旋风分离器中气相流动特性及颗粒分离效率的数值研究

采用Fluent软件对一切向进口旋风分离器内的气相流场和颗粒分离效率进行了三维数值研究。用RNG(重整化群)k-ε模型模拟气相紊流特性。研究表明，分离器内气流的切向速度分布呈复合双层结构；轴向速度方向在内外层分布不同，外层向下，内层向上，但部分断面轴心处的轴向速度出现了下降流动特征。流场的计算结果与实验结果进行了对比，表明RNGk-ε模型能较好地模拟分离器内的强旋流场。采用拉格朗日模型对固相颗粒的轨迹进行了模拟，研究了颗粒的进口位置、进口速度以及分离器排气管直径对分离效率的影响，表明颗粒进口位置和进口速度对颗粒的分离效率有较大影响；排气管直径越小，颗粒相分离效率越大，但当排气管直径减小到一定幅度时，效率提高的幅度减小。图10参9     

进口结构对方形旋风分离器性能影响的数值研究

利用CFD模拟研究了一种具有双矩形进口的方形截面的旋风分离器内部的流动特点,其中气相模型采用了雷诺应力湍流模型（Reynolds stress model,RSM）,颗粒相采用随机轨道模型。计算结果与文献实验数据的对比表明模型具有可靠性。模拟结果表明：在分离器内部的排气管和分离器壁面间的区域为强旋湍流区,靠近分离器壁面和排气管壁面的区域旋流强度较弱;排气管下的分离器内出现了回流;进口结构影响分离器内的旋流分布特点和回流开始位置及湍动能的分布,从而影响了分离效率和阻力,其中倾斜双进口的方形分离器内旋转向下的气流运动区域更大,回流开始位置更低,因此其分离效果更好;进口结构影响分离器内局部湍动能的分布特点和大小,从而决定了分离器的阻力大小;倾斜双进口的方形分离器内的局部湍动能小于对应的垂直单、双进口分离器,因此其阻力系数最小。     

循环流化床惯性分离器内气固两相流动的数值模拟

对循环流化床锅炉气固分离器的研究手段进行了初步分析，提出采用脉动频谱随机轨道模型数值模拟Ｕ型和鳍片束惯性分离器内气固两相流的流动性特性，为深入研究分离器提供了一种有效的手段，计算结果表明，采用的方法较好地模拟了惯性分离器内气流动与颗粒的运动轨迹，计算的分级效率曲线与试验值较为吻合。     

带加速段的卧式旋风分离器的数值模拟及工业应用

带加速段的卧式旋风分离器具有体积小、结构简单、造价低、分离效率高等优点,为了解其工作机理,应用Fluent软件,采用雷诺应力模型模拟气相流动、离散相模型模拟颗粒运动轨迹,同时计算并给出了加速段出口速度为25.46 m/s时,粒径为1μm、5μm、10μm和30μm的颗粒运动轨迹,结果表明该分离器对细小颗粒具有一定的分离效率,与实验吻合良好。最后应用Fluent软件对实际应用的卧式旋风分离器进行了数值模拟,在不考虑物料循环的条件下,该分离器分离效率为85.8%,分离效率较高。     

不同进口形式方形分离器气固两相流动的数值模拟

利用CFD计算软件Fluent6.3,采用雷诺应力模型(RSM)计算了4种不同进口形式方形分离器的气相流场及阻力,采用颗粒离散模型计算了不同粒径颗粒的运动轨迹及方形分离器的分离效率等参数.模拟预测结果表明:方形分离器内部除外旋流和内旋流主流外,还存在一些对分离效率有重要影响的局部二次流,如:分离器内排气管高度空间内的纵...     

数值研究生物质焦油在旋风分离器中分离特性

借助CFD软件FLUENT对该工况下旋风分离器内部的气液两相流进行了数值模拟,其中连续相采用雷诺应力湍流模型(RSM),离散焦油液滴采用DPM模型,通过数值模拟得出了旋风分离器内部的静压场、轴向速度场与径向速度场的分布云图、液滴相的轨迹图和焦油液滴的分离与分级效率。数值计算结果表明,对于此结构的旋风分离器,分离器内部整体形成双层流动结构,近壁处径向速度与轴向速度相比较小,同时壁面对焦油液滴具有良好的捕集效果,适合用于生物质燃气焦油液滴的脱除。     

燃气透平粘性湍流场中颗粒运动的真实性分析

颗粒运动轨迹的真实性直接影响到叶片冲蚀研究的准确程度，为了更确切地认识流体湍流、粘性以及气固两相相互作用对颗粒运动的影响，文中特在某燃气透平流道内，采用了粘性湍流场(k-ξ模型)和气-固双向耦合后的颗粒随机轨道、无粘层流且单向耦合的确定轨道两种模型，分别研究了5μm、10μm、20μm、25μm、50μm、150μm颗粒的轨迹，分析表明随机轨道模型能获得符合逻辑、更真实的颗粒运动特性。而后对Gauss分布的5～50μm混合直径煤颗粒群的运动进行了模拟，比较了两种模型时颗粒冲撞叶片的部位、速度、角度等与冲蚀密切参数在叶片上的分布。对照冲蚀后的实物叶片，证实颗粒随机轨道模型得到的参数分布与实际情况更加接近，证实了粘性、湍流扩散和气固两相的相互作用对微粒于叶片流道内的运动有重要的作用。这些结果为研究叶片的冲蚀问题中如何选用模型提供了必要的理论依据。     

气粒两相二维后台阶突扩流动的大涡模拟

对气粒两相后台阶流动，利用大涡模拟方法模拟气相场，用轨道法模拟颗粒相运动．计算中气相亚格子模式(SGS)采用了标准的Smagorinsky模式，研究了气相场大涡演变规律，并给出了速度时均统计值与实验结果的比较，吻合很好。在此基础上深入研究了不同Stokes数下颗粒的运动规律以及不同入口滑移条件下的颗粒运动规律，进一步对直径为150μm的玻璃微珠进行了模拟，得到了颗粒相速度时均统计结果，并与实验结果进行比较，吻合良好。这为细观框架下研究气粒两相相互作用规律提供了依据。     

超临界旋风分离器排气管结构优化数值模拟

为解决某电厂660 MW超临界循环流化床旋风分离器分级效率较低的问题,对旋风分离器排气管入口结构进行优化,将排气管入口改造成渐缩的锥体和渐扩的锥体。利用CFD软件,采用RSM湍流模型和DPM颗粒模型对传统与新型排气管结构的旋风分离器内部流场进行数值模拟,以旋风分离器的分级效率与阻力系数比值比较排气管入口结构的经济性。研究表明:与传统旋风分离器比较,正常运行时,渐缩结构的分级效率提高6.1%,但总压差增加108.83 Pa;渐扩结构的分级效率提高2.6%,总压差减小36.27 Pa;入口流速20 m/s时,渐缩结构旋风分离器最具经济性。     

颗粒粒径对流态化两相流动影响的数值计算研究

固体颗粒直径对流态化两相流动的状态有着显著的影响。利用FLUNT作为数值计算工具采用欧拉双流体模型对微米级别细颗粒的气固流态化两相流动进行数值模拟分析,研究颗粒粒径参考Geldart的颗粒分类选取500、50、5μm以及0.4μm颗粒粒径进行流化床内流态化流动的数值模拟。数值计算结果揭示出了不同颗粒直径下的流态化特点,为细颗粒的流态化研究提供了一些参考。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.