一种圆片级硅三层键合的三明治加速度传感器

提出了一种利用体微机械加工技术制作的硅三层键合电容式加速度传感器.采用硅各向异性腐蚀和深反应离子刻蚀技术实现中间梁一质量块结构的制作,通过玻璃软化键合方法完成上、下电极的键合.在完成整体结构圆片级真空封装的同时通过引线腔结构方便地实现了中间电极的引线.传感器芯片大小为6.8 mm×5.6 mm×l.26 ITUTI,其中敏感质量块尺寸为3.2 mm×3.2 mm×0.42 mm.对封装的传感器性能进行了初步测试,结果表明制作的传感器灵敏度约4.15 pF/g,品质因子为56,谐振频率为774 Hz.     

用于微惯性器件的ICP刻蚀工艺技术

在微惯性器件加工中,ICP深硅刻蚀技术主要用于梳齿结构的释放.工艺试验中的梳齿结构的最细线条尺寸为2μm,刻蚀深度为40μm,刻蚀的深宽比为20∶1,接近刻蚀设备A601E的加工极限.为了提高刻蚀精度,减小根切和底切效应,本文介绍了一种实现微结构刻蚀的ICP分步工艺的新方法,采用不同的刻蚀工艺条件,初始阶段减小底切效应,减小线条损失,刻蚀的中间阶段保证刻蚀速度,刻蚀的最终阶段减小侧向刻蚀,提高结构释放的一致性.同时通过在刻蚀结构的背面生长200 nm厚Al膜对等离子体的吸附作用减小了根切效应,提高了刻蚀的精度和结构释放的一致性.     

全叉指电极d33模式压电悬臂梁俘能器研究

为了克服表面叉指电极d33模式微机电系统(MEMS)悬臂梁振动俘能器中存在的压电材料极化不完全、存在弯曲电场等问题,提出了一种电极贯穿于整个压电层的全d33模式MEMS悬臂梁振动俘能器.根据机电耦合模型,分析了电极尺寸与材料厚度对压电俘能器输出功率的影响.优化结果表明:当硅基底厚度为20μm、电极宽度1μm时,电极间距最优范围为25～75 μm,PZT材料最优厚度为7μm,归一化后得到功率密度为34.5mWcm-3gn-2.通过在表面叉指电极d33模式俘能器的基础上增加电镀电极工艺,设计了不锈钢基底的全d33模式MEMS俘能器的工艺流程,完成了部分单元工艺.     

一种纳米纤维压电式压力传感器的分析与制作

为研究多铁纳米纤维在压力传感器上的应用,基于多铁纳米纤维敏感材料,利用MEMS技术、静电纺丝技术,设计制作了一种压电式压力传感器.通过对单根纳米纤维压电特性的有限元分析,得出纳米纤维直径越小,长度越大,即电极间距越大,纤维端电势越高,灵敏度越好.设计了传感器的结构尺寸和工艺过程,制作出了传感器样片.分析了在深硅刻蚀中掩蔽层保护出现的问题,提出了可行的工艺方法.     

单晶硅等效机械特性的实验研究

单晶硅广泛应用于MEMS器件中。根据等效刚度原理,单晶硅可以简化为各向同性材料。介绍了一种采用湿法腐蚀工艺加工的倾斜硅梁,并利用频率响应特性测试了其等效杨氏模量和等效泊松比。采用(100)硅片制作了八组不同尺寸参数的倾斜硅梁。梁的宽度尺寸间隔为30μm,尺寸范围为30μm～240μm,对应宽高比为1/8～1。实验结果证明了等效杨氏模量与倾斜梁尺寸无关,而等效泊松比不仅和单晶硅的特性相关,而且受倾斜梁尺寸的影响。实验得到的等效杨氏模量为170.51 GPa±2.08 GPa。对等效泊松比的测量结果在Matlab中进行了多项式拟合,7次拟合多项式已经与测试结果具有很好的一致性。     

应用于激光雷达的二维静电微镜设计

设计了一种应用于激光雷达的二维静电驱动谐振式微机电系统(MEMS)扫描微镜.基于MEMS技术对微镜加工工艺进行设计,简化了电隔离槽制备工艺,利用在绝缘体上硅(SOI)晶圆顶层硅刻蚀微镜结构的同时刻蚀电隔离槽,无需填充绝缘材料,实现动静梳齿的电绝缘;利用SOI晶圆底层硅的背面刻蚀结构,实现机械结构的连接,保证二维微镜结构...     

MEMS悬浮结构深反应离子刻蚀保护方法对比研究

分别对基于硅玻键合与硅硅键合的MEMS加工工艺中悬浮结构深反应离子刻蚀保护方法进行对比研究,获得最佳结构刻蚀保护方法。基于硅玻键合工艺的最佳刻蚀保护方法：在结构层背面溅射金属作为保护层;基于硅硅键合工艺的最佳刻蚀保护方法：将结构刻通区域衬底硅暴露及结构层背面制作图形化的SiO2保护层相结合的方式保护。结构保护后,经长时间过刻蚀,结构依然完整无损。     

基于金硅原电池保护电容加速度计的制作

提出并实现了一种利用SoI结合金硅原电池保护和反熔丝制作电容式加速度计的新工艺方法。该工艺用SoI顶层硅制作梁和上电极,用衬底制作质量块。采用DRIE从正面刻蚀形成释放孔,TMAH腐蚀实现质量块的释放,在TMAH腐蚀过程中利用金硅原电池保护实现梁和表面极板的保护。在TMAH腐蚀完成前,反镕丝保持断开状态,腐蚀完成后,击穿反镕丝形成导通状态。通过测量金和硅的极化曲线得到60℃25%TMAH中实现原电池保护的金硅面积比不小于5∶1。成功制作成电容式加速度计结构,释放前后梁宽度均在9.4～10μm范围内,表明原电池保护有效。击穿后反熔丝并联导通电阻为5～25 kΩ之间。     

一种新型硅基厚膜压力/温度传感器的设计和制作

设计并制作了一种新型传感器,它包含压阻式压敏元件和热敏元件两部分.其中压敏元件采用比常规更厚的50μm硅杯薄膜(500μm× 500 μm),增大了体硅上高应力区的面积,在降低工艺要求的同时提高了线性测量范围和过载压力.压敏电阻设计为折线结构,采用优化的几何尺寸,并将其部分制作在高应力体硅上以获得更高灵敏度.体硅上的温敏电阻随压敏电阻利用同步注入工艺制作,减小了工艺复杂度.该器件工艺简单,成品率高,与标准IC工艺兼容.初步的测试结果表明器件具有良好的性能.     

一种适用无源RFID的集成加速度传感器设计

针对射频识别（ RFID）与无线传感器网络（ WSNs）融合研究的需要,基于0.35μm CMOS工艺设计了一种集成加速度传感器。传感器单元采用从单晶硅衬底的背面进行深反应离子刻蚀工艺,背面刻蚀完成后再正面对金属和介质复合层进行各向异性刻蚀。集成电容式传感器接口电路基于锁相环原理,将传感器信号转移到频率域处理,避免了高功耗的A/D转换器的使用,直接完成电容/数字转换。后期测试结果显示：所设计的集成加速度传感器线性度好,稳定性高,功耗低,适合无源RFID及其它超低功耗应用设计。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).