云芝(Coriolus versicolor)高木质素降解活性菌株筛选的研究

从自然界中分离了32个云芝菌株，比较了它们在含愈创木酚的土豆培养基中的变色反应和对杨木粉的降解能力，表明不同的菌株对木材的降解能力和降解方式有很大的差异，但都有一定的选择性，从中筛选出了木质素降解能力较强（30天内，40％左右klason木素），选择性较高的菌株。和Phanerochaetechrysosporium相比，它们的木质素降解率提高近一倍，而综纤维素降解率则有不同程度的减少。     

木质素高效降解菌的筛选及研究

(目的)筛选出可高效降解棉杆木质素的菌株;(方法)通过平板鉴定法进行初筛及复筛,再由固态发酵培养方式测定菌株对棉杆降解能力,并对棉杆木质纤维素含量的降解率及木质素酶活进行测定;(结果)筛选得到两株可高效降解棉杆木质素的菌株M11,H-1。H-1对棉杆木质素降解率的最大值为47%。而M11对棉杆木质素降解率的最大值为11%;(结论)棉杆木质素降解菌的研究为新疆棉杆的充分利用打下坚实的基础。     

木材腐朽真菌定向降解木质素为苯系芳香类化学品

对2种木材腐朽真菌降解木质素为一系列苯系芳香类化学品进行了初步研究,并与黄孢原毛平革菌进行了比较。从木材腐朽土壤样品中分离获得具有降解木质素活性的真菌11株,将其中活性最强的菌株ZS1与ZSH用于降解工业碱木质素与中性木质素。通过发酵条件的优化、降解产物种类与浓度的HPLC分析,结果发现,在初始底物浓度1.0～20.0g/L变化时,ZS1对碱木质素的降解率达到40.7%,比ZSH的大;而ZSH对中性木质素的降解率为32.3%,与黄孢原毛平革菌的降解能力相当,但比ZS1的大些。木质素能被定向降解为香草酸、苯甲酸、香草醛、苯酚、紫丁香醛、苯、对甲基苯甲醚、对甲基苯乙醚、甲苯与对二甲苯等芳香类化学品,而且不同真菌降解不同木质素的产物种类数量与浓度有所差异。这说明不同真菌对木质素的降解具有一定的底物依赖性,底物结构差异影响了降解率不同与产物种类差异,而且不同真菌降解木质素具有一定的产物定向选择性。     

氨化木质纤维的白腐菌降解

添加一定量的氨化麦草能促进白腐菌对木质纤维的分解作用,但如果氨化麦草的添加量超过20%,生长基质的重量损失又会下降,降解速率又会降低。比较添加氨化麦草和未添加氨化麦草生长基质经白腐菌降解后的纤维素含量,发现纤维素含量没有发生太大的变化。降解不同天数氨化木质纤维氮含量的变化显示,氮含量的降低率和木质素降解率的变化规律相一致,说明有机结合氮的释放和白腐菌对氮的吸收消耗与木质素的降解有一定的对应关系。     

木质纤维素微生物转化机理研究进展

木质纤维素是自然界中储量最大的可再生资源物质,由于木质素难以降解,阻碍了木质纤维素物质的生物转化利用,并且是相关工业生产中毒性污染物质的主要来源。自然界中存在的白腐真菌对芳香族化合物具有很强的降解能力,具有完整的木质纤维素降解体系,对这一体系的研究成为实现木质纤维素资源转化利用的关键,木腐微生物的存在,使人类通过廉价手段降解和利用木质纤维素成为可能。研究木腐微生物降解木质纤维素的机制,研究木质素降解酶类不同组分以及和小分子活性物质之间协同作用机理,筛选培育高效降解木质纤维素的菌种和木质素降解酶,为实现工业化转化利用木质纤维素奠定基础。     

产纤维素酶放线菌的筛选鉴定及其对玉米秸秆的降解

从寒地黑土中筛选得到一株对纤维素具有降解能力的菌株,观察该菌株的形态特征并对其进行分子生物学鉴定。采用响应曲面法对该菌株降解玉米秸秆的条件进行优化,并对玉米秸秆降解前后的结构变化、主要成分变化进行观察和测定。结果表明:该菌编号为GS-4-21,其透明圈与菌落直径的比值(D/d)为5.54±0.20,滤纸酶活、纤维素外切酶活、纤维素内切酶活和β-糖苷酶酶活分别为11.94±0.51、12.07±0.43、32.94±0.83和30.87±1.04 U/mL。经鉴定菌株GS-4-21属于链霉菌属。当以体积分数3%接种至pH为6的发酵培养基中,28℃、160 r/min发酵5 d时,玉米秸秆的降解率可达23.54%。SEM结果表明:菌株GS-4-21具有较好的纤维素降解能力。玉米秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的降解率分别为30.33%、31.95%、18.91%。     

白腐菌降解木质纤维素顺序规律的研究

通过纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三者含量变化的测定,以及傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)的谱图分析,研究了 BP2、CD1和 AX3三株白腐菌在50 天培养期中降解木屑基质中木质纤维素的规律。结果表明,三株白腐菌对木屑基质中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三者的降解具有一定的顺序和选择性,即先降解半纤维素和木质素,再同时降解半纤维素、纤维素和木质素;从降解比例来看,三株菌对木质素具有很强的降解优势(45%左右)和选择性(0.5左右)。木质素的相关谱带(1630,1510,1325 和 1265 cm-1)强度及半纤维素和纤维素的相关谱带强度(1740,1325,1160 和 898 cm-1)的变化也证实了这一结论。     

三种白腐菌对木质纤维素降解规律的初步研究

以接种量1%、接种龄7天为基准,在天然培养基及室温条件下,探讨了三种白腐菌对稻草秸秆中木质纤维素的降解动力学特性。结果表明,对木质素的降解速率桦褐孔(Inonotus sp)最高,红平菇(Pleurotus djamor)次之,白韧(Trametes sp)最低;对纤维素的降解速率与此正好相反。三菌株对木质纤维素的降解呈现一定的选择性,其中桦褐孔(Inonotus sp)对木质素的选择性降解优势最明显,选择系数达到2.99。     

堆肥处理对几种纤维素纤维织物的降解性能研究

通过测试6种纤维素纤维织物经堆肥降解处理前后质量降解率、分子结构、力学性能与热学性能对纤维素纤维织物的降解性能进行表征。研究表明,经堆肥降解处理后,6种纤维的质量、晶粒尺寸、结晶度、取向指数、力学性能与热学性能均有不同程度的下降,但各种纤维素纤维降解前后的纤维晶须结构不变。该研究验证了堆肥处理对纤维素纤维具有很好的降解作用,且在堆肥温度、pH、堆肥方法相同的条件下,纤维素堆肥降解程度与纤维素结晶度呈正相关。     

假木质素及其对纤维素酶的抑制效应研究进展

预处理是提高木质纤维生物转化效率的关键技术之一,但目前有效的预处理技术常导致碳水化合物降解,并生成对纤维素酶有抑制作用的物质。其中,假木质素是由碳水化合物降解产物进一步缩合而形成的具有三维立体、结构类似于木质素的物质。在纤维素的酶水解过程中,假木质素可对纤维素酶蛋白造成立体阻碍、静电吸附等作用,并降低纤维素的最终酶水解效率。深入研究假木质素结构特征及其对纤维素酶的抑制作用能够为提高纤维素基乙醇产率提供理论参考。     

细菌纤维小体的结构和功能

纤维小体(Cellulosome)是多种纤维素酶、半纤维素酶依靠锚定—粘附机制形成的一种多酶复合体结构,通过细胞粘附蛋白附着在细菌细胞壁上,分子量2.0106~2.5106 D,能高效彻底地降解天然纤维素材料。纤维小体的结构和功能是理解原核生物中蛋白与蛋白之间的相互作用和细菌对天然纤维素降解的重要模型。     

Correlation of 13C‐NMR analysis with fungal decay tests of polymeric structural wood constituents. I. Basidiomycetes

Heat treatment at relatively high temperatures (from 150 to 260°C) is an effective method to improve the durability of wood. This study investigates the reasons for the decay resistance of heat‐treated and nontreated wood with respect to the polymeric structural constituents by solid‐state cross‐polarization/magic‐angle spinning (CP–MAS) ¹³C‐NMR analysis before and after exposure to brown rot and white rot fungi. An industrial two‐stage heat‐treatment method under relatively mild conditions (<200°C) has been used to treat the samples. Brown rot fungi attack polymeric carbohydrates of nontreated Scots pine sapwood at C4, resulting in cleavage and eventually depolymerization of cellulose and hemicelluloses. The attack at the carbohydrate C6, which has never been observed before, is remarkable because the C6 ? CH₂OH group has no covalent structural function but acts in fixing the three‐dimensional carbohydrate configuration just by secondary forces. The ? CH₂OH group carries ? OH, which forms some of the strongest hydrogen bonds in the structure of the crystalline native cellulose. It is suggested that the fungus tries to cleave this group to open the cellulose crystalline structure into an amorphous structure to decrease its water repellency to facilitate enzymatic cellulose degradation. Considerable degradation of the hemicelluloses occurs during brown rot fungal exposure, whereas in general the attack on lignin is rather limited, being mainly demethoxylation. However, Gloeophyllum trabeum is an active brown rot fungus in the (partial) degradation of lignin because there is some indication of ring opening of the aromatic ring of lignin during fungal exposure. Aromatic ring opening has also been observed after exposure to Coriolus versicolor, a white rot fungus. The demethoxylation of lignin and some attack on wood carbohydrates are also characteristic of the attack of this white rot fungus. The CP–MAS ¹³C‐NMR spectra of heat‐treated Norway spruce reveal similarities but also clear differences after fungal exposure in comparison with nontreated Scots pine sapwood. Brown rot fungi seem to have a preference to attack the carbohydrates of heat‐treated wood at C4 and especially C1, cleaving the skeleton of cellulose and glucomannans. In untreated Scots pine sapwood, this attack mainly occurs at C4, the nonreducing end of the glucose unit. An attack on the out‐of‐the‐ring alcoholic group ? CH₂OH of the carbohydrates of heat‐treated Norway spruce is less obvious than that in untreated Scots pine. The attack on C3/C5 of the carbohydrates is remarkable, indicating ring opening of the glucose units, which has not been observed in nontreated Scots pine sapwood. Lignin degradation is limited to demethoxylation, and low or no aromatic ring opening is observed, even after C. versicolor exposure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2639–2649, 2006     

稻草木素生物降解的研究

介绍了我们最近对稻草木素生物降解研究进展。通过诱变选育分离出高降解木素的优良菌株,10天内脱木素率高达59%,明显地缩短了生物作用周期;利用电子显微镜技术,详细揭示白腐菌生物降解草类植物的微观过程和稻草组织内部以及纤维细胞壁的微观结构的变化,同时,发现所选育的菌种具有:(1)优先降解纤维胞间层,致使纤维能保持完整地分离;(2)没有发生纤维细胞壁变薄破坏的现象;(3)生物作用初期就能分解除去不利于造纸的薄壁细胞;(4)能选择性降解纤维次生壁上的木素,微细纤维结构不被破坏而裸露出来等非常可贵的优良特性。这些特性十分有利于生物制浆造纸。系统分析和研究了生物脱木素过程及一些重要生理条件对脱木素的影响规律。发现生物脱木素过程可分为三个阶段。不同阶段生理条件对脱木素的影响不同。通氧培养、添加营养氮源或碳源及控制底物的湿含量能促进生物脱木素作用。为了解稻草木素生物降解规律,利用核磁共振技术定量及定性分析比较生物作用前后木素的结构特征。结果表明木素大分子的生物降解主要是氧化反应,在菌的作用下,木素结构中 C_γ被氧化、C_α—C_β键、C_β—C_γ,键以及芳香环被氧化断裂。其降解顺序为:以酯键连结的对香豆酸为主体的对羟苯基单元,愈疮木基单元和紫丁香基单元。菌优先作用于纤维细胞间层的结论与电子显微镜观察结果一致。上述特征和规律显示白腐菌 P.conchatus 对发展草类生物制浆及其他脱木素工艺均具有巨大潜在应用优势。     

施胶剂对纤维素复合材料降解的影响

用土埋法研究了施胶剂对纤维素复合材料降解性能的影响。结果表明 :与未施胶样品相比 ,施胶样品在前期降解较快 ,而在后期降解较慢。从三个月降解的最后结果来看 ,添加施胶剂对材料降解有一定负影响。未施胶样品通过土埋法降解三个月 ,其降解率为 68% ,而施胶样品降解率在 55%～ 60 %之间。从经济和降解率考虑施胶量为 2 .9%是适宜的     

黄孢原毛平革菌的降解机制及其应用

黄孢原毛平革菌产生的胞外酶由木素过氧化酶、锰过氧化酶和己二醛氧化酶等组成，对染料废水有降解功能．并具有传统处理方法所无法比拟的优点。本文对黄孢原毛平革菌的降解机制和在工业上的应用做一简要综述。有16篇参考文献。     

Why Acid pH Increases the Selectivity of the Ozone Bleaching Processes

The influence of pH on pulp properties was studied by the kinetic analysis of ozone bleaching of Eucalyptus Kraft pulp. The crystallinity of the pulps was also evaluated by XRD. The rate constants of delignification and chromophore removal decreased with the increase in pH, while the rate constant of cellulose degradation increased. The selectivity of the process was 6 times higher at pH 2.5 than at pH 10. There was a portion of lignin inaccessible that cannot be removed by ozone, even at high doses, promoting a strong cellulose degradation. At high ozone doses and acid pH, the ozone reacted primarily with the crystalline portions of the cellulose, while at alkaline pH it reacted indiscriminately with amorphous and crystalline cellulose.     

Correlation of 13C‐NMR analysis with fungal decay tests of polymeric structural wood constituents. II. Ground contact tests

Heat treatment at relatively high temperatures (ranging from 150°C to 260°C) appear to be an effective method to improve the durability of wood. This study investigated the reasons for the decay resistance of heat‐treated and untreated wood as composed of polymeric structural constituents by solid‐state CP‐MAS ¹³C‐NMR analysis after fungal exposure in ground contact. An industrially used two‐stage heat treatment method under relatively mild conditions (<200°C) was used to treat the samples. Fungal exposure in ground contact resulted in strong degradation of the carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose) of treated and untreated Scots pine, Radiata pine, and Simaruba. Fungal attack of the carbohydrates appeared to occur mainly at C4, resulting in cleavage and eventually depolymerization of cellulose and hemicellulose. The CP‐MAS ¹³C‐NMR spectra of the heat‐treated wood revealed similarities but also clear differences after fungal exposure in ground contact with the untreated wood. In ground contact fungi appeared to attack the carbohydrates of heat‐treated wood at C1 and possibly at C4 in order to cleave and eventually depolymerize cellulose and hemicellulose. An attack on the out‐of‐the‐ring alcoholic group, ? CH₂OH, of the carbohydrates of the heat‐treated wood was observed (particularly in treated Radiata pine). The fungus possibly tried to cleave the out‐of‐the‐ring CH2? OH group on the main H‐bond fixing sites of the crystalline cellulose structure in order to open the cellulose crystalline structure to an amorphous structure to decrease its water repellency and facilitate enzymatic cellulose degradation; this was also observed, but to a lesser extent, in untreated Radiata pine and untreated Scots pine. The opening of the glucose pyranose ring in heat‐treated Simaruba after fungal exposure, not observed in the untreated wood, was remarkable, and the thermal degradation of alpha‐arabinofuranose during heat treatment indicated more extensive decay. Demethoxylation and ring opening of the aromatic structure of lignin were observed, especially in the heat‐treated Radiata pine, Douglas fir, and Simaruba. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 616–622, 2006     

Kinetic study on the thermal degradation of a biomass and its compost: Composting effect on hydrogen production

Compost from vegetable residues is usually used as an organic amendment to soil; however, their thermal degradation characteristics show that it could be used as raw material in air gasification facilities. According to the obtained data, hydrogen production is positively affected by composting, increasing hydrogen concentration in the raw gas from 15.2 to 22.6 vol%. This effect is related with physicochemical changes that occur during thermophilic stage of composting. After this step it does not observes any progress on hydrogen production.On the other hand, in order to compare thermal degradation of a biomass (Leucaena leucocephala) and two composts with different maturation levels, non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been used. Under inert atmosphere, data have been adequately simulated assuming three fractions (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) in both biomass and composts. However, under air atmosphere we have used a simplified model that assume two components in biomass (holocellulose and lignin) and three in composts (including humic substances). Using nth-order kinetic equations to describe component degradations, we have calculated a set of kinetic parameters which do not differ of the reported for other lignocellulosic materials. This procedure allows obtaining an approximate composition of samples.     

固定化白腐菌对造纸废水的生物降解研究

就具有较强木质素降解能力的白腐菌对造纸废水的降解效果及条件进行了初步研究.分别采用固定化白腐菌和悬浮态白腐菌在不同接种量下对造纸废水进行降解,对降解过程中的白腐菌生长量、pH、COD、木质素含量等废水降解指标进行测定.结果显示两种不同状态下的白腐菌均能降解造纸废水,但它们的降解程度不同.其中固定化白腐菌降解木质素效果较好,且呈现较明显规律,说明固定化的白腐菌较悬浮态的白腐菌更具有降解造纸废水的潜在能力.