低仰角对流层折射修正快速算法

大气的折射效应引起电波传播延迟和路径弯曲,测量数据对流层修正的精度直接影响到飞行目标轨（弹）道确定的精度。考虑到对流层折射修正的精度和效率以及5°以下低仰角数据传统修正方法具有较大的误差,通常不对测量数据进行实时对流层折射修正,这使得实时定位的精度受到较大影响。研究设计了一种能够应用于实时数据处理快速有效的对流层折射修正迭代算法。经大量外场实测数据验证,该算法能够有效地消除低仰角对流层折射偏差,对高仰角测量数据的对流层折射修正亦具有较高的精度。     

一种低仰角对流层折射修正的新方法

大气折射效应引起电波传播延迟和路径弯曲,测量数据对流层折射修正的精度直接影响到飞行目标轨(弹)道确定的精度。考虑到对流层折射修正的精度和效率以及5°以下低仰角数据传统修正方法具有较大的误差,通常不对测量数据进行实时对流层折射修正,这使得实时定位的精度受到较大影响。文中提出了一种基于光电传播几何路径迭代的对流层折射修正新方法,解决了修正精度和实时性不能兼顾的问题。经大量无人机校飞和载人航天工程外场实测数据验证,该算法能够实时有效地消除低仰角对流层折射偏差,对高仰角测量数据的对流层折射修正亦具有较高的精度。     

"五九”型探空仪对折射修正精度的限制

要对空中目标进行精确测速定位,必须进行电波折射误差修正.基于常用" 五九”型探空仪的精度,分析了用该仪器测量大气结构的测量误差,以及它对电波折射修正精度的限制.结果表明,用"五九”型探空仪测量大气结构时,大气测量误差随海拔高度的增高而降低;电波折射修正精度随仰角的增加而增高,在1°以上仰角,引起电波折射修正的残差小于修正量的1.1%.     

激光穿越大气层时的折射误差研究

利用地基激光器攻击大气层外目标时,需修正大气折射对激光传输的影响。大气折射指数随高度变化,会发生折射效应。由Snell定律出发,研究了激光穿越大气层时的折射误差。通过实例,计算了折射误差与激光束初始仰角的关系,计算结果表明,低仰角时折射误差大,高仰角时折射误差小。最后提出了攻击卫星时误差修正需考虑的问题。     

区域导航对流层延迟误差修正模型研究

本文研究了电波大气折射理论，分析了传播误差因素，阐述了区域导航信号的传播路径与 GNSS 卫星导航的不同，论述了对流层延迟对区域导航信号测量精度的影响，设计了满足区域导航系统应用需求的对流层延迟误差修正模型，并通过仿真研究，验证了所设计区域导航对流层延迟误差修正模型的可行性，并给出了该模型在远距离低仰角和近距离高仰角下的误差修正能力。     

低空目标探测中的大气折射误差快速算法

为了利用雷达对低空和超低空飞行器进行精确探测,必须对影响雷达测量精度的大气折射误差进行实时修正。针对目前大气折射误差计算存在处理时间较长、不能满足实时性要求的现状,提出了一种利用虚高进行折射误差修正的快速算法。根据等效地球半径中电波射线为直线的情形推出计算接近目标真实高度的虚高方法,利用虚高将折射误差公式中的积分项分为两部分,最影响折射误差修正处理时间的部分采用一次积分完成,另一小部分利用变步长的迭代方法完成。仿真实验表明,在保证与目前公认高精度的射线描迹法相同的精度条件下,利用虚高进行大气折射误差修正可实现快速计算,计算速度至少提高一倍,且计算速度随雷达仰角的增大而增快。     

卫星目标光学测量大气折射修正

本文从实测的大气参数廓线出发,讨论了对卫星目标进行光学定位测量时,进行大气折射误差修正时的几个问题,如大气色散、大气湍流和大气水平不均匀性等对折射修正的影响。首先计算了不同仰角下卫星目标光学测量的大气折射修正量的大小,讨论了用不同波长测量时大气色散所造成的修正量的偏差。同时还讨论了大气湍流、大气水平不均匀以及大气条件及昼夜变化等气象因素所引起的折射修正误差。     

低仰角大气折射的高精度修正方法研究

针对光学测量中大气折射对测角误差影响较大的问题,建立了大气折射率与测角误差之间的数学模型,提出了2种修正大气折射误差的有效方法,并通过实测数据对2种方法进行比较分析,证明在低仰角(<5°)时用新方法修正后的俯仰角更接近真值,并且计算量小,精度高.     

利用境内气象站观测数据的激光测高仪大气延迟改进算法

由大气层折射率分布不均匀引起的大气折射延迟是星载激光测高仪测距误差的主要来源之一,其主要受地表气压的影响。目前计算地表气压方法仅有美国GLAS系统使用的基于NCEP气象数据和时间空间的内插方法,GLAS系统观测相对平坦的南北极冰盖区域的精度足够,但观测地表起伏复杂的陆地目标的精度较低。文中利用国内气象站的观测数据,基于改进的反距离加权内插算法对大气折射延迟修正方法进行改进,并与传统GLAS方法的修正结果进行精度对比。在高原地区以及高纬度地区,采用国内气象数据和新的内插算法可以将修正残差由超过2 cm降低至小于0.5 cm,相对GLAS系统整体15 cm的测量精度,相当于整体精度提高10%,对于未来国产卫星激光测高仪测量精度的提高将有一定参考价值。     

高精度折光修正系统射线描迹快速算法

大气折射误差是影响外弹道测量数据的主要误差源之一.受技术条件所限,大气折射误差修正在线算法常采用简化模型,而高精度的大气折射误差修正往往置于事后数据处理工作中.为适应新形势下折光修正系统数据处理的需求,基于大气折射率随高度的分布特征,引入“虚高”概念,并给出了高度迭代步长选取的新方法.通过与传统方法的比较可知:改进方法在保证大气折射误差修正精度的同时,大大提高了射线描迹算法的运算速度;另外,该仿真结果也可为电波大气折射误差修正的工程应用提供参考.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks