固液两相声共振混合数值模拟

声共振混合作为一种解决力/热敏感超细材料均匀分散混合问题的新方法,其技术特点是混合容器工作在共振状态下使用不超过200Hz的振动产生低频声场促进混合。本文采用气固液三相流模型对一种固体、一种液体在声共振混合容器中的混合过程进行建模。固体颗粒与液体之间相互作用系数采用Gidaspow公式。采用固体颗粒体积分数标准偏差作为标准对混合均匀性进行了评价。计算结果表明,在100g振动加速度下容器中出现了体流现象,并初步计算了不同高宽比、不同激振参数条件下的混合特性,对计算结果进行了分析。最后利用自搭建的声共振混合样机,分别在低固含量、高固含量条件下进行实验,记录混合过程中固体颗粒的运动轨迹。实验结果初步验证了仿真模拟的正确性以及声共振样机的混合能力。     

炭黑填充型粉末天然橡胶的密炼机塑炼特性研究

采用实验室微型密炼机（Brabender转矩流变仪）研究了炭黑填充型粉末天然橡胶[P（NR/HAF）]的密炼机塑炼/混炼性能,即塑炼时间、塑炼温度和转速等基本工艺参数对胶料门尼粘度的影响。与传统的块状天然橡胶/炭黑（NR/HAF）的密炼机混炼相比,P（NR/HAF）在密炼机混炼时具有较高的混炼温升和较快的升温速率,使得胶料在较高的温度下被塑炼,从而表现出与传统的NR/HAF不同的密炼机混炼特性,其最佳塑炼温度有所降低。通过逐步回归分析建立的“门尼粘度-塑炼条件”模型可以较好地拟合和预测不同塑炼条件下P（NR/HAF）密炼机塑炼后胶料的门尼粘度。     

连续化双螺杆混合机混合均匀性调控研究

针对高分子复合材料粉体混合均匀性和工艺可重现性难以调控的行业共性技术瓶颈,模拟研究了粉体混合均匀性和工艺可重现性相对标准偏差(RSD)与入口粉体配方比的组分含量、粉体内聚特性和螺杆转速的协同演化规律.结果表明,RSD与组分含量、螺杆转速呈现负关联关系,而与粉体内聚能量密度呈现正关联关系,可以通过提高螺杆转速强化超细超低...     

Mechanical properties of short sisal fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composites: Comparison of experimental data with theoretical predictions

Sisal fibers were used for the reinforcement of a polypropylene (pp) matrix. Composites consisting of polypropylene reinforced with short sisal fibers were prepared by melt‐mixing and solution‐mixing methods. A large amount of fiber breakage was observed during melt mixing. The fiber breakage analysis during composite preparation by melt mixing was carried out using optical microscopy. A polynomial equation was used to model the fiber‐length distribution during melt mixing. The experimental mechanical properties of sisal/PP composites were compared with existing theoretical models such as the modified rule of mixtures, parallel and series models, the Hirsch model, and the Bowyer–Baders model. The dependence of the tensile strength on the angle of measurement with respect to fiber orientation also was modeled. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 602–611, 2003     

MICROMIXING EFFECTS ON BARIUM SULFATE PRECIPITATION IN AN MSMPR REACTOR

The Effects of non-ideal and nonhomogeneous mixing on barium sulfate precipitation in an MSMPR reactor were observed experimentally and analyzed theoretically. To generate nonhomogeneous mixing the unmixed feed streams were fed to the reactor at the same location (joint feeding mode) or a plug flow reactor was connected to the MSMPR reactor. These nonhomogeneous mixing conditions resulted in significant reductions in particle size and increases in particle numbers. These non ideal mixing effects were dependent on the impeller speed, feed stream velocity and residence time in the connected plug flow reactor and are believed to result from elevated supersaturation levels in a premixing zone which are controlled by turbulent micromixing

To model the effect of nonhomogeneous mixing (premixing) in the MSM PR reactor a plug flow-stirred lank reactor series model was developed. The plug flow reactor represents the premixing region of the MSMPR reactor in which turbulent micromixing is important, and the stirred tank reactor describes the homogeneous mixing region of the MSMPR reactor where particle growth is important. The model predicts that the premixing effect is strongly dependent on micromixing of the feeds in the premixing region, and thus, as the turbulent mixing intensity in this region is increased, the particle size in the product suspension is reduced and the particle population is increased. These predictions of the model arc in good agreement with the experimental data. An interesting prediction of the model is that as the impeller speed increases, the precipitation of barium sulfate in an MSMPR reactor deviates increasingly from the precipitation in a perfectly mixed (ideal) reactor.     

CFD Investigation of the Mixing of Yield‐Pseudoplastic Fluids with Anchor Impellers

The study was carried out to simulate the 3D flow domain in the mixing of pseudoplastic fluids possessing yield stress with anchor impellers, using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package. The multiple reference frames (MRF) technique was employed to model the rotation of the impellers. The rheology of the fluid was approximated using the Herschel–Bulkley model. To validate the model, the CFD results for the power consumption were compared to the experimental data. After the flow fields were calculated, the simulations for tracer homogenization were performed to simulate the mixing time. The effects of impeller speed, fluid rheology, and impeller geometry on power consumption, mixing time, and flow pattern were explored. The optimum values of c/D (impeller clearance to tank diameter) and w/D (impeller blade width to tank diameter) ratios were determined on the basis of minimum mixing time.     

低固含率下共振声分散特性数值模拟

研究共振声混合的流场和分散特性对于力热敏感超细材料的混合具有十分重要的意义。为模拟共振声混合的流场和分散特性,本文建立了基于CLSVOF-DPM的气液固三相流模型,并采用不同区域内颗粒数量的标准差评价混合均匀度。CLSVOF模型求解气液界面和分散流场,DPM模型追踪颗粒位置,通过连续相与颗粒之间的动量交换实现CLSVOF模型和DPM模型的双向耦合。计算结果表明,在加速度超过30g时流场中出现了湍流由液面附近向下扩散的现象;液体填充比和加料位置影响分散效率和分散质量;激振加速度为40g时达到混合均匀的时间最短。利用自制的共振声混合样机进行了实验,采用PIV系统记录了不同激振加速度下的流场矢量图,对实验和仿真的径向速度分布进行对比。实验结果证明了仿真计算结果的准确性。     

A diffusion model for particle mixing in a packed bed of burning solids

Particle mixing caused by grate movement in a packed bed of solids is an important process for biomass combustion and waste incineration. In this paper, a diffusion model for particle mixing in a burning bed is proposed and the related diffusion coefficient is measured. The diffusion model was incorporated into a combustion model for waste incineration in an actual full-scale bed and numerical calculations were carried to assess the effect of different mixing levels on the burning characteristics of the furnace. In-bed measurement of temperature, oxygen concentration and particle movement was also made using a special electronic device. It is found that the modelled flame front reaches the bed bottom at an earlier stage for a higher level of particle mixing; the average burning rate ranges from 0.05 to 0.13 kg/m² s and the mass loss rate for a higher mixing level can be twice of that for a lower mixing level. However, excessive mixing can cause significant delay in ignition or even extinction of the bed combustion; the obtained local air to fuel stoichiometric ratio covers a range from sub-stoichiometric (0.6 for the highest mixing level) to super-stoichiometric (1.6 for the lowest mixing level); the carbon in ash ranges from 3.5 to 10.5%; the most reasonable range of the particle-mixing (diffusion) coefficient is from 1.8 to 6.0 cm²/min for a full-scale bed, according to the calculation.     

RGB颜色模型应用于评价顶吹混匀时间的方法

针对评价顶吹宏观混匀时间的方法进行了气体顶吹搅拌水动力学实验研究,利用基于混合过程中示踪粒子的分布随时间演化规律的RGB颜色模型来确定搅拌容器内的宏观混匀时间。通过定义像素阈值分离每一像素,构建混匀像素比M值作为确定混匀时间的指标,观察M值的变化规律,利用3σ方法确定混匀时间。针对喷枪插入深度及流量,用量纲为1强度单位表述为0.5和1的实验工况一,当阈值分数X=90%时,测定混匀时间为13.30s。分析结果发现,RGB颜色模型能够基于混合过程中示踪粒子的分布情况确定混匀时间,且与贝蒂数法和电导率法测定的混匀时间偏差不超过10%。为解决在视觉上评价多相流混合效果等工程问题提供了一种新的思路,为提高ISA炉使用寿命、强化ISA炉冶炼生产以及优化ISA炉工艺过程提供了一定的实验依据。     

PSRK模型的修正混合规则及其应用于聚合物溶液汽液平衡的预测

To extend the PSRK(predictive Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state)model to vapor-liquid equilibria of polymer solutions,a new EOS-gE mixing rule is applied in which the term ∑ xi ln(b/bi)in the PSRK mixing rule for the parameter a,and the combinatorial part in the original universal functional activity coefficient(UNIFAC)model are cancelled.To take into account the free volume contribution to the excess Gibbs energy in polymer solution,a quadratic mixing rule for the cross co-volume bij with an exponent equals to 1/2 is applied [b1/2 ij= 1/2(b1/2 i b1/2 j)].The literature reported Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state(SRK EOS)parameters of pure polymer are employed.The PSRK model with the modified mixing rule is used to predict the vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE)of 37 solvent-polymer systems over a large range of temperature and pressure with satisfactory results.     

层叠流道中天然高分子挤压流动过程的数值模拟

为探究层叠流道中天然高分子材料挤压流动过程与混合特性，建立层叠流道的三维物理模型和有限元网格模型，利用POLYFLOW软件计算了食品熔体在不同的入口流量，挤压过程中的压力、速度、剪切速率分布。结果表明，压力沿着挤出方向呈梯度递减，随着入口流量增大中间位置压力差增大；剪切速率在流道中变化明显，剪切速率从流道中间位置向四周递减，从壁面到流道内部递减；速度在流道内沿着挤出方向先增大后减小，靠近壁面速度小；层叠扭转流道的结构和尺寸设计，有助于提高天然高分子物料的混合效果，并且第1、4层流道混合效果优于第2、3层流道，提高入口流量也有利于提高物料的混合效果。     

压缩/喷射制冷循环中两相喷射器性能

考虑引射流体的壅塞现象和混合室内的凝结激波现象,对混合室采用恒面积混合模型,应用质量守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒对两相喷射器建立了热力学模型。以R141b为工质,研究了在不同混合压力条件下喷射器内的压力变化趋势,分析了混合压力对系统性能、喷射器喷射系数和出口压力的影响,探讨了喷射器最优引射室压降、系统最优性能系数及相应的性能提高率随冷凝温度和蒸发温度的变化情况。结果表明:在本文计算工况范围内,两相喷射器混合室内无凝结激波的发生;对混合室采用恒面积混合模型相比等压混合模型更合理;恰当选择混合压力对优化系统的性能非常重要,其最佳值略低于引射流体压力,而远高于引射流体的临界压力,且其对应于喷射器取得最高的喷射系数。     

规整填料塔中精馏过程的三维模拟(Ⅱ)模型的验证及液相分布和混合行为对精馏过程的影响

用简化三维混合池模型对Gorak所做精馏实验作了实例计算。模型的计算结果与Gorak实验数据符合良好,以简化三维混合池模型为工具,用数值计算的方法研究了规整填料塔中液体流动分布和混合对精馏过程的影响。结果表明：液相轴向返混对精馏有着显著的不利影响;当液体流动分布为严重壁流分布（严重沟流分布）时,必须用三维模型描述才不会产生较大偏差;横向混合系数的增大有利于填料塔分离效率的提高,但不能完全抵消液相严重不均匀分布对精馏过程的不利影响。     

CFD analysis of turbulence non-homogeneity in mixing vessels: A two-compartment model

A two-compartment model has been developed for calculating the droplet/particle size distribution in suspension polymerization reactors by taking into account the large spatial variations of the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate in the vessel. The two-compartment model comprised two mixing zones, namely an impeller zone of high local energy dissipation rates and a circulation zone of low kinetic energy. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed for generating the spatial distribution of energy dissipation rates within an unbaffled mixing vessel agitated by a flat two-blade impeller. A general methodology was developed for extracting, from the results of the CFD simulations, the volume ratio of the impeller over the circulation zone, the ratio of the average turbulent dissipation rates in the two zones, and the exchange flow rate between the two compartments. The effect of agitation rate, continuous phase viscosity, impeller diameter, and mixing vessel scale on the two-compartment model parameters was elucidated. The two-compartment model was then applied to a non-homogeneous liquid-liquid dispersion process to calculate the time evolution of the droplet size distribution in the mixing vessel. An excellent agreement was obtained between theoretical and experimental results on droplet size distributions obtained from a laboratory-scale reactor operated over a wide range of experimental conditions.     

START UP AND DYNAMIC PROCESSES SIMULATION OF A DISTILLATION COLUMN

A new dynamic non-equilibrium mixing-pool model for simulating start-up and dynamic re-sponse of a distillation column is reported.The proposed model is established on the basis ofconsidering the two dimensional flow/mixing behavior of actual trays in a distillation column.Com-parison is made among the computed results of the start-up time and the dynamic response time bythe proposed and five other typical models.It is found that the computed time for both dynamicprocesses is longer by the model which considers any flow/mixing pattern than by the model withoutsuch concern.The inertia effect of flow/mixing seems to be important and can not be ignored inmodeling the transient process of distillation.The proposed model,which is believed to be suitableto large column,seems somewhat useful in predicting industrial distillation dynamics.     

An X-ray micro-computed tomography study of agglomerate breakdown during the extrusion of ceramic pastes

By using X-ray micro-computed tomography it was possible to determine the extent of agglomerate breakdown during the mixing and extrusion of ceramic pastes. The technique allowed a significant improvement over previous attempts to visually monitor agglomerate breakdown which have been hampered by the lack of a suitable technique with which to obtain fast and reliable three-dimensional data regarding the volume and size distribution of agglomerates. The extent of agglomerate breakdown in a model agglomerate/matrix system was compared after processing by z-blade mixing followed by ram extrusion and by a co-rotating twin-screw mixing/extrusion process at various operating parameters; the latter process was found to be more effective at breaking down the agglomerates under all processing conditions.     

Modelling transverse mixing in a rolling drum

In this paper, a new model of transverse mixing in a rotating drum is derived from dynamic data collected from an experimental rig. Since the active layer has often been declared as the zone that is responsible for the mixing of solids in a rolling bed, the active layer was characterized so that its properties could be predicted for a wide range of experimental conditions. The mixing model consisted of two correlations, one to predict the mixing rate in the drum and the other to predict the final contact between the two materials. These correlations were linked back to the operational variables of the drum, such as the drumfs loading, size and rotational velocity. By combining these two correlations the time required to fully mix the material in the drum could be predicted. The mixing model was tested against independent data and good agreement was observed between the experimentally derived results and those predicted by the mixing model. Furthermore, this mixing model was designed such that it would be easily applicable to different sized drums. The extrapolation ability was tested on different smaller‐sized drums and found to agree considerably with experimental results.     

搅拌槽内三相流场混合时间的测定及模拟研究

混合时时间是评定搅拌设设备混合效率的重重要指标,为了了检测带有挡板和和导流筒的搅拌槽槽内液-固-固三相相流场的混合时时间,以甘油溶液液为液相,砂子和和赤泥为固相建立立了流场体系,采采用电导法测量体体系的混合时间。并对流场进行行了计算流体动力力学(CFD)模拟研研究,CFD模型采用基于欧拉多多相流模型和RNNGκ-ε湍流模型。流场混合时间间模拟结果与实验验结果的偏差较小小,说明该CFDD数学模型能很很好地预测流场的的混合时间。体系系的混合时间随随搅拌转速的增大大而减小,当流场场的轴向混合占主主导地位时,增设设导流筒可减小小流场的混合时间间。导流筒对于粒粒径和密度较小的的固体影响较大。。