共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Felicia A. Rabito Qiang Yang Hao Zhang Derek Werthmann Arti Shankar Steven Chillrud 《Indoor air》2020,30(4):767-775
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Silvia Ruggieri Valeria Longo Cinzia Perrino Silvia Canepari Gaspare Drago Luca L&#x;Abbate Martin Balzan Giuseppina Cuttitta Gianluca Scaccianoce Remo Minardi Giovanni Viegi Fabio Cibella 《Indoor air》2019,29(2):276-290
This study aimed at surveying lower secondary schools in southern Italy, in a highly polluted area. A community close to an industrial area and three villages in rural areas was investigated. Indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), gaseous pollutants (CO2 and NO2), selected biological pollutants in indoor dust, and the indoor/outdoor mass concentration and elemental composition of PM2.5 were ascertained. Temperature and RH were within, or close to, the comfort range, while CO2 frequently exceeded the threshold of 1000 ppm, indicating inadequate air exchange rate. In all the classrooms, median NO2 levels were above the WHO threshold value. Dermatophagoides p. allergen concentration was below the sensitizing threshold, while high endotoxin levels were detected in the classrooms, suggesting schools may produce significant risks of endotoxin exposure. Concentration and solubility of PM2.5 elements were used to identify the sources of indoor particles. Indoor concentration of most elements was higher than outdoors. Resuspension was responsible for the indoor increase in soil components. For elements from industrial emission (Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, V), the indoor concentration depended on penetration from the outside. For these elements, differences in rural vs industrial concentrations were found, suggesting industrial sources may influence indoor air quality nearby schools. 相似文献
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Steven J. Hadeed Mary Kay O’Rourke Robert A. Canales Lorencita Joshweseoma Gregory Sehongva Morris Paukgana Emmanuel Gonzalez-Figueroa Modhi Alshammari Jefferey L. Burgess Robin B. Harris 《Indoor air》2021,31(6):2008-2019
Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM2.5 were measured for 24 h during heating and non-heating seasons in a rural solid fuel burning Native American community. Household building characteristics were collected during the initial home sampling visit using technician walkthrough questionnaires, and behavioral factors were collected through questionnaires by interviewers. To identify seasonal behavioral factors and household characteristics associated with indoor PM2.5, data were analyzed separately by heating and non-heating seasons using multivariable regression. Concentrations of PM2.5 were significantly higher during the heating season (indoor: 36.2 μg/m3; outdoor: 22.1 μg/m3) compared with the non-heating season (indoor: 14.6 μg/m3; outdoor: 9.3 μg/m3). Heating season indoor PM2.5 was strongly associated with heating fuel type, housing type, indoor pests, use of a climate control unit, number of interior doors, and indoor relative humidity. During the non-heating season, different behavioral and household characteristics were associated with indoor PM2.5 concentrations (indoor smoking and/or burning incense, opening doors and windows, area of surrounding environment, building size and height, and outdoor PM2.5). Homes heated with coal and/or wood, or a combination of coal and/or wood with electricity and/or natural gas had elevated indoor PM2.5 concentrations that exceeded both the EPA ambient standard (35 μg/m3) and the WHO guideline (25 μg/m3). 相似文献
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The ability to inexpensively monitor PM2.5 to identify sources and enable controls would advance residential indoor air quality (IAQ) management. Consumer IAQ monitors incorporating low‐cost optical particle sensors and connections with smart home platforms could provide this service if they reliably detect PM2.5 in homes. In this study, particles from typical residential sources were generated in a 120 m3 laboratory and time‐concentration profiles were measured with 7 consumer monitors (2‐3 units each), 2 research monitors (Thermo pDR‐1500, MetOne BT‐645), a Grimm Mini Wide‐Range Aerosol Spectrometer (GRM), and a Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance with Filter Dynamic Measurement System (FDMS), a Federal Equivalent Method for PM2.5. Sources included recreational combustion (candles, cigarettes, incense), cooking activities, an unfiltered ultrasonic humidifier, and dust. FDMS measurements, filter samples, and known densities were used to adjust the GRM to obtain time‐resolved mass concentrations. Data from the research monitors and 4 of the consumer monitors—AirBeam, AirVisual, Foobot, Purple Air—were time correlated and within a factor of 2 of the estimated mass concentrations for most sources. All 7 of the consumer and both research monitors substantially under‐reported or missed events for which the emitted mass was comprised of particles smaller than 0.3 μm diameter. 相似文献
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Burning solid fuels to fulfill daily household energy needs results in chronic exposure to household air pollution (HAP), which is among the world's greatest health risks. This paper presents the results of a cross‐sectional study of cookstove usage, fuel consumption, and indoor PM2.5 concentrations in rural and urban Honduran homes cooking with the Envirofit HM‐5000 metal plancha stove (n = 32) as compared to control households using baseline cooking technologies (n = 33). Temperature‐based stove usage measurements showed high HM‐5000 acceptance, with significant displacement of the traditional cookstoves at both the urban (99%, P < .05) and rural study sites (75%, P < .05). However, longer‐term usage data collected in peri‐urban households showed that participants cooked on the HM‐5000 more frequently during the 3‐day monitoring period than during the following 3 weeks. Average indoor PM2.5 was 66% lower in HM‐5000 households as compared to control households (P < .05). Lower indoor PM2.5 concentrations observed in participant homes as compared to control households, supported by high usage and traditional stove displacement, suggest the potential for the HM‐5000 to yield health improvements in adopting Honduran households. 相似文献
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Yuan Shao Lucy Kavi Meleah Boyle Lydia M. Louis Walkiria Pool Stephen B. Thomas Sacoby Wilson Ana M. Rule Lesliam Quiros-Alcala 《Indoor air》2021,31(4):1144-1153
Hairdressers are exposed to particulate matter (PM), a known air pollutant linked to adverse health effects. Still, studies on occupational PM exposures in hair salons are sparse. We characterized indoor air PM concentrations in three salons primarily serving an African/African American (AA) clientele, and three Dominican salons primarily serving a Latino clientele. We also assessed the performance of low-cost sensors (uRAD, Flow, AirVisual) by comparing them to high-end sensors (DustTrak) to conduct air monitoring in each salon over 3 days to quantify work shift concentrations of PM2.5, respirable PM (RPM), and PM10. We observed high spatial and temporal variability in 30-min time-weighted average (TWA) RPM concentrations (0.18–5518 μg/m3). Readings for the uRAD and AirVisual sensors were highly correlated with the DustTrak (R2 = 0.90–0.99). RPM 8-hour TWAs ranged from 18 to 383 µg/m3 for AA salons, and 9–2115 µg/m3 for Dominican salons. Upper 95th percentiles of daily RPM exposures ranged from 439 to 2669 µg/m3. The overall range of 30-min TWA PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations was 0.13–5497 and 0.36-,541 μg/m3, respectively. Findings suggest that hairdressers could be overexposed to RPM during an 8-hour shift. Additional comprehensive monitoring studies are warranted to further characterize temporal and spatial variability of PM exposures in this understudied occupational population. 相似文献
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Numerous research has explored the associations of outdoor or indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and health effects; however, few studies compared the effects of indoor PM2.5 originated from outdoor (PM2.5,os) and indoor sources (PM2.5,is). To assess the associations of PM2.5,os and PM2.5,is with cardiopulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy elderly adults, blood pressure (BP) and pulmonary function were repeatedly examined in 43 COPD patients and their 32 healthy spouses in Beijing, China. Iron was used as tracer element to separate PM2.5,os and PM2.5,is. Mixed‐effects models were applied to assess the associations of PM2.5,os or PM2.5,is and health effects after controlling for potential confounders. There was a reduction in forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) in COPD patients associated with PM2.5,is during the heating season. PM2.5,os was positively associated with diastolic BP (DBP) in healthy elderly adults during the heating season. There was a reduction in peak expiratory flow (PEF) in healthy elderly adults associated with PM2.5,os during the non‐heating season. Exposure to indoor‐ and outdoor‐originated PM2.5 had different health effects on cardiopulmonary function in different populations. The results provide supporting evidence for improving indoor air quality to promote public health among susceptible population. 相似文献
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西安市某办公建筑室内外颗粒物浓度变化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文通过建立质量平衡方程对西安市某办公建筑室内颗粒物浓度进行了理论分析,并对该建筑室内外PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度进行了实时监测。结合线性回归方程、室内外监测浓度线性拟合曲线及室内浓度随时间的指数拟合曲线,对该普通办公房间室内颗粒排放源及室内颗粒浓度变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,该建筑室内PM10的平均发尘为7.93～12.48 mg/h,室内PM2.5的平均发尘为2.89～4.08 mg/h;室内PM10和PM2.5呈现指数变化且随时间呈下降趋势。 相似文献
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Kirsten Koehler Nicholas Good Ander Wilson Anna Mlter Brianna F. Moore Taylor Carpenter Jennifer L. Peel John Volckens 《Indoor air》2019,29(2):231-241
This study investigated the role of microenvironment on personal exposures to black carbon (BC), fine particulate mass (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), and particle number concentration (PNC) among adult residents of Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Forty‐four participants carried a backpack containing personal monitoring instruments for eight nonconsecutive 24‐hour periods. Exposures were apportioned into five microenvironments: Home, Work, Transit, Eateries, and Other. Personal exposures exhibited wide heterogeneity that was dominated by within‐person variability (both day‐to‐day and between microenvironment variability). Linear mixed‐effects models were used to compare mean personal exposures in each microenvironment, while accounting for possible within‐person correlation. Mean personal exposures during Transit and at Eateries tended to be higher than exposures at Home, where participants spent the majority of their time. Compared to Home, mean exposures to BC in Transit were, on average, 129% [95% confidence interval: 101% 162%] higher and exposures to PNC were 180% [101% 289%] higher in Eateries. 相似文献
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在对民用建筑通风系统常用过滤器滤料性能测试基础上,建立了常规风机盘管加新风系统空调房间室内颗粒物浓度集总参数模型,讨论了回风过滤段和新风过滤段过滤器效率的设计选型方法。以西安市某空调系统为例,为满足室内PM2.5污染控制标准,基于室外PM2.5浓度\"不保证10d\"取值计算,结果表明,余压为50~80Pa的机组回风过滤器效率选用G3、G4型过滤器,余压为30~50Pa的机组回风过滤器效率选用初效G2、G3型过滤器,同时,室内设置等效过滤效率的空气净化器,新风选用初效G4加中效F7或F8两级过滤。 相似文献
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This study describes the size distribution and concentration of particles expelled by a portable, 3‐L ultrasonic humidifier. The ultrasonic humidifier was filled with waters of varying mineral content and hardness. Aerosol size distributions were measured during 8 hours of humidifier operation in a typical bedroom. Humidifiers produced approximately 1.22 × 1010‐2.50 × 1010 airborne particles per milliliter of water consumed, resulting in airborne particle concentrations of 3.01‐5.91 × 104 #/cm3, with modes ranging between 109 and 322 nm in diameter. The emission rate of particles varied by water type from 1.02 × 109 to 2.27 × 109 #/s. Lower mineral waters produced fewer, smaller particles when compared to higher mineral waters. Chemical analyses of particles collected with a cascade impactor indicated that the minerals in emitted particles had the same relative mineral concentrations as the fill water. Our results demonstrate that ultrasonic humidifiers should be considered a source of inhalation exposure to minerals dissolved in water, and that the magnitude of exposure to inhalable particles will vary with water quality. 相似文献
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介绍了室内空气环境的定义，阐述了影响室内空气环境的主要因素，及其对人体健康和室内其它设备的危害，提出一些改善室内空气环境的策略。 相似文献
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J. Volckens C. Quinn D. Leith J. Mehaffy C. S. Henry D. Miller‐Lionberg 《Indoor air》2017,27(2):409-416
Assessing personal exposure to air pollution has long proven challenging due to technological limitations posed by the samplers themselves. Historically, wearable aerosol monitors have proven to be expensive, noisy, and burdensome. The objective of this work was to develop a new type of wearable monitor, an ultrasonic personal aerosol sampler (UPAS), to overcome many of the technological limitations in personal exposure assessment. The UPAS is a time‐integrated monitor that features a novel micropump that is virtually silent during operation. A suite of onboard environmental sensors integrated with this pump measure and record mass airflow (0.5–3.0 L/min, accurate within 5%), temperature, pressure, relative humidity, light intensity, and acceleration. Rapid development of the UPAS was made possible through recent advances in low‐cost electronics, open‐source programming platforms, and additive manufacturing for rapid prototyping. Interchangeable cyclone inlets provided a close match to the EPA PM2.5 mass criterion (within 5%) for device flows at either 1.0 or 2.0 L/min. Battery life varied from 23 to 45 hours depending on sample flow rate and selected filter media. Laboratory tests of the UPAS prototype demonstrate excellent agreement with equivalent federal reference method samplers for gravimetric analysis of PM2.5 across a broad range of concentrations. 相似文献
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Most household fuels used in Asian countries are solid fuels such as coal and biomass (firewood, crop residue and animal dung). The particulate matter (PM), CO, NOx and SOx produced through the combustion of these fuels inside the residence for cooking and heating has an adverse impact on people's health. PM 2.5 in particular, consisting of particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less, penetrates deep into the lungs and causes respiratory system and circulatory system diseases and so on. As a result, the World Health Organization (WHO) established guideline values for this type of particulate matter in 2005. In this study, the authors focused on PM 2.5 and estimated indoor exposure concentrations for PM 2.5 in 15 Asian countries. For each environment used for cooking, eating, heating and illumination in which people are present temporarily (microenvironment), exposure concentrations were estimated for individual cohorts categorized according to sex, age and occupation status. To establish the residence time in each microenvironment for each of the cohorts, data from time use surveys conducted in individual countries were used. China had the highest estimate for average exposure concentration in microenvironment used for cooking at 427.5 μg/m3 , followed by Nepal, Laos and India at 285.2 μg/m3, 266.3 μg/m3 and 205.7 μg/m3 , respectively. The study found that, in each country, the PM2.5 exposure concentration was highest for children and unemployed women between the ages of 35 and 64. The study also found that the exposure concentration for individual cohorts in each country was greatly affected by people's use of time indoors. Because differences in individual daily life activities were reflected in the use of time and linked to an assessment of exposure to indoor air-polluting substances, the study enabled detailed assessment of the impact of exposure. 相似文献