稻壳高温常压直接液化制备化学药品

以稻壳为原料,选择碳酸乙烯酯、乙二醇、甘油为反应溶剂,120℃、140℃、160℃为反应温度,硫酸、盐酸、草酸为催化剂,在高温常压条件下进行液化实验。结果表明:高温常压液化过程中,纤维素和半纤维素的液化很少,木质素的液化程度较大,最大可达到52%以上。在硫酸的催化作用下,稻壳液化的程度比较大,因此残渣量比较小。液化产物的密度普遍比水大,以乙二醇为反应溶剂、硫酸为催化剂、反应温度140℃时产率最高,达到74%以上。     

微波加热下含铬革屑助废弃竹屑的半液化

以废弃竹屑为原料,在含铬革屑(LS)、盐酸和少量苯酚微波辅助形成的液化助剂作用下,制备了一种半液化竹粉,用于竹木板材的黏合。采用单因素实验,考察液化时间、液化温度、LS用量以及液固比[m(水)∶m(竹粉)]对液化效果的影响。用FTIR、SEM与DSC表征分析了竹粉半液化前后差别。在LS用量为12%(以竹粉质量为基准,下同),液固比为5∶1,微波加热温度150℃反应15 min的条件下,竹粉的液化率可达60.95%。结果表明,LS对竹粉具有催化液化作用,且制备的液化产品作为黏合剂制备胶合板能满足GB/T 9846—2015《普通胶合板》中Ⅱ类胶合板指标。该研究为两种废弃物的资源化利用提供参考。     

毛竹多元醇液化及液化产物的分析

以多元醇和丙三醇为液化剂,硫酸为催化剂,对毛竹粉进行了液化实验。通过单因素分析和正交实验方法研究竹粉多元醇液化工艺,从节省能源和时间的角度考虑,确定其最佳液化工艺条件为:聚乙二醇400与丙三醇质量比为80∶2 0,在液固质量比3.5∶1、硫酸质量分数3%、反应温度160℃、反应时间90 min时,液化率可达99.32%。所得毛竹粉多元醇液化产物的羟值为28～142.63 mg/g,黏度为100～840 mPa.s。并用红外光谱、GC-MS、凝胶渗透色谱分析了液化产物。     

竹材制浆备料废弃物液化及产物制备聚氨酯阻燃保温材料研究(摘要)北大核心

以竹材制浆备料废弃物为研究对象,针对竹材制浆造纸各工段产生的竹质纤维废弃物,开展竹材废料液化、分离和纯化技术研究,通过液化组分多元醇酯化,开发具有保温、阻燃等功能的新材料,以期用于建筑和装修等领域,达到相关标准的要求。主要研究内容包括：1）对竹屑进行化学成分和基本性质分析,得出竹屑中纤维素含量47.35%、半纤维素含量20.15%、木质素含量26.66%,湿基含水量7.42%,灰分4.80%,苯醇抽出物含量为1.36%。     

磷酸法制竹屑活性炭的生产性实验

以竹屑代替木屑为原料,利用现有连续内热式活化炉及配套设备,用磷酸法生产竹屑活性炭,其热能消耗、每吨活性炭磷酸消耗、磷酸循环使用等基本与木屑炭相当,但对乳酸等实物溶液的脱色效果优于以木屑为原料的市售活性炭。     

生物质竹屑活性炭磺酸官能化固体酸催化剂的制备

以竹屑为原料,经高温炭化、微波磺化接枝等步骤制备具有酸催化功能的竹屑活性炭磺酸,通过FTIR、TG、DTA对其进行了分析,并测定了其催化性能。结果表明,在炭化温度为560℃、炭化时间为3 h、微波活化时间为30min的最佳条件下,所制得竹屑活性炭磺酸的酸量为0.847 mmol.g-1,酯化催化效果接近于Amerlyst-15磺酸树酯,稳定性好,是一种良好的新型固体酸催化剂。     

竹屑氧气-水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气

以竹屑为原料,使用氧气-水蒸气作为混合气化剂,在固定床气化反应器中进行竹屑的氧气-水蒸气气化实验,考察了气化温度、水蒸气流量和氧气用量比对竹屑气化制备富氢燃气的影响。研究结果表明：气化温度和水蒸气流量均对竹屑燃气中氢气体积分数影响较大,氢气体积分数随着气化温度的升高呈稳步增长趋势,随水蒸气流量增加呈先增加后减少趋势,分别在气化温度900℃和水蒸气流量0.7 mL/min时达到最大值;而随着氧气用量比的增加,氢气体积分数变化不明显。竹屑氧气-水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气最佳的气化条件为气化温度900℃、水蒸气流量0.7 mL/min、氧气用量比0.30,此条件下气化制备的燃气中氢气体积分数32.04%,热值11.37 MJ/m³,产气率1.40 L/g,燃气中CH₄体积分数8.82%,CO体积分数26.34%,CO₂体积分数30.55%,C₂H_m体积分数2.24%。     

竹屑黄酮的工艺初探

以贵州竹屑为原料,分别采用乙醇浸提法与闪式提取法两种方法提取黄酮,通过正交试验筛选出较优工艺参数。乙醇浸提法提取竹屑黄酮的优惠工艺：乙醇浓度50％,提取温度80℃,固液比1：20,提取时间4h,最终竹屑黄酮的提取率为4．970mg／g;采用闪式提取法提取竹屑黄酮的最佳工艺为：乙醇浓度50％,料液比1：45,提取时间18...     

竹屑基吸附材料的制备及吸附行为研究

以竹加工废屑为原料,采用汽爆碱煮法制备了一种竹屑基吸附材料（Bamboo-basedadsorbent-BA）。通过吸附实验研究了BA对三种碱性染料废水的吸附脱色效果并探究其吸附行为及其机理。吸附和解吸实验表明,BA对染料分子的吸附是基于分子间静电引力和氢键的共同作用,脱色效果随体系pH和温度的上升而提高。热力学参数显示该吸附是一个自发、吸热和熵增过程。吸附行为可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述,而吸附等温线用Langmuir方程拟合效果最优。BA对亚甲基蓝、结晶紫和孔雀石绿三种染料的最大吸附量分别为135．9、129．2和83.3mg／g。     

3,4-二甲基苯甲醛的常压法合成及表征

以邻二甲苯、CO和HCl为原料,以AlCl3为催化剂,经过Gattermann-Koch反应,在常压下合成3,4-二甲基苯甲醛,反应的较佳条件是:n(邻二甲苯)∶n(AlCl3)=1∶1.1,反应温度0⁵℃,反应时间12 h。在此条件下,3,4-二甲基苯甲醛收率约为61%,纯度为98.9%。     

Preparation and characterization of cation exchangers from agricultural residues

Cation‐exchange systems were prepared by phosphorylation of some lignocellulosic materials, namely, rice straw, cotton stalks, and bagasse. The effect of the particle size of the lignocellulosic materials as well as their chemical constituents on the phosphorylation process was studied by the determination of the phosphorus content of the prepared ion‐exchange material. Phosphorus was determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Optimization of the phosphorylation reaction was achieved by studying the effect of the different experimental parameters, namely, the reaction time, temperature, and amount of phosphorus oxychloride added, on the phosphate content of the reaction product. The treatment of the lignocellulosic material with sodium hydroxide was found to improve its phosphorylation. The cation‐exchange efficiency of the produced phosphated material toward Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Cr³⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ was examined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 792–800, 2002     

磷化钼的常压制备及脱硫活性

提出了磷化钼常压制备工艺,包括溶胶-凝胶法制备负载型磷化钼催化剂前体及在常压下以氢氮混合气为还原剂的催化剂前体还原。研究结果表明：磷化钼常压制备工艺可行;担载量为25%、磷钼比为1∶1、焙烧温度为500 ℃、氢氮比为1∶9、还原气空速为2400 h?1、还原终温为550 ℃时催化剂比表面积最大,可达122.336 m2/g;以噻吩为模型化合物考察磷化钼催化剂的催化活性,噻吩转化率可达89.17%。     

霍林河褐煤常压固定床气化的生产分析

结合煤质化验数据和管式试验炉试烧试验,对霍林河褐煤在常压固定床气化工业化生产过程中,气化炉内氧化层温度、氧化层层次波动、煤气成分、焦油产率、炉出煤气温度和压力等生产数据和现象进行了系统的分析和总结,揭示了褐煤常压固定床气化的特殊性。     

复合介孔氧化镍的合成、表征及催化性能

以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)为模板剂,硝酸镍为镍源,在n(Ni)∶n(LAS)∶n(H2NCH2CH2NH2)∶n(H2O)=1.0∶1.0∶1.0∶200,反应温度80℃、反应2 h条件下,通过水热法合成了氧化镍/十二烷基苯磺酸钠复合介孔氧化物(NiOS),并利用XRD、FTIR、N2吸附脱附和Hammett等方法对材料的晶体结构和表面物性进行了表征。研究结果表明,合成的NiOS具有介孔结构特征,平均孔径为2.2 nm,比表面积为170 m2.g-1。将NiOS用于催化正辛醇乙氧基化反应,当NiOS占正辛醇质量的10%,反应温度150℃,初始反应压力0.5 MPa,环氧乙烷(EO)平均加合数为3时,EO平均反应速率为1.8 mol.h-1.mol-1,与NaOH催化体系相比,所得产品的相对分子质量分布较窄。     

Catalytic wet air oxidation of carboxylic acids at atmospheric pressure

Catalytic wet air oxidation of carboxylic acids (maleic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid) was carried out in a batch reactor operated at 160 psi or atmospheric pressure. Pt/Al₂O₃ and the sulfonated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) resin were used as catalysts. Maleic acid was proved to be a refractory substance which could not be oxidized on the Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst at all atmoshperic pressure, and needed high pressure and high temperature operation for its oxidation. On the contrary, oxalic acid and formic acid were readily oxidized into carbon dioxide and water at 353 K and atmospheric pressure. The pathways of maleic acid oxidation were proposed, and the conversion of maleic acid into oxalic acid was the rate-determining step. When the sulfonated resin catalyst was present together with the Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst, maleic acid could be oxidized at 353 K and atmospheric pressure. The sulfonated resin catalyst was suggested to hydrolyze maleic acid into readily oxidizable compounds.     

Characterization of a plasma polymer coating from an organophosphorus silane deposited at atmospheric pressure for fire-retardant purposes

Protective coatings from diethylphosphatoethyltriethoxysilane (DEPETS) have been deposited on different polymer substrates in a plasma discharge operated at atmospheric pressure. Plasma polymer chemistry and structure were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (LDI-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A chemical structure of the plasma polymer has been proposed based on the coating molecular characterization. Coatings were deposited on polycarbonate (PC) and polyamide 6 (PA6) substrates. The flame retardant properties of coated substrate samples were assessed using cone calorimetry and compared to those of bare substrates. A significant increase in the time to ignition (TTI), up to +143%, was recorded after coating deposition due to the formation of a high-performance barrier layer at the surface of both polymer substrates.     

Liquid-liquid equilibrium for the ternary systems of solvents+water+propionic acid at 25 ‡C and atmospheric pressure

Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary systems of toluene+water+propionic acid, o-xylene+water +propionic acid, methyl isobutyl ketone+water+propionic acid, ethyl acetate+water+propionic acid, and 1-butanol +water+propionic acid were measured at 25 ‡C and atmospheric pressure. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was ascertained by means of the Othmer-Tobias, Bachman-Brown, and Hand correlations. For the extraction effectiveness of solvents, the distribution and selectivity curves were plotted. In addition, these experimental tie-line data were also correlated with NRTL and UNIQUAC models.     

A novel template-free wet chemical synthesis method for economical production of zinc oxide microrods under atmospheric pressure

This work reports a template-free wet chemical synthesis method for economical production of zinc oxide (ZnO) microrods by using an inexpensive polypropylene beaker as a reactor under atmospheric pressure. The morphology and crystal structure of the as-prepared ZnO microrods were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Raman scattering. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Ultraviolet–visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy and methylene blue photocatalytic degradation test were also conducted to study their physical and chemical properties. The results show that the as-prepared ZnO microrods have a hexagonal crystal structure. Under the optimal synthesis condition, they have a diameter of 0.8–2.6 μm and a length of 10–40 μm. Compared with commercial ZnO powders, the as-prepared ZnO microrods have a higher whiteness. Meanwhile, the as-prepared ZnO microrods have very low photocatalytic activity, indicating that they have good photostability and are unlikely to cause the photodegradation of polymers such as binders. As a result, they will be an excellent and economical white pigment with great potential in coating applications.