关于除草剂田间药效试验安全性评价方法问题的探讨

在除草剂田间药效试验中，安全性评价方法十分重要。除草剂安全性评价必须全面和准确，要有倍量试验，要特别注意在不良环境条件下的试验苗前除草剂要进行不同土壤有机质、质地、pH值等试验，还要进行低温高湿、拱土期施药、混土施药等试验。苗后除草剂要进行的试验包括以下各项：高温低湿、低温高湿(最好有两天低于10℃的气温试验)、喷液量试验，作物不同生育阶段和品种试验，加不同类型的喷雾助剂及剂量试验；要特别重视长残效除草剂对后茬敏感作物安全性的评价试验。改进施药技术可避免或减轻药害。     

如何预防和解救种衣剂药害

正1种衣剂药害的预防1.1加强田间药效试验的安全性评价项目种衣剂在田间登记试验中应该增加如下项目:1低温条件下安全性评价(田间药效评价一定设计温度低于13℃以下的温度条件连续2天以上)。2适期播种条件下安全性评价(气温稳定通过10℃,13℃对比播种期)。3在施化肥、农药条件下安全性评价。4与农艺措施配套安全性评价。     

双低油菜田土壤处理适用除草剂探讨

通州市油菜栽培类型主要有两种，一是稻茬免耕移栽，二是旱茬耕翻移栽。其中，稻板茬油菜的栽植面积最大，占油菜总面积70％以上，主要分布于中、西部水旱轮作区；旱茬油菜占总面积20％以上，主要分布于东部沿海棉区和南部特经作物区。稻板茬油菜田土壤墒情良好，适宜用土壤封闭剂进行化除。多年来，本市不少乡镇由于长期使用单一品种的除草剂，田间草相发生了明显变化，杂草优势种由较易防除的硬草转变为很难防除的早熟禾，化除成效明显下降。为此，笔者于2003—2004年对多种除草剂进行了田间药效试验，以期筛选出适用于本地油菜田的除草剂，解决日益严重的草害问题。     

50％丙炔噁草酮·丁草胺·西草净乳油防除水稻移栽田杂草

为了研制出对水稻移栽田一年生杂草防除效果优良且对水稻安全的除草剂品种,参照农药田间药效试验准则,采用稻田灌水整平后均匀甩施法开展了50％丙炔噁草酮·丁草胺·西草净乳油(EC)防除水稻移栽田杂草试验.试验结果表明,在有效成分推荐用量为600～900 g/hm2时,施药后40 d,50％丙炔噁草酮·丁草胺·西草净EC对一年...     

我国东北地区除草剂使用及问题

东北地区是我国除草剂使用历史最久、用量最大的地区，经过40余年的大面积使用，相继产生了一些比较突出的问题，如土壤处理剂过多、杂草抗药性日益发展、喷液量过大、多年生杂草危害加剧以及长残留性除草剂土壤残留对后茬作物的伤害等。今后除草剂品种更新应根据东北地区气候干旱、春季少雨、土壤有机质含量高等特点，大力发展苗后茎叶处理除草剂，适应免耕、少耕及防除多年生杂草的除草剂品种；充分发挥轮作、耕作及栽培措施的除草作用以及广泛使用增效剂是降低除草剂用量的条件。     

山东先达化工有限公司山东农药学会联合巨献:除草剂市场开拓与营销技巧实战培训班

一.主要授课内容1.除草剂市场及使用状况2.除草剂高效、科学施用技术除草剂苗前、苗后施药技术除草剂对施药器械的特殊要求影响苗前、苗后除草剂药效的因素分析防止除草剂飘移危害技术除草剂的安全使用与解毒剂干旱条件下保证除草剂药效的新技术     

三种药剂根施防治棉蚜药效试验

涕灭威、克百威和甲拌磷３种药剂推荐剂量药效试验结果表明，大面积极施药剂防治棉蚜应首选涕灭威；涕灭威不同剂量药效试验结果表明，根施涕灭威防治棉蚜的适宜剂量为１．０～１．５公斤／６６７米２。     

90％莠去津水分散粒剂防除玉米田一年生杂草药效试验

采用田间小区试验方法进行了90％莠去津水分散粒剂防除玉米田一年生杂草田间药效试验.结果表明:90％莠去津水分散粒剂施用1215 ～ 2970 9 a.i./hm2可有效防除玉米田碎米莎草、陌上菜、千金子、马唐、铁苋菜.施药后45 d,对杂草的株防效和鲜重防效在92％以上,推荐剂量下施用对玉米安全.     

粉末化条件对PCR-244粒径分布的影响

以高分子树脂乳液为包覆剂，以粘接型氯丁橡胶CR-244胶乳为主要原料，以凝聚包覆法进行粘接型粉末氯丁橡胶(PCR-244)的制备研究。考察粉末化条件对PCR-244颗粒大小及其分布的影响。研究表明，适宜的粉末化工艺务件为：温度80～90℃，pH值11，PER-244质量分数为15％～20％，凝聚剂以氯化钙水溶液为佳、其用量为2～4份；凝聚方式以正凝聚法为佳。在上述工艺条件下可得到粒径小于0．9mm、产物的成粉率在99％以上、粒径均一、流动性好的PCR-244。     

10％吡嘧磺隆可分散片剂防除水稻秧田杂草药效试验

采用田间小区试验方法进行了10％吡嘧磺隆可分散片剂防除水稻秧田阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草的田间药效试验.结果表明,10％吡嘧磺隆可分散片剂施用15～22.5 9 a.i./hm2,可有效防除水稻秧田陌上菜、鸭舌草、稗草.施药后15 d,对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效在89％以上,推荐剂量下施用对水稻安全.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。