与性能

采用真空电弧熔炼制备了Ni-28.5Al-43V成分的合金。对于真空电弧熔炼纽扣锭不同位置处微观组织及力学性能进行了研究。利用光学显微镜(OM),X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM),分析了合金不同凝固位置处的相组成和组织形态。结果表明,合金的凝固组织主要是由V相枝晶组织与NiAl+V片层共晶组成。同时对初生相及共晶相进行显微硬度测定。初生V相硬度(HV)在398~425之间,约为纯V硬度的3倍,表明V的固溶强化效果较为明显。另外,高温压缩强度与室温断裂韧度较NiAl合金均有很大提高,表明V的加入可提高NiAl合金的室温塑性与高温强度。     

热处理工艺对Ti80合金显微组织的影响

用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等研究Ti80合金在3种热处理工艺下的显微组织与硬度。结果表明:当热处理工艺由900℃×1 h/AC改变至980℃×1 h/AC时,合金由等轴组织转变为双态组织,并伴随着初生α相的减少和球化、β相的增多、次生α相与α'马氏体形态的转变,但合金元素固溶规律无变化;经1020℃×1 h/AC热处理后,合金形成片层组织,初生α相消失、次生α相呈长针丛状在粗大的原始β晶粒内平行分布,此时α'板条马氏体与α'孪晶马氏体共存且合金元素分布较均匀;随热处理温度的升高,合金硬度先降低后升高。     

定向凝固Ti-45Al-7Nb合金的组织特征

研究了液态金属冷却定向凝固条件下Ti-45Al-7Nb(at%)合金的组织特征。结果表明:定向凝固过程中合金的凝固路径及稳态区片层取向均受到抽拉速率的影响。当抽拉速率为0.36mm/min时,合金的初生相为α相,与生长方向垂直的片层组织生长占优;抽拉速率介于1～10mm/min时,合金初生相变为β相,凝固过程中会经历β单相区,片层取向多为与生长方向成0°和45°;当抽拉速率增加至20mm/min时,合金初生相仍为β相,随后发生L+β→α包晶反应,与抽拉方向之间的夹角介于45°～75°之间的片层组织生长占优。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。