长柱药包爆破振动位移特性研究

通过研究长柱药包爆破振动波在围岩介质中的传播规律,得到了长柱药包爆破产生的围岩介质位移数值解。对爆破质点位移的分析表明,质点水平和竖向位移在距离爆源一定水平距离时达到最大,该距离与药包的长度和埋深有关。而沿着竖向的质点位移分布规律表明,长柱爆破振动效应在柱体中心两侧并不是对称的。这些规律对进一步研究长柱爆破振动效应有一定的指导意义。     

双孔微差及长柱药包爆破振动数值模拟研究

为进一步讨论双孔微差爆破及柱状药包爆破振动新特性,通过在空腔内壁施加等效爆源荷载方法,建立药包爆破振动LS-dyna数值模拟模型,分别对双孔微差爆破和长柱状药包爆破振动进行分析。通过控制加载时间模拟不同延时间隔下的微差爆破过程,同时建立不同长度的加载组元来表示柱状装药的药包长度,进而研究药包长度对爆破振动的影响。数值模拟结果与相应的理论计算结果具有较好的一致性。结果表明:微差爆破质点峰值速度与距离整体呈现负相关,但在衰减过程中出现局部的增大现象,增大的幅值和区间与延时间隔有关,间隔时间越长,局部放大效应距离爆源越远,放大幅值越小。对长柱药包的模拟结果则表明:对于介质中某一点,当药包长度达到特定值后,质点峰值速度将不随着药包长度的增长而增大,这表明传统的通过药量来衡量爆破振动幅值的计算方法具有一定局限性。这些成果对爆破振动预测及爆破施工设计具有一定指导意义。     

隧道钻爆法水封装药结构爆破引起振动计算分析

装药结构是影响爆破振动效应的一个主要因素,针对隧道钻爆法施工中常见的水封爆破装药结构以Heelan短柱状药包激发引起远场质点运动理论解为基础,将该种装药结构分为炸药段和水介质段,并假定爆源远场质点最大振速主要由两段孔壁压力叠加作用引起,求得远场位置处振动速度解析解,并通过现场实测数据进行了验证,同时针对爆破振动影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明:理论计算值与实测数据存在一定误差,但能满足工程要求,可用于指导施工;水介质段对围岩的作用主要由水介质段的长度和对孔壁的径向压力决定,水介质段长度与炸药段长度的比例直接影响水介质段作用产生的爆破振动数值及在爆破振动总效应中的比例;由于水介质段本身作用强度较小,在远场作用不明显,适于预测和评价爆破近场爆破振动速度。     

盾构隧道孤石预爆破地表质点峰值振速衰减公式

为了解决盾构隧道孤石预爆破中,不同炸药的性质和药包埋深对质点峰值振动速度的影响,对岩石爆破中地表质点峰值振动速度衰减公式进行了改进,基于叠加原理获得能同时考虑装药结构、岩性特性参数等影响因素的长柱药包峰值振动速度公式,并通过工程实例验证了该公式的有效性。结果表明:长柱形装药地下爆破引起的峰值振动速度不仅受测点与爆源距离影响,也受到装药结构的影响;在装药长度不变条件下,长柱药包的埋深对与爆心水平距离25m范围内峰值振动速度影响较大,超出25m范围受到的振动影响程度趋于一致。     

盾构隧道孤石预爆破地表质点峰值振速衰减公式

为了解决盾构隧道孤石预爆破中,不同炸药的性质和药包埋深对质点峰值振动速度的影响,对岩石爆破中地表质点峰值振动速度衰减公式进行了改进,基于叠加原理获得能同时考虑装药结构、岩性特性参数等影响因素的长柱药包峰值振动速度公式,并通过工程实例验证了该公式的有效性。结果表明:长柱形装药地下爆破引起的峰值振动速度不仅受测点与爆源距离影响,也受到装药结构的影响;在装药长度不变条件下,长柱药包的埋深对与爆心水平距离25m范围内峰值振动速度影响较大,超出25m范围受到的振动影响程度趋于一致。     

爆破振动频率对振动效应影响的试验研究

爆破振动效应取决于一次起爆的药量Q、距爆源的距离R、传播的介质以及振动频率F；该文总结了前人对爆破振动效应的研究成果，提出了考虑爆破振动频率的具体办法，发现在不同振动频率范围内，振动衰减规律不同。文章进行了工程实际验算，说明在主频率下，最大质点振动速度是真实的安全判据。     

掘进爆破振动作用下支护结构的安全距离

掘进爆破地震波对巷道围岩及支护结构的作用是地下工程和结构抗震的重要研究内容。根据爆破地震波位移势函数的特点,采用分离变量的方法,求解得到轴坐标系下围岩质点运动方程,给出了围岩中振速随轴向距离、径向距离和时间的变化规律。研究结果表明:爆破地震波所导致的围岩质点振动速度衰减极快,且与距离的1/2,3/2次方成反比;振动速度在轴向距离上的衰减比较剧烈,支护结构在距迎头工作面较短范围易受爆破振动影响。按照围岩与支护结构爆破振动安全振速,确定了不同爆破方式的爆破振动的安全距离,为巷道爆破方案与空顶距离的选择提供了理论依据。     

爆破开挖对岩质高边坡稳定性的影响分析

以某采石厂矿石爆破开挖形成高边坡为例,采用ABAQUS有限元软件对爆炸荷载引起的岩石振动效应进行模拟研究,得到了岩质高边坡在爆破作用下的位移规律和质点振动衰减规律。分析了开挖扰动下地应力释放和爆炸应力波耦合作用下的边坡应力状态与边坡稳定性。结果表明:爆破振动产生的应力为静力开挖的9倍,振动造成局部岩体裂隙发育,是边坡出现塑性变形的主要原因;最大位移出现在边坡的中下部,质点振动的最大速度为59.2 cm/s。最后通过对边坡应力状态、塑性区的发展、位移变化以及质点的运动速度四个方面对边坡的稳定状态进行了综合评价,并今后指导施工提供一定依据。     

地下结构及其围岩爆破地震效应

基于地下结构及其围岩的爆破震动监测,通过峰值质点振动速度及其主振动频率分析,阐述了围岩介质体中爆破地震波的传播规律,以及地下结构与围岩爆破地震效应;并就爆破震动观测结果进行了分析探讨。文中给出了比例药量与距离条件下的峰值质点振动速度衰减经验公式,分析了它们之间的关系,结果显示爆破近区的爆破地震波衰减速度要明显大于较远区域,爆破引起的质点振动速度主频集中在15~75Hz,以45Hz最为集中。峰值质点振动速度及其主频与爆破规模与爆心距密切相关,爆破地震波的衰减受传播介质体本身的物理几何特性影响很大。     

地下结构及其围岩爆破地震效应

基于地下结构及其围岩的爆破震动监测,通过峰值质点振动速度及其主振动频率分析,阐述了围岩介质体中爆破地震波的传播规律,以及地下结构与围岩爆破地震效应;并就爆破震动观测结果进行了分析探讨。文中给出了比例药量与距离条件下的峰值质点振动速度衰减经验公式,分析了它们之间的关系,结果显示爆破近区的爆破地震波衰减速度要明显大于较远区域,爆破引起的质点振动速度主频集中在15⁷5Hz,以45Hz最为集中。峰值质点振动速度及其主频与爆破规模与爆心距密切相关,爆破地震波的衰减受传播介质体本身的物理几何特性影响很大。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.