膜生物反应器(MBR)中膜污染防治方法的研究进展

文章综述了膜生物反应器中膜污染的机理,分析了影响膜污染的主要因素,对膜污染的防治方法进行了总结与概括,并指出了今后为解决膜污染的研究工作重点。     

膜生物反应器在废水处理中的应用

根据膜组件在膜生物反应器中所起作用的不同可将ＭＢＲ分为三组,即分离膜生物反应器,萃取膜生物反应器和无泡曝气膜生物反应器。本文对这三类反应器原理,优缺点,应用范围,进展和前景等进行了论述。     

膜生物反应器的优化设计

膜生物反应器(MBR)在城市污水和工业废水的处理中受到了越来越多的重视。但目前限制其广泛应用的一个主要的障碍就是膜污染。在过去的几年中,关于膜污染的文章大量出现,它们详细阐述了膜污染的形成机理,并对减缓膜污染的措施进行了论述。本文是在总结以往研究的基础上,分析膜污染的形成原因并对膜生物反应器中减缓膜污染的方案提出优化设计。     

MBR工艺技术在工业废水处理的应用

文章重点阐述了MBR工艺类型、工艺优势、影响因素、运行管理、在工业废水处理中的应用,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

MBR工艺技术在工业废水处理的应用

文章重点阐述了MBR工艺类型、工艺优势、影响因素、运行管理、在工业废水处理中的应用,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

膜生物反应器(MBR)处理废水的研究进展

文章综述了废水处理领域中的膜-生物反应器的基本特点、应用现状、存在问题以及国内外研究的进展,重点阐述了膜-生物反应器运行工艺、新型膜材料与器件,以及影响膜污染的因素与防治措施;并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

无磷条件下膜生物反应器处理化工废水

在进水不含磷条件下,对膜生物反应器(MBR)系统的运行情况进行了研究。结果表明:微生物充分利用体内储存的聚磷酸盐及死亡细胞和碎片中的磷进行生长,因此混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)仍能增加,最后稳定在8.5 g/L;化学需氧量(COD)处理效果一直较好;氨氮和总氮去除率可达90％及70％;系统经历了丝状菌膨胀和非丝状菌膨胀两个阶段。在缺磷的情况下,MBR系统的处理结果并未受到很大影响。     

膜生物反应器处理生活污水的实验研究

对膜生物反应器连续运行期间的处理效能、膜污染情况进行了实验研究,分析并进行了膜清洗实验。膜生物反应器对COD、NH3-N都有很好的去除效果,出水水质达到生活杂用水水质标准。膜污染的发展先后经历膜孔阻塞,形成凝胶层、滤饼层等阶段。研究认为对膜进行清洗应以机械清洗为主。     

膜生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物对膜污染的影响

在一体式MBR处理人工模拟生活废水的试验中考察了SMP对膜污染的影响,用多元相关分析法总结了SMP浓度和MLS与膜传质阻力之间的关系,并通过死端过滤探讨了SMP引起膜污染的机理.结果表明,SMP对膜污染有比较明显的影响,膜传质阻力R10与MLSS和SMP浓度的关系式为R10=4.5412E( 10)TOC0.06507MLSS0.28824,SMP对膜污染的影响主要体现在对沉积层阻力的贡献上.     

膜生物反应器在废水处理中的应用

膜生物反应器 (MembraneBio -Reactor ,MBR)是一种传统活性污泥法的改进技术 ,它应用于给水和废水处理的研究发展过程。介绍了膜生物反应器的发展状况、结构形式、优点和应用领域。     

A novel approach to an advanced tertiary wastewater treatment: Combination of a membrane bioreactor and an oyster-zeolite column

A combination of a microfiltration-membrane bioreactor (MBR) and oyster-zeolite (OZ) packed-bed adsorption column was studied for the first time to evaluate the advanced tertiary treatment of nitrogen and phosphorous. The membrane module was submerged in the bioreactor and aeration was operated intermittently for an optimal wastewater treatment performance. Artificial wastewater with COD_cr of 220 mg/L, total nitrogen (T-N) of 45 mg/L, and total phosphorous (T-P) of 6 mg/L was used in submerged MBR with MLSS of 4,000–5,000 mg/L. The experiments were performed during a 100-day period with periodic membrane washing. The results showed that COD_cr could be effectively removed in the MBR alone with over 96% removal efficiency. However, T-N and T-P removal efficiency was slightly lower than expected with only the MBR. The permeate from MBR was then passed through the OZ column for tertiary nutrient removal. The final effluent analysis confirmed that nutrients can be additionally removed resulting in over 90% and 53% removal efficiencies for T-N and T-P, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the waste oyster shell can be effectively reclaimed as an adsorbent in advanced tertiary wastewater treatment processes in combination with a MBR.     

High strength wastewater treatment in a jet loop membrane bioreactor: kinetics and performance evaluation

Treatment of wastewater containing high organic matter was investigated by means of a jet loop bioreactor combined with a membrane process. Volume of jet loop bioreactor and area of membrane filtration unit were 23 l and 155 cm² respectively. It was found that jet loop reactor had high mass transfer coefficient (K_La) varying from 58.8 to 486 h^-1 depending on the water flow rate (i.e. power input) and air flow rate. Oxygen transfer efficiency and oxygenation capacity of the reactor varied from 12 to 22.5% and from 0.2 to 1.8 , respectively. The efficiency of jet loop membrane bioreactor was found to be approximately 97% for a volumetric organic load of 2- over a period of 10 weeks. The reactor was not disturbed from the organic loads up to , but the treatment efficiency decreased to about 60% at higher organic loads. This decrease was due to insufficient oxygen transfer rate. The relationship between the effluent substrate concentration and the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) values was determined. Applied food/microorganism (F/M) ratio was varied between 2.5 and . Critical sludge age of the system () was evaluated to be 7.2 h. Sludge with unsatisfactory settling characteristics formed at high F/M values under turbulent conditions. Therefore, membrane process was used for solid-liquid separation and effluent solid concentration was approximately zero. Specific cake resistances (α) changed with F/M ratio. It was found that permeate fluxes were significantly effected with F/M ratio much more than mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). Average flux was for pore sized cellulose acetate membrane. It was concluded that the jet loop membrane bioreactor has distinctive advantages such as the ability to treat high strength wastewater, low area requirements and easy operation.     

Potential for reuse of high cellulose containing wastewater after membrane bioreactor treatment

It is difficult to adequately treat wastewater with a high cellulose content with the traditional anaerobic and aerobic activated sludge processes. In this study we used microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes combined with an anaerobic or aerobic activated sludge process to treat high cellulose containing wastewater for different hydraulic retention times (HRTs). The potential target applications for reuse of the treated wastewater are also compared. Six bioreactors, which were configured as anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ANSBR), aerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR), aerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR), AMBR plus RO (AMBR/RO), anaerobic activated sludge plus aerobic MBR (AOMBR), and AOMBR plus RO (AOMBR/RO), was operated in this study. The experiment results showed that, as expected, no effluents from the ASBR or the ANSBR could meet the Taiwan EPA criteria for effluent and wastewater reuse, no matter what the HRT was. However when the HRT was 12 h or more, the effluent from the AMBR and AOMBR processes did meet the criteria for effluent, but still did not meet the treated wastewater reuse criteria , primarily due to the color, total alkalinity, and total dissolved solid parameters. Finally, the effluents from the AMBR/RO and AOMBR/RO processes did meet the Taiwan criteria for both effluent and treated wastewater reuse when the HRT for the AOMBR/RO and AMBR/RO processes was equal to or longer than 12 h and 8 h, respectively. For the HRT of 4 h for both the AOMBR/RO and AMBR/RO process, and an HRT of 8 h for the AOMBR/RO process, neither the effluent criteria nor the treated wastewater reuse criteria were met.     

Research and applications of membrane bioreactors in China: Progress and prospect

In the past 15 years, remarkable progress has been achieved on the research and commercial applications of membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology in China. The objective of this paper is then to critically review the research achievements and to specifically present commercial applications of MBR in China. A total of 722 scientific papers published in peer-reviewed journals (600 Chinese papers and 122 English papers) written by Chinese authors from 1991 to 2006 and 254 full-scale MBR plants constructed in China were used as the analysis database. The number of articles published in journals together with organizations involved in MBR research saw a significant increase from 2001 to 2006, and much research progress was made during this period. From geographic distribution of these studies, it was found that the majority of the studies were carried out in North China, East China and North-East China. The research mainly focused on biomass separation MBR (BSMBR) with limited studies on extractive MBR (EMBR) and membrane aeration bioreactor (MABR), etc., and research contents included MBR configuration and type, membrane material and module, membrane fouling and control, characteristics of various wastewater treatment and other aspects like gas removal and microbial fermentation, etc. For commercial applications in China, a total of 254 MBR plants for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment were constructed by a lot of home-grown companies such as Tianjin Motimo Membrane Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing Origin Water Technology Co., Ltd. and overseas-funded companies like Toray (Japan), Zenon (Canada), Mitsubishi-Rayon (Japan), etc. MBR plants with large treatment capacity will be built in future especially in North China due to the great need of water reclamation and reuse. Potential areas of MBR application include surface/drinking water treatment, gas diffusion and removal, membrane assisted fermentation for biological substance transformation and production, etc.     

Dyeing and printing wastewater treatment using a membrane bioreactor with a gravity drain

A laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) with a gravity drain was tested for dyeing and printing wastewater treatment from a wool mill. The MBR was operated with continuous permeate by gravity and without chemical cleaning for 135 days. Results showed that excellent effluent quality could meet the reuse water standard in China. The average concentrations of COD, BOD₅, turbidity and color in the effluent were 36.9 mg l⁻¹, 3.7 mg l⁻¹, 0.2 NTU and 21 dilution times (DT), respectively. The average removal rates of COD, BOD₅, turbidity and color were 80.3%, 95.0%, 99.3% and 58.7%, respectively. The membrane flux increased with increasing of aeration intensity, and its increasing rate was related to pressure-heads. The higher the pressure-head, the greater the impact of aeration intensity on membrane flux. Statistical analysis also showed that both the pressure-head and aeration intensity significantly affected membrane flux. Due to its compact design, simple operation and easy maintenance, MBR with a gravitational filtration system hs low energy consumption and is cost-effective to build and operate. If the life expectancy of the membrane is set for 3–4 years and the membrane flux is set at 15 l/m²·h, such a MBR would be very competitive.     

Drinking water denitrification in membrane bioreactor/membrane contactor systems

The results of an experimental study, developed on a membrane bioreactor/membrane contactor pilot plant, aimed at drinking water denitrification are presented and discussed. In the adopted configuration the water, contaminated by nitrates, flows inside the fibres of a membrane unit. Due to the existing concentration gradient, nitrates migrate through the membrane and are reduced to nitrogen gas by the autotrophic biomass attached on the exterior of the fibres, and fed with an external source of organic carbon. Data obtained varying influent flow values and nitrate influent concentrations, confirm the potentiality of the system and show the possibility of full-scale applications. A new mathematical model, useful for both simulation and design of the system is also presented. The model is based on simple mass balances in the flow direction, and through the membrane. Each fibre is considered a plug-flow reactor, and nitrate concentration outside the fibres is assumed to be always zero. To obtain an explicit expression useful for simulation and design of membrane bioreactors/membrane contactors, steady-state conditions are supposed. Experimental data are in good agreement with the model's results, and confirm its applicability.     

膜生物反应器废水处理组合工艺的研究进展

膜生物反应器（MBR）是近年来发展起来的一种新型的废水处理工艺,作者阐述了膜生物反应器的应用类型、机理以及应用现状,并对膜生物反应器组合工艺的特点、存在的问题和应用前景进行了分析评价。     

膜生物反应器技术处理洗浴废水的工程应用

根据洗浴废水的水质水量，设计了生物接触氧化和膜生物反应器相结合的处理工艺(水量为120m^3／d)。通过对工艺相关设计参数的选取和调试运行结果表明，该工艺具有处理效果稳定、抗冲击负荷强以及操作简便等优点。     

Survey of MBR market: Trends and perspectives in China

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) has gained considerable attention for wastewater treatment and reuse in China in the last two decades. Comparing with the global MBR market, which has an average annual growth rate of 10.9%, the average annual growth rate in China is nearly 100% in recent years. In the past 10 years, publications on MBR researches and applications for wastewater treatment have increased sharply. Over three hundred MBR plants have been successfully applied into practice for different wastewater treatments, such as municipal wastewater, bathing wastewater, restaurant wastewater, landfill leachate, hospital wastewater, petrochemical wastewater and high-concentration industrial wastewater. These plants have capacities ranging from 10 to 100,000 m³/d, among which over 12 MBR plants have capacities exceeding 10,000 m³/d. The largest MBR plant, i.e. Beijing Kunyu River WWPT, which has a capacity of 100,000 m³/d for municipal wastewater treatment and reuse, was constructed in Beijing by Origin Water Technology Co., Ltd. The largest MBR plant for industrial wastewater treatment was located in Tianjin and installed by Motimo Membrane Inc., which has a capacity of 30,000 m³/d. The largest MBR application for industrial sectors was petrochemical wastewater treatment, and over ten MBR plants each exceed a capacity of 5000 m³/d. In South-east China, the constructed MBRs are mostly involved in the high-strength industrial wastewater treatment while in North China MBRs mainly focused on municipal wastewater treatment and reuse.For an MBR commercial application in China, MBR plants were constructed by a lot of home-grown companies such as Tianjin Motimo Membrane Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing Origin Water Technology Co., Ltd. and Omexell Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd. and overseas-funded companies like Zenon-GE and CNC-Simens. Origin Water occupies the majority of the MBR market in China, whereas CNC-Simens and Zenon-GE have a larger number of installations in other parts of China. MBR unit key suppliers in China are Zenon (Canada), Mitsubishi-Rayon (Japan), Toray (Japan), Kubota (Japan), Norit (Netherlands), Motimo (China) etc.Due to more stringent regulations and wastewater reuse strategies, it is expected that a significant increase in MBR plant capacity and a widening of application areas will occur in the future.     

膜生物反应器中的膜污染及其再生

作为21世纪最具潜力的水处理技术之一,膜生物反应器受到越来越多的重视,在污水处理与回用中有着良好的应用前景,但膜污染和膜再生技术已成为制约其发展的瓶颈.介绍了膜污染的分类和机理,并从膜的性质、混合液的性质以及操作条件等方面对形成膜污染的影响因素及膜污染的防治进行了综述,同时阐述了几种常用的膜污染再生方法.