含碳0.07%～0.30%碳素钢连铸坯的热延性

在１×１０－４ｓ－１应变速率下对碳含量较低（０．０７％）、中等（０．１１％～０．１３％）和较高（０．３０％）的钢的连铸坯试样的热延性进行了测试．在１３００～１０００℃之间，各钢种试样均具有良好的延性．在该温度区间，碳含量中等钢试样抵抗裂纹产生的能力不低于碳含量较低和较高钢．在γ单相区低温域，碳含量较低和较高钢试样的延性显著低于碳含量中等钢．而在γ＋α两相域，钢的低延性区域随碳含量的增加向低温方向移动，碳含量较低钢的延性好于碳含量中等和较高钢．     

钢液吹H_2脱氧的实验研究

在MoSi2电阻炉上,进行钢液吹H2脱氧的实验研究.结果表明,常压下条件下,H2具有较强的脱氧能力.吹H2脱氧过程中,随着钢中的氧反应的减少,氢的脱氧速度和利用率逐渐降低.本实验中钢中碳含量仅为0.016%,但往钢液中吹入H2仍会促使[C]-[O]反应脱氧.H2与氧的反应是脱氧的主要反应.同时,吹氢脱氧过程还能显著降低钢中的氮含量.     

包埋有机缓释碳源强化二级出水的深度脱氮

针对污水处理厂深度脱氮受制于进水碳氮比偏低的问题，以玉米芯和聚己内酯（PCL）为原料制备有机缓释碳源处理二级出水，比较了包埋微生物（二沉池菌悬液）与非包埋情况下的脱氮表现。结果表明，当进水硝态氮为5 mg/L（低浓度），10 mg/L（中浓度）和20 mg/L（高浓度）时，包埋菌悬液是强化脱氮效率的有效手段。当处理进水硝态氮低于10 mg/L时，包埋菌悬液缓释碳源的脱氮效果均较好，硝态氮去除率达97.34%以上。当进水硝态氮大于20 mg/L时，释碳量高的碳源仍能稳定脱氮，同时因较高的碳源利用效率，包埋碳源具有最佳总氮去除，去除率为88.80%。制备包埋活性污泥菌悬液的固态缓释碳源时，采用十二烷基硫酸钠（K12）发泡增加碳源的比表面积，可强化脱氮微生物的附着增殖，与活性污泥微生物相比，长期运行中出现了的反硝化功能菌属Methyloversatilis，丰度为16.06%。     

采用中空纤维反应器进行饮用水的生物脱氮处理

采用聚砜中空纤维（膜孔径为0．1μm，经聚乙二醇亲水化处理）作为反硝化菌的支撑物，该菌被固定于中空纤维膜表面．纤维组件被安装于管式反应器中。含NO3^--N的模拟地下水被引入纤维的外表面，且NO3^--N还原所需的氢被从中空纤维内侧传递过来。反硝化菌是自养菌仅仅需要无机碳．无机碳维持在6．0mg／L的条件下，脱氮速率能保持在适当的水平，且pH在6．5-9．5的范围内，脱氮速率较高。其次。     

针铁矿促进剩余污泥厌氧消化中的脱氮除碳

剩余污泥厌氧消化因其较低的能源转化率使其发展有所受限,且污泥中高浓度有机质也会影响脱氮效果。理论上,在含铁(Ⅲ)（氢）氧化物的厌氧消化系统中,微生物能通过异化铁还原去除有机物和氨氮（Feammox）,但两者同步去除还有待验证。因此本研究通过向污泥厌氧消化系统中添加针铁矿,探究铁(Ⅲ)（氢）氧化物对同步脱氮除碳的影响。结果显示,随着针铁矿添加量的增加,反应器中有机物浓度逐渐减少。当添加50mmol/L针铁矿时,甲烷累积产量达到695.1mL,相较于没有添加针铁矿的厌氧系统提升了30.3%;TS/VS去除率也提升了21.1%/33.8%,说明针铁矿可有效促进污泥减量化。添加针铁矿的反应器中总氮去除率也有一定提升,当针铁矿添加50mmol/L时,去除率达到21.0%。以上结果表明,添加针铁矿可以在污泥厌氧消化中起到同时脱氮除碳的效果。     

AOA-SBR工艺用于城市污水同步脱氮除磷

以城市污水为研究对象,考察了不同COD／N／P对厌氧／好氧／兼氧（AOA）．SBR工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响。经过3个月稳定运行,当COD：N：P-800：24：11时,AOA．SBR工艺对污水中有机物、氨氮和磷的去除率分别为100％、84％和93％。实验通过提高有机物浓度削弱聚磷菌（PAOs）与聚糖菌（GAOs）竞争底物的能力,抑制了PAOs好氧放磷速率。当COD=800mg／L时,GAOs和PAOs厌氧乙酸摄取量之比为l：9。此外,实验采用兼氧／好氧吸磷速率比,对反硝化聚磷菌数量（DNPAOs）进行估算,结果表明AOA-SBR工艺比值明显高于A20和AO工艺。因此,通过调节进水有机物浓度,可使DNPAOs在AOA-SBR同步脱氮除磷过程中发挥重要作用。     

煤层气综合利用脱氧工艺（二）：焦炭燃烧法

用途：焦炭燃烧法脱氧后的煤层气，在脱氧的同时，对煤层气进行了”补碳”，对其脱氮浓缩后，可作为甲醇合成气，改善氢碳比后的合成气有利于甲醇的合成，提高了甲醇的产量。     

秸秆碳源对高硝氮含量水体脱氮效果实验研究

针对高含氮水体往往存在碳源不足,需要补充碳源的问题,以农林废弃物油菜秸秆作为外加碳源,对不同高含氮的水体进行了生物反硝化脱氮实验研究。结果表明,油菜秸秆在NO_3~--N含量相对较低的水体情况下脱氮效果较好,可以作为良好的缓释碳源,当NO_3~--N的质量浓度为20 mg/L时,脱氮效果最好,NO_3~--N负荷为31 mg/(L·d);当NO_3~--N的质量浓度大于30 mg/L时,因秸秆释碳不足,NO_3~--N去除率减小。不同浓度NO_3~--N水体的NO_3~--N去除率差别较大,但脱氮负荷较为接近,说明高含量NO_3~--N水体的脱氮效果主要与秸秆释碳量有关,受碳源影响。     

供氧速率影响同时硝化反硝化脱氮的研究

通过在实验室内建立同时硝化反硝化(SND)装置,考察了供氧速率对SND脱氮的影响。结果显示,当供氧速率由50 m L/(min·L)提高至100 m L/(min·L)时,COD与NH3-N去除效率变化不大,分别保持在96%与99%以上,而TN去除率由80%降低至70%左右。为研究造成脱氮性能差异的原因,采用批次试验测试了不同供氧速率下的脱氮过程。研究结果表明,供氧速率的增加不影响反硝化速率,但会提高碳氧化速率,从而加快有机物的消耗,缩短了反硝化的时间,从而造成TN去除率下降。     

磷酸蜜胺盐-蒙脱土无卤膨胀阻燃剂的合成及应用

用磷酸与三聚氰胺反应制备了无卤阻燃剂磷酸蜜胺盐（MPP），并将其作为插层剂用以制备磷酸蜜胺盐-蒙脱土（MPM）。用红外光谱对MPP及MPM的结构进行了分析表征，用X射线衍射表征了MPM的层间距。结果表明：MPP是具有氮、磷组分的膨胀型阻燃剂，并成功改变了蒙脱土的层间距，实现了蒙脱土的有机化；在ABS／MPP复合材料中，当MPP：季戊四醇（PER）物质的量比为2．5：1时，复合材料的阻燃级别达到FV-0级，拉伸强度为24．6MPa，熔体质量流动速率为6．72g／10min；固定n（MPP）：n（PER）为2．5：1，加入MPM，ABS／MPP复合材料的力学性能进一步得到改善，拉伸强度上升到32．5MPa，提高了24％，综合性能更佳。     

Mg/CaC2脱硫剂在铁水中的脱硫反应解析

在15 kg铁水内进行脱硫实验,发现Mg/CaC2脱硫剂的脱硫速度可用加铝预脱氧得到改善. 在喷吹前,加铝脱氧后可将铁水中的初始氧含量最低脱到约0.0005%,从而提高脱硫速度,最终硫含量可脱到约0.004%. 不加铝时,由于镁和碳化钙都具有脱氧作用,喷吹后最终氧含量最低可脱到约0.0008%,最终硫含量最低可脱到约0.005%.     

Enhancement of petroleum coke thermal reactivity using Oxy‐cracking technique

Petroleum coke (petcoke) is a challenging fuel in terms of its complexity, high sulphur and nitrogen content, low volatile content, and undesirable emissions of SOx and NOx when used for power generation. To overcome these challenges, the oxy‐cracking process was recently proposed to convert the petcoke into a clean combustion fuel by reducing its sulphur and nitrogen contents, and consequently increasing its reactivity and combustibility. This work aimed to study the heating values and thermo‐oxidative behaviour of the oxy‐cracked petcoke, virgin petcoke, and their blends using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the oxy‐cracked petcoke is oxidized at a temperature of 475 °C, which is easier and faster than the virgin petcoke, which is usually oxidized at around 540 °C. The heating value of the oxy‐cracked petcoke was not impacted and maintained constant ~30 MJ/kg, which is relatively similar to the virgin petcoke. The nitrogen and sulphur content in the oxy‐cracked petcoke is much lower than that of virgin petcoke. A significant improvement in the combustion performance parameters of the oxy‐cracked petcoke and their blends with virgin petcoke was achieved. For instance, the ignition temperature of the proposed fuel is reduced to 13 % compared to the virgin petcoke, which led to increasing the ignition index by two‐folds. Therefore, this approach might help in improving the thermal efficiency of petcoke by using oxy‐cracked products as an initiator in the combustion process.     

Effects of the reaction conditions on the distribution of sulphur among the products of the catalytic dissolution of Turkish lignites

Effects of the process parameter on the distribution of the inherent sulphur among the products of the catalytic liquefaction of two Turkish lignites have been investigated. The dissolution reactions were carried out in tetralin at 350-425 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. Fe₂O₃, Mo(CO)₆, MoO₃ or Al₂O₃ were used as the added catalysts. The starting nitrogen pressure ranged from atmospheric to 5 MPa, the isothermal extraction periods ranged from 0 to 120 min, solvent/lignite ratio ranged from 1/1 to 6/1. After drying in vacuum, the char and the soluble products were analyzed for their sulphur contents. The results indicate that the sulphur content of the soluble products were generally lower than 1% and only a small portion (≈0.5-7%) of the initial total sulphur passed to the soluble product. Most of the sulphur was remained in the char or passed into the gaseous products. Besides the process conditions, the structures of sulphur in the original lignites strongly affect the partitioning of the sulphur among the products.     

碳分子筛变压吸附提纯沼气的性能

选择碳分子筛,以CH₄和CO₂为原料气,对变压吸附法提纯沼气中生物甲烷的分离性能进行了研究。采用高精度智能重量分析仪IGA-100测定了25℃下CH₄、CO₂和N₂纯组分气体在碳分子筛上的吸附平衡等温线,计算了3种气体在碳分子筛内的扩散速率CO₂>N₂>CH₄。使用单塔变压吸附装置测量了动态吸附穿透曲线,考察了吸附压力、气体流量和少量氮气等因素对吸附分离的影响,并对吸附机理做了初步探讨。实验结果表明,在吸附压力为0.4MPa、气体流量为200mL/min时,在碳分子筛上CO₂穿透吸附量为35.9mL/g,CH₄穿透吸附量为5.4mL/g,CO₂/CH₄分离系数高达12.6,可直接从吸附塔顶富集纯净的CH₄,而且碳分子筛可以通过抽真空完全再生,是一种理想的吸附材料;在有少量氮气存在的实验条件下,由于碳分子筛对CH₄和N₂具有动力学分离效应,仍能在塔顶富集高浓度的CH₄。     

Investigation of hydrodearomatization of prehydrogenated gas oil fractions on Pt–Pd/H-USY catalysts

Hydrodearomatization (HDA), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) and hydrodesulphurization (HDS) of real gas oils (various sulphur, nitrogen and total aromatic content) was investigated over Pd, Pt catalysts supported on USY zeolite, whose Pd/Pt mass ratio was varied between 6:1 and 1:3, and total metal contents were between 0.90 and 0.93. The effect of Pd/Pt ratio on HDA, HDN and HDS activities is presented. The advantageous process parameters for HDA, HDN and HDS of gas oils over a selected catalyst (e.g. Pd/Pt mass ratio 3:1) were determined. Additionally, the effect of key process parameters (temperature, pressure, LHSV) on the yield and quality of products was studied. Under optimal process parameters the HDA efficiency decreased with sulphur and nitrogen content of feed. The rate of HDA enhanced with Pt content of the catalyst while HDS and HDN efficiency increased with Pd content. The maximum aromatic saturation was 85% and it decreased with sulphur and nitrogen content of the feed.     

均聚与无规共聚聚丙烯β结晶行为研究

本文使用差示扫描量热分析仪（DSC）,广角X射线衍射仪（XRD）和偏光显微镜（POM）对比研究了熔体流动速率接近的均聚和无规共聚聚丙烯添加成核剂前后结晶行为的变化情况。研究表明,熔体冷却速率对均聚聚丙烯中β晶的形成影响较大：较低的冷却速率利于体系中β晶的形成;随着降温速率的增加,体系中β晶含量逐渐降低;在相同的结晶条件下,均聚聚丙烯更易形成β晶。在无规共聚聚丙烯中,β晶的含量也随降温速率的变化而改变,但由于β晶含量较低,变化较小。添加成核剂之后,均聚聚丙烯和无规共聚聚丙烯的球晶数量大大增加,结晶温度和结晶活化能均升高,β晶的含量和结晶度都大幅提高;但β晶含量随熔体冷却速率的变化较小;并且与共聚聚丙烯相比较,均聚聚丙烯中β晶的含量和结晶度均要高于前者。     

Sulphur transformation and removal for Western Kentucky coals

Inhibition isotherms were measured for Western Kentucky No.9 coal. Crushed and sieved coal (?25 + 140 U.S. mesh) was fluidized in 10-g batches in a 22-mm i.d. quartz reactor up to a temperature of 870 °C. The release of hydrogen sulphide during heatup under nitrogen and at the run temperature (usually 1–2 h) under the same gas (pyrolysis), hydrogen, or hydrogen/hydrogen sulphide mixtures was followed by gas chromatography. The residue or char was analysed for pyritic, organic, sulphide, sulphate, and total sulphur. Inhibition isotherms, which are pseudo-equilibria between sulphur in the char and gaseous hydrogen sulphide, were measured at 600 and 870 °C. At the lower temperature the isotherm was found to be independent of the hydrogen sulphide concentration in the gas stream and the char sulphur content remained constant at 2.6%. At 870 °C the sulphur content of the char was greater than that of the original coal when gas mixtures of 1, 3, and 6% hydrogen sulphide in hydrogen were used, indicating the necessity of maintaining low hydrogen sulphide concentration for sulphur removal. In pure hydrogen, sulphur removal increased continuously from 47% at 600 °C to 84% at 870 °C. For pyrolysis under nitrogen, sulphur removal was 40% at 600 °C and increased to 59% at 740 °C. No further removal occurred above this temperature up to 870 °C. In addition to the inhibition isotherms, sulphur-form transformation diagrams were constructed for coal treated with nitrogen, hydrogen, and hydrogen/hydrogen sulphide mixtures. Pyritic sulphur, which comprised 40% of the sulphur in the original coal, was completely converted to ferrous sulphide at 600 °C in hydrogen and 740 °C in nitrogen. At 870 °C the sulphur content of the char produced under hydrogen was 1.1% made up of 48.4% ferrous sulphide, 43.4% organic sulphur, and 8.2% sulphate.     

The forced gas sweeping process for semibatch melt polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The experimental and modeling studies are presented on the melt polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by a gas sweeping process. In this process, low molecular weight prepolymer is polymerized to a higher molecular weight polymer in a molten state at ambient pressure as ethylene glycol is removed by nitrogen gas bubbles injected directly to the polymer melt through a metal tube. In the temperature range of 260–280°C, the rate of polymerization by the gas sweeping process is quite comparable to that of conventional high vacuum process. The effects of nitrogen gas flow rate and reaction temperature on polymerization rate and polymer molecular weight were investigated. Polymer molecular weight increases with an increase in gas flow rate up to certain limits. A dynamic mass transfer–reaction model has been developed, and the agreement between experimental data and model simulations was quite satisfactory. The effect of ethylene glycol bubble nucleation on the polymerization has also been investigated. It was observed that the presence of nucleated ethylene glycol bubbles induced by the bulk motion of polymer melt has negligible impact on the polymerization rate and polymer molecular weight. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1388–1400, 2001     

Absorption of sulphur dioxide by electrosprayed droplets

This paper describes and discusses experimental results on the absorption of sulphur dioxide in electrified water sprays, either when the polluted gas is treated as is or when the gas is exposed to a corona source to ionize the sulphur dioxide. The experiments revealed that an electrified spray with a charge-to-mass ratio of 50 μC · kg⁻¹ enabled the absorption rate of droplets to double, regardless of their polarities. Corona charging gave rise to an increase in the SO₂ depletion rate over the scrubber wall, while negligible effects appeared on the actual droplets absorption rate. These findings suggested that faster absorption rates mostly, though not uniquely, depend on the modifications on the morphological and interfacial properties of the sprayed droplets induced by the free electric charge imposed on their surface. Conversely, the absorption rates were negligibly affected by the electrical interactions between droplets (either charged or uncharged) and the sulphur dioxide ions/radicals originating from the corona source.